| "Over the Rainbow" | |
|---|---|
 Judy Garland singing "Over the Rainbow" inThe Wizard of Oz | |
| Song byJudy Garland | |
| from the albumThe Wizard of Oz(1956) | |
| Published | 1939 byLeo Feist, Inc. |
| Composer(s) | Harold Arlen |
| Lyricist(s) | E.Y. Harburg |
"Over the Rainbow", also known as "Somewhere Over the Rainbow", is aballad byHarold Arlen with lyrics byYip Harburg.[1] It was written for the 1939 filmThe Wizard of Oz, in which it was sung by actressJudy Garland[2] in her starring role asDorothy Gale.[1]
About five minutes into the film, Dorothy sings the song after failing to getAunt Em,Uncle Henry, and the farmhands to listen to her story of an unpleasant incident involving her dog,Toto, and the town spinster, Miss Gulch (Margaret Hamilton). Aunt Em tells her to "find yourself a place where you won't get into any trouble". This prompts her to walk off by herself, musing to Toto, "Someplace where there isn't any trouble. Do you suppose there is such a place, Toto? There must be. It's not a place you can get to by a boat, or a train. It's far, far away. Behind the moon, beyond the rain", at which point she begins singing.
"Over the Rainbow" won theAcademy Award for Best Original Song and became Garland'ssignature song. It has been included in several all-time lists, and has been covered by several artists in varying languages. In 2017, it was selected for induction into theNational Recording Registry by theLibrary of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Composer Harold Arlen and lyricist Yip Harburg often worked in tandem, Harburg generally suggesting an idea or title for Arlen to set to music, before Harburg contributed the lyrics.[3] For their work together onThe Wizard of Oz, Harburg claimed his inspiration was "a ballad for a little girl who... was in trouble and... wanted to get away from... Kansas. A dry, arid, colorless place. She had never seen anything colorful in her life except the rainbow". Arlen decided the idea needed "a melody with a long broad line".[4]
By the time all the other songs for the film had been written, Arlen was feeling the pressure of not having the song for the Kansas scene. He often carried blank pieces of music manuscript in his pockets to jot down short melodic ideas. Arlen described how the inspiration for the melody to "Over the Rainbow" came to him suddenly while his wife Anya drove:
"I said to Mrs. Arlen... 'let's go toGrauman's Chinese ... You drive the car, I don't feel too well right now.' I wasn't thinking of work. I wasn't consciously thinking of work, I just wanted to relax. And as we drove bySchwab's Drug Store onSunset I said, 'Pull over, please.' ... And we stopped and I really don't know why—bless the muses—and I took out my little bit of manuscript and put down what you know now as 'Over the Rainbow.'"[5]
The song was originally sung inA-flat major.[6] Arlen later wrote the contrasting bridge section based on the idea of "a child's piano exercise".[7] In the movie, a renownedStradivarius violin was used in the accompaniment.[8]
Italian newspaperIl Messaggero has noted a resemblance, both harmonic and melodic, betweenOver the Rainbow and the theme of the intermezzo (known as Ratcliff's Dream) ofPietro Mascagni's 1895 operaGuglielmo Ratcliff.[9]
| "Over the Rainbow" | |
|---|---|
| Single byJudy Garland | |
| from the albumThe Wizard of Oz(1939) | |
| B-side | "The Jitterbug" |
| Released | 1939 |
| Recorded | July 28–29, 1939[10] |
| Label | Decca |
On October 7, 1938, Judy Garland recorded the song on theMGM soundstage with an arrangement byMurray Cutter.
In late July 1939, Garland recorded the song for the record labelDecca,[10] which she was under contract to.[11] This song and "The Jitterbug"[A] from the same recording sessions are the only songs fromThe Wizard of Oz that Judy Garland recorded commercially.[12] And it was this recording, not the one from the film soundtrack, that was released on the 78-rpmgramophone record that was part of theDecca four-record album titledThe Wizard of Oz.[10] Although this is not the version that appeared in the film, the "studio cast album" was commercially successful, and Decca continued to release it into the 1960s, also reissuing on331⁄3 rpm.
