Parliament of Poland Parlament Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate
Type
Type	Bicameral
Houses	Senate(upper) Sejm(lower)
Term limits	4 years
Leadership
Marshal of the Senate	Małgorzata Maria Kidawa- Błońska, PO since 13 November 2023
Marshal of the Sejm	Szymon Hołownia, PL2050 since 13 November 2023
Structure
Seats	560 consisting of 100senators 460deputies
Senate political groups	Government (62)  KO (42)[a]  TD (12)[d]  L (8)[h] Confidence and supply (4)   Independent and Self-Governing (3)  Independent (1) Opposition (34)  PiS (34)[i]
Sejm political groups	Government (242)  KO (157)[j]  PL2050 –TD (32)  PSL –TD (32)[l]  The Left (21)[n] Confidence and supply (1)  Independent (1)[o] Opposition (217)  PiS (190)[p]  KWiN (16)[r]  Razem (5)  WR (4)[s]  KKP (2)
Elections
Senatevoting system	First-past-the-post voting
Sejmvoting system	Proportional representationa
LastSenate election	15 October 2023
LastSejm election	15 October 2023
NextSenate election	2027
NextSejm election	2027
Meeting place
Sejm chamber,Warsaw
Senate chamber,Warsaw
Footnotes
aOpen-listproportional representation in41 constituencies (5% nationalelectoral threshold, 8% nationalelectoral threshold for coalitions).

Theparliament of Poland is thebicamerallegislature ofPoland. It is composed of anupper house (theSenate) and alower house (theSejm). Both houses are accommodated in theSejm and Senate Complex inWarsaw. TheConstitution of Poland does not refer to the Parliament as a body, but only to the Sejm and Senate.

Members of both houses are elected by direct election, usually every four years. The Sejm has 460 members, while the Senate has 100 senators. To become law, a bill must first be approved by both houses, but the Sejm can override a Senate refusal to pass a bill.

On certain occasions, theMarshal of the Sejm summons theNational Assembly, a joint session of the members of both houses. It is mostly ceremonial in nature, and it only convenes occasionally, such as to witness the inauguration of thePresident. Under exceptional circumstances, the constitution endows the National Assembly with great responsibilities and powers, such as to bring the President before theState Tribunal (impeachment). The largest party in the Sejm isLaw and Justice (PiS) with 194 out of 460 seats in Sejm.Senate Pact 2023 is leading in the Senate with 66 out of 100 seats. The two debating halls have designated seats for the deputies, senators and the single Marshal (speaker) of each. Senators and deputies are equipped with voting devices.

After election deputies and senators will remain or splinter into deputy or senatorial groupings, or have no affiliations and sit as "independents". In both chambers, there are two formal sizes of groups: Clubs (Polish:kluby,klub (sg.) which are the entire party groups of the elected, where none have splintered away or defected to anotherklub) and circles (Polish:koła,koło (sg.)). The primary difference between these is the degree of right to join and contribute to the relevant Seniors' Konwent (Polish:Konwent Seniorów), the proceduralcommittee that determines the drafting of agendas and chamber workings.

In theSejm,^[1]

• Clubs consist of at least 15 deputies;
• Groups consist of at least 3 deputies.

In theSenate,^[2]

• Clubs consist of at least 7 senators;
• Groups consist of at least 3 senators.

TheNational Assembly (Polish:Zgromadzenie Narodowe) is the name of a joint sitting of theSejm and theSenate. It is headed by theMarshal of the Sejm (or by theMarshal of the Senate when the former is absent).^[3]

Under theConstitution of Poland the National Assembly has the authority to:

• declare the President's permanent incapacity to exercise his duties due to the state of his health (by a majority vote of at least two-thirds of the statutory number of members),^[4]
• bring an indictment against the President to theState Tribunal (by a majority of at least two-thirds of the statutory number of members, on the motion of at least 140 members),^[5]
• adopt its own rules of procedure.^[6]

The National Assembly is also called in order to:

• receive the President'soath of office,^[7]
• hear a presidential address (however, the President may choose to deliver his address to either the Sejm or the Senate).^[8]

In the periods 1922–1935 and 1989–1990, it was this joint sitting which elected thePresident of the Republic of Poland by an absolute majority of votes. In and from 1935, it was replaced by anAssembly of Electors, which consisted of the Marshal of the Senate (as president of the Assembly of Electors), the Marshal of the Sejm, the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice, the General Armed Forces Inspector, 50 electors elected by the Sejm, and 25 electors elected by the Senate. Because ofWorld War II, Assembly of Electors has never been convened. After the war, the Senate was abolished in 1946 so in 1947Bolesław Bierut was elected President only by the Sejm. There were no presidents from 1952 until 1989 when theSenate was restored and the National Assembly electedWojciech Jaruzelski asPresident.

Since 1990, the President has been elected by the people. However, thePresident is still sworn in before the National Assembly, which is also the only organ which can declare the President's permanent incapacity to perform his duties, or bring an indictment against him beforeState Tribunal.

From 1992 to 1997, the National Assembly drafted and passed a newConstitution, which was approved by a national referendum on 25 May 1997.

• Government of Poland
• National legislatures
• Politics of Poland
• Sejm
• Senate of Poland

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