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Oxyaenidae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Extinct family of mammals

Oxyaenidae Temporal range:58.9–39.7 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N LatePaleocene to MiddleEocene

skull ofPalaeonictis occidentalis

reconstruction ofPatriofelis ferox
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Mirorder:	Ferae
Clade:	Pan-Carnivora
Order:	†Oxyaenodonta Van Valen, 1971^[2]
Family:	†Oxyaenidae Cope, 1877^[1]
Type genus
†Oxyaena Cope, 1874
Subfamilies
†Machaeroidinae †Oxyaeninae †Palaeonictinae †Tytthaeninae
Synonyms
synonyms of order: Oxyaenida(Van Valkenburgh, 2007) synonyms of family: Oxyaenoidea(Osborn, 1910)

Oxyaenidae ("sharphyenas") is afamily ofextinct carnivorousplacental mammals.^[3] Traditionally classified in orderCreodonta, this group is now classified in its own orderOxyaenodonta ("sharp tooth hyenas") within cladePan-Carnivora in mirorderFerae. The group contains four subfamilies comprising fourteen genera. Oxyaenids were the first to appear during the latePaleocene inNorth America, while smaller radiations of oxyaenids inEurope andAsia occurred during theEocene.^[4]

Etymology

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The name of order Oxyaenodonta comes from Ancient Greek ὀξύς (oxús) 'sharp', name of hyena genusHyaena and from Ancient Greek ὀδούς (odoús) 'tooth'.

The name of family Oxyaenidae comes from Ancient Greek ὀξύς (oxús) 'sharp', name of hyena genusHyaena and taxonomic suffix "-idae".^[5]

Description

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They were superficially cat-like mammals thatwalked on flat feet, in contrast to moderncats, whichwalk and run on their toes. Anatomically, characteristic features include a short, broad skull, deep jaws, and teeth designed for crushing rather than shearing, as in thehyaenodonts or modern cats.^{[citation needed]}

Oxyaenids were specialized carnivores that preyed on other terrestrial vertebrates, eggs and insects. They were capable of climbing trees, which is suggested byfossil evidence of their paws.^{[citation needed]}

Classification and phylogeny

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Taxonomy

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Order: †Oxyaenodonta(Van Valen, 1971)
- Family: †Oxyaenidae(Cope, 1877)
  - Subfamily: †Machaeroidinae(Matthew, 1909)
    - Genus: †Apataelurus(Scott, 1937)
      - †Apataelurus kayi(Scott, 1937)
      - †Apataelurus pishigouensis(Tong & Lei, 1986)
    - Genus: †Diegoaelurus(Zack, Poust & Wagner, 2022)
      - Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae(Zack, Poust & Wagner, 2022)
    - Genus: †Isphanatherium(Lavrov & Averianov, 1998)
      - Isphanatherium ferganensis(Lavrov & Averianov, 1998)
    - Genus: †Machaeroides(Matthew, 1909)
      - †Machaeroides eothen(Matthew, 1909)
      - †Machaeroides simpsoni(Dawson, 1986)
    - Incertae sedis:
      - †Machaeroidinae sp. [CM 2386](Zack, 2019)
      - †Machaeroidinae sp. [FMNH PM 1506](Tomiya, 2021)
      - †Machaeroidinae sp. [USNM 173514](Zack, 2019)
  - Subfamily: †Oxyaeninae(Cope, 1877)
    - Genus: †Argillotherium(Davies, 1884)
      - †Argillotherium toliapicum(Davies, 1884)
    - Genus: †Dipsalidictis^{(paraphyletic genus)}(Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      - †Dipsalidictis aequidens(Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      - †Dipsalidictis krausei(Gunnell & Gingerich, 1991)
      - †Dipsalidictis platypus(Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      - †Dipsalidictis transiens(Matthew & Granger, 1915)
    - Genus: †Malfelis(Stucky & Hardy, 2007)
      - †Malfelis badwaterensis(Stucky & Hardy, 2007)
    - Genus: †Oxyaena(Cope, 1874)
      - †Oxyaena forcipata(Cope, 1874)
      - †Oxyaena gulo(Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      - †Oxyaena intermedia(Denison, 1938)
      - †Oxyaena lupina(Cope, 1874)
      - †Oxyaena pardalis(Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      - †Oxyaena simpsoni(Van Valen, 1966)
      - †Oxyaena woutersi(Lange-Badré & Godinot, 1982)
      - †Oxyaena sp. [Europe](Solé, 2011)
    - Genus: †Patriofelis(Leidy, 1870)
      - †Patriofelis ferox(Marsh, 1872)
      - †Patriofelis ulta(Leidy, 1870)
    - Genus: †Protopsalis(Cope, 1880)
      - †Protopsalis tigrinus(Cope, 1880)
    - Genus: †Sarkastodon(Granger, 1938)
      - †Sarkastodon henanensis(Tong & Lei, 1986)
      - †Sarkastodon mongoliensis(Granger, 1938)
  - Subfamily: †Palaeonictinae(Denison, 1938)
    - Genus: †Ambloctonus(Cope, 1875)
      - †Ambloctonus major(Denison, 1938)
      - †Ambloctonus priscus(Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      - †Ambloctonus sinosus(Cope, 1875)
    - Genus: †Dipsalodon^{(paraphyletic genus)}(Jepsen, 1930)
      - †Dipsalodon churchillorum(Rose, 1981)
      - †Dipsalodon matthewi(Jepsen, 1930)
      - †Dipsalodon sp. [UM 71172](Rose, 1981)
    - Genus: †Palaeonictis(de Blainville, 1842)
      - †Palaeonictis gigantea(de Blainville, 1842)
      - †Palaeonictis occidentalis(Osborn, 1892)
      - †Palaeonictis peloria(Rose, 1981)
      - †Palaeonictis wingi(Chester, 2010)
  - Subfamily: †Tytthaeninae(Gunnell & Gingerich, 1991)
    - Genus: †Tytthaena(Gingerich, 1980)
      - †Tytthaena lichna(Rose, 1981)
      - †Tytthaena parrisi(Gingerich, 1980)