The film version of "Over the Rainbow" was unavailable for purchase on record untilThe Wizard of Oz soundtrack album was released by MGM in 1956 to coincide with the television premiere of the movie.[13] The soundtrack album has been re-released several times over the years, including adeluxe edition issued on Rhino Records in 1995.[14]
After the filmThe Wizard of Oz appeared in 1939, "Over the Rainbow" became Garland'ssignature song. She performed it for thirty years and sang it in the same way as she did for the film. She said she wanted to remain true to the character of Dorothy and to the message of being somewhere over the rainbow.[15]
In 1981, Judy Garland's original 1939 Decca gramophone record of "Over the Rainbow" was inducted into theGrammy Hall of Fame.[16]
An introductory verse ("When all the world is a hopeless jumble...") that was omitted from the film is sometimes used in theatrical productions ofThe Wizard of Oz and is included in the piano sheet music from the film. It was used in versions byCliff Edwards,Tony Bennett,Al Bowlly,Doris Day,Ella Fitzgerald,Frank Sinatra,Sarah Vaughan,Mandy Patinkin,Trisha Yearwood,Melissa Manchester,Hilary Kole,Jewel,Eva Cassidy, andNorma Waterson. Judy Garland sang the introductory verse at least once, on a 1948 radio broadcast ofTheLouella Parsons Show.[17] Lyrics for a second verse ("Once by a word only lightly spoken...") appeared in the British edition of the sheet music.[18]
In March 2017, Judy Garland's 1939 Decca single was entered in theNational Recording Registry by theLibrary of Congress as music that is "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[19] TheRecording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and theNational Endowment for the Arts (NEA) ranked it number one on theirSongs of the Century list. TheAmerican Film Institute named it best movie song on theAFI's 100 Years...100 Songs list.
"Over the Rainbow" was given the Towering Song Award by theSongwriters Hall of Fame and was sung at its dinner on June 12, 2014, byJackie Evancho.[20] In April 2005, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Yip Harburg that includes a lyric.[21]
It was sent as an audio wakeup call to astronauts aboard theSTS-88 space shuttle mission on Flight Day 4, dedicated to astronautRobert D. Cabana by his daughter Sara.[22]
According to his family,Gene Wilder died while listening to "Over the Rainbow" sung byElla Fitzgerald, one of his favorite songs.[23][24]
The first German version in the English language was recorded by the Swing Orchestra Heinz Wehner (1908–1945) in March 1940 in Berlin. Wehner, at this time a well-known international German swing artist,[25] also took over the vocals.[26] The first German version in German language was sung by Inge Brandenburg (1929–1999) in 1960.[27]
| "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World" | |
|---|---|
| Single byIsrael Kamakawiwoʻole | |
| from the albumFacing Future | |
| Released | 1993 |
| Recorded | 1988 |
| Length | 5:07 |
| Label | Mountain Apple Company |
| Songwriter(s) | E.Y. Harburg,Bob Thiele,George David Weiss |
On the albumFacing Future (1993),Israel Kamakawiwoʻole included "Over the Rainbow" in a ukulele medley with "What a Wonderful World" byLouis Armstrong. At 3 a.m one morning in 1988, Kamakawiwo'ole called a recording studio to request a session. Its owner and engineer, Milan Bertosa, agreed to record him if he could get there in 15 minutes.
Bertosa said, "And in walks the largest human being I had seen in my life. Israel was probably like 500 pounds. And the first thing at hand is to find something for him to sit on." A security guard gave Israel a large steel chair. "Then I put up some microphones, do a quick sound check, roll tape, and the first thing he does is 'Somewhere Over the Rainbow.' He played and sang, one take, and it was over."[28]
Bertosa hung onto that tape and when Kamakawiwoʻole was recordingFacing Future five years later he suggested that the song be included on that album, which went on to become the best-selling Hawaiian album of all time.[28]
Kamakawiwoʻole's version reached number 12 on theBillboardHot Digital Tracks chart during the week of January 31, 2004 (for the survey week ending January 18, 2004).[29] In the U.S., it was certified Platinum for million downloads sold.[30] As of October 2014 it had sold over 4.2 million digital copies.[31]
In the UK his version was released as a single under the title "Somewhere Over the Rainbow". It entered the UK Official Singles Chart in April 2007 at number 68. In Germany, the single also returned to theGerman Singles Chart in September 2010. After two weeks on that chart, it received gold status for selling 150,000 copies.[32] In October 2010, it reached number one on the German charts. In 2011 was certified 5× gold for selling over 750,000 copies.[32] It stayed at the top spot for twelve non-consecutive weeks and was the most successful single in Germany in 2010.[33] In March 2010 it was the second best-selling download in Germany with digital sales between 500,000 and 600,000.[34][35] InFrance, it debuted at number four in December 2010 and reached number one.[36] In Switzerland, it received Platinum status for 30,000 copies sold.[37]
