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Patara | |
.jpg) The north gate and nearby tombs | |
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| Alternative name | Arsinoe |
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| Location | Gelemiş,Antalya Province,Turkey |
| Region | Lycia |
| Type | Settlement |
| Site notes | |
| Ownership | Public |
| Public access | Yes |
| Website | turkishmuseums.com |
Patara (Turkish:Patara,Lycian: 𐊓𐊗𐊗𐊀𐊕𐊀,Pttara;Greek:Πάταρα) was an ancient and flourishing maritime and commercial city that was for a period the capital ofLycia. The site is located on the Turkish coast near to the village ofGelemiş, inAntalya Province.
Saint Nicholas was born in the town in 270, and lived most of his life in the nearby town ofMyra.
Only part of the site has been excavated and renovated. The protection and archaeology of the site have been subject to battles between archaeologists and illegal developers.[1]
Patara was referred to as Patar in Hittite texts: "KingTudhaliya IV (1236-1210 BC), after theLukka expedition, came to this city with his army and made offerings."
The city was said to have been founded byPatarus (Greek:Πάταρος), a son ofApollo. It was noted during antiquity for the temple andoracle of Apollo, second only in importance to that ofDelphi.[2] The god is often given the surnamePatareus.Herodotus[3] says that the oracle of Apollo was delivered by a priestess only during a certain period of the year, andServius[4] mentions that this period was the six winter months. It seems certain that Patara receivedDorian settlers fromCrete; and the worship of Apollo was certainly Dorian.
Ancient writers mentioned Patara as one of the principal cities ofLycia.[5] It was Lycia's primary seaport, and a leading city of theLycian League, having 3 votes, the maximum.
The city, with the rest of Lycia, surrendered toAlexander the Great in 333 BC. During theWars of the Diadochi, it was occupied in turn byAntigonus andDemetrius, before finally falling to thePtolemies. In this period the first city walls were built. Strabo informs us thatPtolemy Philadelphus ofEgypt, who enlarged the city, gave it the name of Arsinoë afterArsinoe II of Egypt, his wife and sister, but it continued to be called by its ancient name, Patara.[6]Antiochus III captured Patara in 196 BC and it became the capital of Lycia. The Lycian League was formally established in 176 BC.
TheRhodians occupied the city and as aRoman ally, the city with the rest of Lycia was granted autonomy in 167 BC. In 88 BC, the city suffered siege byMithridates VI, king ofPontus and was captured byBrutus andCassius, during their campaign againstMark Antony andAugustus. It was spared the massacres that were inflicted on nearbyXanthos. Patara was formally annexed by theRoman Empire in 43 AD and attached toPamphylia.
Patara is mentioned in theNew Testament[7] as the place wherePaul of Tarsus andLuke changed ships. The city wasChristianized early, and several early bishops are known; according toLe Quien,[8] they include:[9]
SaintsLeo and Paregorius were martyred at Patara around 260 AD.Nicholas of Myra was born at Patara around March 15, 270 AD.
In the 5th century AD the city was reduced in size through the construction of a strong fortification wall adjoining the Bouleuterion using stone from the nearby structures.
Patara is mentioned among the Lycian bishoprics in the Acts of Councils (Hierocl. p. 684).[6] TheNotitiae Episcopatuum mention it among the suffragans ofMyra as late as the thirteenth century.[9]
The city remained of some importance during theByzantine Empire as a way-point for trade and pilgrims. After the SeljukSultanate of Rum acquisition in 1211 the city declined and appears to have been deserted by 1340.[10]
With the demise of the bishopric as a residential see, Patara became atitular see and is included as in theCatholic Church's list of such sees.[11]
It was one of the four largest settlements in theXanthos Valley and the only one open to the sea, situated 60stadia to the southeast of the mouth of the river.[12]
In 1836 the French archaeologistCharles Texier explored the site[13] followed byCharles Fellows in 1838.[14]
Excavations were begun in 1988 and only in 1991 was theBouleuterion recognised.