Phylogeny

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Cladogram according to Gunnel in 1991:^[6]

Oxyaenidae

	Tytthaena parrisi

	Tytthaena lichna

	Palaeonictis occidentalis

	Palaeonictis peloria

	Dipsalodon matthewi

	Dipsalodon churchillorum

Dipsalidictis krausei

Dipsalidictis transiens

	Dipsalidictis platypus

	Dipsalidictis aequidens

Oxyaena gulo

	Oxyaena intermedia

	Oxyaena forcipata

References

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^E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
^Van Valen, Leigh (1971)."Adaptive Zones and the Orders of Mammals".Evolution.25 (2):420–428.doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01898.x.PMID 28563121.
^Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali (2015)."Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals"(PDF).Biological Reviews.92 (1):521–550.doi:10.1111/brv.12242.ISSN 1464-7931.PMC 6849585.PMID 28075073.
^Gunnel, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (30 Sep 1991)."Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming"(PDF).Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology.28 (7). The University of Michigan:141–180. Retrieved2010-01-03.
^Dixon, Dougal (2008).World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Lorenz Books.ISBN 978-0754817307.
^Gunnel, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (1991)."Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming"(PDF).Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology.28 (7). The University of Michigan:141–180.

†Anasinopa †Brychotherium †Masrasector^{(paraphyletic genus)} †Metasinopa
Tribe: †Dissopsalini	†Buhakia †Dissopsalis
Tribe: †Teratodontini	†Teratodon
Incertae sedis	†Teratodontinae sp. (BC 2’08) †Teratodontinae sp. (CBI-1-614) †Teratodontinae sp. (Locality BQ-2, Fayum, Egypt)

other
representatives

†Furodon
†Glibzegdouia

†Kyawdawia clade

†Kyawdawia
†Paratritemnodon

†Lahimia clade

†Parvavorodon

Clade:
†Boualitominae
^{(paraphyletic clade)}

†Boualitomus †Lahimia
Incertae sedis	†Boualitominae sp. (Locality BQ-2, Fayum, Egypt) †Boualitominae sp. (Quarry L-41, Fayum, Egypt)

†Tritemnodon clade

†Tritemnodon

Clade:
†Koholiinae

†Koholia

Family:
†Indohyaenodontidae

†Indohyaenodon
†Yarshea

other
representatives

†Eoproviverra/Tinerhodon
clade

†Eoproviverra
†Tinerhodon

†Galecyon clade

Clade:
†Arfiinae

†Arfia

Clade:
†Limnocyoninae

†Iridodon †Limnocyon^{(paraphyletic genus)} †Oxyaenodon †Prolaena †Prolimnocyon^{(paraphyletic genus)} †Thinocyon
Incertae sedis	†"Thinocyon" sichowensis