Kamakawiwoʻole's version of "Over the Rainbow" has been used in commercials, films and television programs, including50 First Dates,Charmed,Cold Case,ER,Finding Forrester,Horizon,Life on Mars,Meet Joe Black,Scrubs,Snakes on a Plane,Son of the Mask, and the television seriesSouth Pacific. The Kamakawiwoʻole version was sung by the cast ofGlee on the season one finale "Journey" and included onGlee: The Music, Journey to Regionals, charting at number 30 in the UK, 31 in Canada and Ireland, 42 in Australia, and 43 in the U.S.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44]
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
|---|---|---|
| Austria (IFPI Austria)[45] | Platinum | 50,000* |
| Germany (BVMI)[46] | 2× Platinum | 1,000,000^ |
| Italy (FIMI)[47] | Gold | 25,000‡ |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[48] | 2× Platinum | 100,000^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI)[49] | Gold | 400,000‡ |
| United States (RIAA)[50] | Platinum | 4,200,000[31] |
* Sales figures based on certification alone. | ||
| "Over the Rainbow" | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | ||||
| Single byEva Cassidy | ||||
| from the albumThe Other SideandSongbird | ||||
| B-side | "Dark End of the Street"[51] | |||
| Released | January 29, 2001 (2001-01-29) | |||
| Length | 4:58 | |||
| Label | Blix Street | |||
| Composer(s) | Harold Arlen | |||
| Lyricist(s) | E.Y. Harburg | |||
| Producer(s) | Chris Biondo | |||
| Eva Cassidy singles chronology | ||||
| ||||
Eva Cassidy recorded a studio version of the song forThe Other Side (1992). After her death in 1996, it was included on the posthumous compilationSongbird (1998). In December 2000, a clip of Cassidy performing the song atBlues Alley was featured on theBBC2 programTop of the Pops 2.[52] Following the premiere, it became the program's most-requested video in history, and demand for the album soared after the clip was re-aired in January 2001.[53] The song was subsequently released as a single the same month, on January 29.[54]
"Over the Rainbow" debuted at number 88 on theUK Singles Chart in February 2001 and climbed to number 42 in May, becoming Cassidy's first single to chart in the United Kingdom. In Scotland, it reached number 36, giving Cassidy her first top-40 single in that region. It was her highest-charting song in the United Kingdom until 2007, when "What a Wonderful World" reached number one.[55] The song also reached number 27 in Ireland in December, becoming her only top-40 hit in that country.
Cassidy's recording was selected by the BBC for itsSongs of the Century album in 1999. Her performance at Blues Alley appeared on the albumSimply Eva (2011).
| Chart (2001) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Ireland (IRMA)[56] | 27 |
| Scotland (OCC)[57] | 36 |
| UK Singles (OCC)[58] | 42 |
| UK Indie (OCC)[59] | 10 |
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom (BPI)[60] | Gold | 400,000‡ |
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. | ||
| "Somewhere Over the Rainbow"/"What a Wonderful World" | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | ||||
| Single byCliff Richard | ||||
| from the albumWanted | ||||
| Released | December 3, 2001 (2001-12-03) | |||
| Length | 4:47 | |||
| Label | Papillon | |||
| Songwriter(s) | H. Arlen, E.Y. Hamburg,George David Weiss, G. Douglas | |||
| Producer(s) | Alan Tarney | |||
| Cliff Richard singles chronology | ||||
| ||||
| Music video | ||||
| "Somewhere Over the Rainbow"/"What a Wonderful World" onYouTube | ||||
On December 3, 2001, the British singerCliff Richard recorded a cover of the mashup "Somewhere Over the Rainbow"/"What a Wonderful World" on his albumWanted. At the time of release the official website for the album explained that it consisted of "hits Cliff's always 'Wanted' to record."[61] The album is primarily made up of cover songs, including songs by artists such asElvis Presley,The Beatles,Carole King andTina Turner. The inspiration for the album came when Richard was sent a copy ofIsrael Kamakawiwo'ole's recording of "Over the Rainbow" combined with "What a Wonderful World" weeks into the year 2000 and he knew immediately he wanted to record it.[62]
The mashupreggae-themed track with a lot of similarities to the Israel Kamakawiwo'ole arrangement was released as the debut single from the albumWanted and charted on theUK Singles Chart peaking at number 11 and stayed for 6 weeks in the British charts.[63] Richard premiered it on theOpen House with Gloria Hunniford on November 6, 2001. On the date of release of the single on December 3, 2001, he was invited to theITV programmeThis Morning to perform it live. He also performed it at the Premier Christmas Spectacular at MethodistWestminster Central Hall in London on December 14, 2001.