In 1993 theStadiasmus Patarensis was unearthed, a monumental Roman pillar on which is inscribed in Greek a dedication toClaudius and an official announcement of roads being built by the governor,Quintus Veranius Nepos, in the province ofLycia et Pamphylia, giving place names and distances, essentially a monumental publicitinerarium.[15] The pillar is on display in the garden of theAntalya Museum.
The site is currently being excavated each year by a team of Turkish archaeologists. At the end of 2007, all the sand had been cleared from the theatre and some other buildings, and the columns on the main street had been partially re-erected (with facsimile capitals). The excavations revealed masonry in remarkable condition.
In 2020 several discoveries were made:
The site of the oracle and temple of Apollo have not been found.
%2c_Patara%2c_Turkey_(19317063333).jpg)
The site is a plain surrounded by hills and included in ancient times a large natural harbour, since silted up. Northeast of the harbour is Tepecik Hill upon which there is a Bronze Age site and which was the acropolis on which the city was founded. The city later spread to the south and west of the hill.[10]
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The theatre was rebuilt underAntoninus Pius in 147 AD after an earthquake;[20] its diameter is 265 feet, and held about 6000 spectators.[21]
The Bouleuterion orprytaneion is well-preserved and has been further restored. It was the capital's assembly hall of the Lycian League and overlooked the theatre the Agora in the East. It was constructed in the early 1st century BC and held about 1400 people. In the centre of thecavea is atribunalia, seats reserved for governors. The first alterations, when the cavea was enlarged and the semicircular wall in the west was connected to the northern and southern walls, are linked to the annexation of Lycia as a Roman province, most probably under Claudius (r. 43-51 AD) or Nero (r. 51–69). After a major earthquake in 142/143 AD astoa was added outside and a stage building inside, as it was also to be used as a concert hall (Odeion). In the 5th c. AD it was incorporated into the new fortification wall as a bastion.
The main street connected the inner harbour to the Agora and is one of the widest and best-preserved streets in Lycia. Both sides of the street are lined with Ionic-order colonnades, with granite columns on the east and marble columns on the west.
The well-preserved Arch of Medustus is the north gate of the city and a magnificent triple vaulted triumphal arch built by the citizens of Patara in about 100 AD in honour of Mettias Medustus, the Governor of Lycia.
Several baths are known; the harbour (or datepalm) baths, theVespasian (orNero) baths, central baths, small baths and Byzantine baths.[22]
The lighthouse stood at the entrance to the major naval and trading port of Lycia, which had an outer and an inner harbour. It was built in 60 AD during the reign of Nero, according to an inscription, and is one of the oldest surviving. It has a unique structure rising 26 m on a magnificent 3-tiered square base.[23]
Hadrian's Granary, so-named as it was built during his visit in 131 AD, lies on the side of the ancient harbour for storage of cereals and other goods to be shipped to Rome. It is 75m x 25m and was divided into 8 sections.
Parts of the site have been subject to illegal construction for agriculture, hotels and holiday villages despite legal protection, and destruction and vandalism are continuing problems.
The harbour is still apparent but it is a swamp, choked up with sand and bushes.[24][6]
The aqueduct, which was built underClaudius and renovated under Vespasian after an earthquake,[25] was 22.5 km long. It comprised five bridges as well as a rare inverted siphon or pressurised pipeline which is still largely intact. The siphon avoided the construction of tall expensive arches across a valley to support an open channel but instead had the problem of containing the water pressure in the siphon in an era when large diameter piping was difficult to make and seal. The pipes were carved from marble blocks with internal diameter of 0.28 m, each weighing up to 900 kg, laid on top of a 200 m long, 10 m high wall across an 18 m deep valley.[26]
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Patara".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company..
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36°15′58.38″N29°19′2.0″E / 36.2662167°N 29.317222°E /36.2662167; 29.317222