| Chart (2001) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| UK Singles (OCC)[63] | 11 |
| "Over the Rainbow" | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Single byDanielle Hope | |
| Released | May 23, 2010 (UK) |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 2:58 |
| Label | Polydor |
| Composer(s) | Harold Arlen |
| Lyricist(s) | E.Y. Harburg |
Danielle Hope, the winner of the BBC talent showOver the Rainbow, released a cover version of the song as a digital download on May 23, 2010, and a single on May 31, 2010.[64] As it was recorded before a winner was announced, runners-upLauren Samuels andSophie Evans also recorded versions.[64]
The single was acharity record that raised money for the BBC Performing Arts Fund and Prostate UK.[65]
UK digital download
CD single
| Chart (2010) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| UK Singles (OCC)[66] | 29 |
| "Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World" | |
|---|---|
| Song byRobin Schulz,Alle Farben andIsrael Kamakawiwoʻole | |
| Released | September 7, 2021 (2021-09-07) |
| Length | 3:31 |
| Label | Sony Music Entertainment, B1/Warner Music |
| Composer(s) | Harold Arlen |
| Lyricist(s) | E.Y. Harburg |
In July 2021, German musician, DJ and record producerRobin Schulz and the German DJ and producerAlle Farben released a mashup "Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World" based on Kamakawiwo'ole's version and voice onSony Music Entertainment, B1/Warner Music. The new remix version has charted in Germany, France and Belgium. A new official video was also released.
| Chart (2021) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[67] | 48 |
| France (SNEP)[68] | 138 |
| Germany (GfK Entertainment charts) | 82 |
The 1939Glenn Miller recording on RCA Bluebird was no. 1 on theYour Hit Parade chart for six weeks that year.
The Demensions recorded an ethereal, orchestral, and dreamy doo-wop version, arranged by composerSeymour Barab that reached number 16 on theBillboard Hot 100 in 1960[69] and number 17 inCanada.[70] In 1978, Gary Tanner's recording of "Somewhere over the Rainbow" reached number 69 on the Hot 100.[71]Katharine McPhee's version in 2006 reached number 12 on theBillboard Hot 100.
In 1965 Australian bandBilly Thorpe and the Aztecs released the song as a single following the release of anEP calledI Told The Brook in 1964. The single went to Number 2 on the Australian charts.[72]
Jerry Lee Lewis included "Over the Rainbow" on his 1980 albumKiller Country onElektra Records. This version went to number 10 on the Pop Country charts.[73]
The song was also featured inJoanie Bartels' 1987 albumLullaby Magic, Vol. 2.[74]
German-Greek EDM producer and DJMarusha released a cover version of the track in 1994, which became a Top 40 hit in central Europe, reaching the Top 10 in Switzerland (#2), Germany (#3), and the Netherlands (#6); it also reached #13 in Austria and #34 in the Flanders region of Belgium.[75]
The 1997 filmFace/Off featured a recording of "Over the Rainbow" byOlivia Newton-John.[76]
In 2003, Brazilian singerLuiza Possi released aPortuguese version of the song under the title "Além do arco-íris (Over the Rainbow)", for the soundtrack of the BraziliantelenovelaChocolate com Pimenta. A cover of the original version was also recorded.[citation needed]
Zaachariaha Fielding, ofElectric Fields fame, was selected byBaz Luhrmann to sing "Somewhere over the Rainbow" in theYolngu language in his 2008 filmAustralia.[77]
Nicholas David, a contestant on thethird season ofThe Voice, recorded a version that went to number 96 on theBillboard Hot 100 in 2012 with sales of 48,000 copies.[78]
American singerAriana Grande released a version of the song on June 6, 2017, to raise money at her benefit concertOne Love Manchester after 22 people were killed in theManchester Arena bombing at Grande's concert on May 22, 2017.[79] Her live performance at the benefit concert was televised two days prior, i.e. on June 4, 2017. The song was then added to the setlist of herDangerous Woman Tour.[80] The version peaked at number 60 on theUK Singles Chart on the week ending June 22, 2017.[81] Grande would later perform the song in 2025 as part of a medley of songs fromThe Wizard of Oz,The Wiz andWicked to open the97th Academy Awards.[82][83][84]
In 2017 to raise money forBBC Children in Need, 1,788 children sang the song in unison from 10 towns across the UK.[85][86] The choirs performed simultaneously and through out the song it would cut between the choirs giving each choir 10–20 seconds. This was all done live as they sang. The choirs sang from:Elstree atElstree Studios the studio, just outside of London, where the main telethon was held,[86]Manchester atThe Science and Industry Museum,[86]Bristol atAerospace,[86]Glasgow atBBC Pacific Quay,[86]Newcastle atThe Discovery Museum,[86]Newbury atBrockhurst and Marlston House School,[86]Belfast atThe Ulster Folk and Transport Museum,[86]Halifax at ThePiece Hall,[86]Cardiff atThe Broadcasting House[86] andNottingham atThe Albert Hall[86]
^A The song "The Jitterbug" was planned to be in the filmWizard of Oz, but eventually got rejected.[12]
Then I put up some microphones, do a quick sound check, roll tape, and the first thing he does is 'Somewhere Over the Rainbow.' He played and sang, one take, and it was over.
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