 | |
| Company type | Public |
|---|---|
| NYSE: ORB | |
| Industry | Space,Defense |
| Founded | 1982 (1982) inVienna, Virginia |
| Founders | David W. Thompson Bruce W. Ferguson Scott L. Webster |
| Defunct | 9 February 2015 |
| Fate | Merged withAlliant Techsystems to formOrbital ATK |
| Headquarters | , United States |
Key people | David W. Thompson (Chairman,President andCEO) |
| Revenue |  US$1,365 million (2013) |
 US$113 million (2013) | |
| US$68 million (2013) | |
| Total assets | US$1,284 million (2013) |
| Total equity | US$795 million (2013) |
Number of employees | 3,300 (2013) |
| Website | orbital |
| Footnotes / references Financials as of December 31, 2013[update] (final fiscal year end) References:[1] | |
Orbital Sciences Corporation (commonly referred to asOrbital) was an American company specializing in the design, manufacture, and launch of small- and medium- classspace and launch vehicle systems for commercial, military and other government customers. In 2014, Orbital merged withAlliant Techsystems (ATK) to create a new company calledOrbital ATK, which in turn was purchased byNorthrop Grumman in 2018.
Orbital was headquartered inDulles, Virginia and publicly traded on theNew York Stock Exchange with the ticker symbolORB. Orbital's primary products were satellites andlaunch vehicles, includinglow Earth orbit (LEO),geosynchronous Earth orbit and planetary spacecraft forcommunications,remote sensing, scientific and defense missions; ground- and air-launched launch vehicles that delivered satellites into orbit; missile defense systems that were used as interceptor and target vehicles; andhuman-rated space systems for Earth orbit, lunar and other missions. Orbital also provided satellite subsystems and space-related technical services to government agencies and laboratories.[2]
On 29 April 2014, Orbital Sciences announced that it would merge with Alliant Techsystems to create a new company called Orbital ATK.[3] The merger was completed on 9 February 2015 and Orbital Sciences ceased to exist as an independent entity.[4]
On 18 September 2017, Northrop Grumman announced plans to purchase Orbital ATK for US$7.8 billion in cash plus assumption of US$1.4 billion in debt,[5][6] and on 6 June 2018, the acquisition was completed, and Orbital ATK became Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems.[7][8] As of 1 January 2020, the name was changed to Space Systems under a large restructuring and rebranding initiative.
Orbital was founded and incorporated in 1982 by three friends who had met earlier while atHarvard Business School—David W. Thompson,Bruce Walker Ferguson, and Scott L. Webster. Initial capitalization for Orbital was provided by Fred C. Alcorn, aTexas oilman and Sam Dunnam, a Texas businessman in September 1982. In 1985, Orbital procured its first contract for providing up to four transfer orbital stage (TOS) vehicles toNASA. In 1987, the seeds for theOrbcomm constellation were planted when Orbital began investigating a system using low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites to collect data from remote locations. In 1988, Orbital acquired Space Data Corporation in Arizona—one of the world's leading suppliers of suborbital rockets—thereby broadening its rocket business and manufacturing capabilities. This was followed by the opening of a new facility in Chandler, Arizona in 1989 to house the company's expanding rocket business.[9]
In 1990, the company successfully carried out eight space missions, highlighted by the initial launch of thePegasus launch vehicle, the world's first privately developed space launch vehicle (the claim of being the first privately developed space launch vehicle can be contested as Pegasus received significant funding from NASA andDARPA, and a predecessor private rocket exists, theConestoga rocket). Shortly following the successful Pegasus launch, Orbital conducted aninitial public offering (IPO) in 1990 and began trading on theNASDAQ stock exchange. In 1993, Orbital established its headquarters inDulles, Virginia. In 1994, Orbital successfully conducted the inaugural launch of theTaurus (now renamed asMinotaur-C) launch vehicle.
In the early 2000s, Orbital continued expanding its missile defense systems business with a US$900 million award to develop, build, test and support interceptor booster vehicles. In 2006, Orbital conducted its 500th mission since the company's founding with products that included satellites, launch vehicles, and missile defense systems. In 2007, the first interplanetary spacecraft built by Orbital,Dawn was launched on an eight-year, three-billion-mile journey to the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. A major milestone in the company's history was in 2008 when it received a long-term NASA contract to provide cargo transportation services to and from theInternational Space Station (ISS) with a value of approximately US$1.9 billion for missions from 2011 to 2015.[10] Orbital used itsCygnus spacecraft andAntares launch vehicle to transport cargo to ISS following the success ofCygnus Orb-D1 andCygnus CRS Orb-1.
Orbital Science made a number of strategic acquisitions in the 1990s and 2000s to strengthen its position in the satellite market.
In 1994, Orbital completed acquisition ofFairchild Industries' subsidiary Space and Defense Corporation, and merged the Fairchild Space business with its own satellite design and manufacturing division.[11] The electronics business of this subsidiary was later sold off in 2000.[11]
In 1997, Orbital acquired CTA, Inc, a company that, under the spacecraft design engineering and business leadership of Tom van der Heyden – designer of theGEOStar spacecraft – had designed and built the first geostationary "lightsat" under contract toIndonesia for Asia's firstDirect Broadcast Satellite (DBS) television broadcast program, and the world's firstS-Band television broadcast satellite – providing an entry into the fast-growingGeosynchronous (GEO) communications satellite market.[12]
In 2010, Orbital acquired theGilbert, Arizona-based satellite development and manufacturing unit fromGeneral Dynamics (General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems, formerly Spectrum Astro) to complement its main satellite manufacturing facility in Dulles, Virginia.[13]
On 29 April 2014, Orbital Sciences announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement withAlliant Techsystems to combine Orbital and ATK's Aerospace and Defense (A&D) Groups to create a US$4.5 billion (combined calendar year 2013 annual revenue), 13000-person company. The new company was calledOrbital ATK, Inc.[3]
On 18 September 2017,Northrop Grumman announced plans to purchase Orbital ATK for US$7.8 billion in cash plus assumption of US$1.4 billion in debt.[5] Orbital ATK shareholders approved the buyout on 29 November 2017.[6] TheFederal Trade Commission (FTC) approved the acquisition with conditions on 5 June 2018, and one day later, Orbital ATK were absorbed and becameNorthrop Grumman Innovation Systems.[7][8]
Orbital was a provider of small- to medium-class satellites. Since the company's founding in 1982, Orbital has delivered 150 spacecraft to commercial, military and civil customers worldwide. To date, these spacecraft have amassed well over 1000 years of on-orbit operations.[14]
The communications and imaging satellites developed by Orbital are smaller and more affordable. Thegeosynchronous orbit (GEO) communications satellites provide commercial satellite services such asdirect-to-home digital television, business data transmission, cable program distribution and wireless communications. In addition, Orbital also provides constellations of low Earth orbit communications satellites such as the 35-satellite ORBCOMM data communications network, and the 81 spacecraft (integration and test) for theIridiumNEXT constellation. Earth imagery and high resolution digital imaging satellites such as theOrbView series are also developed and manufactured by Orbital.
The science and environmental satellites developed by Orbital perform scientific research, carry out deep space exploration (e.g. Dawn spacecraft), conduct remote sensing missions (e.g.Landsat 4, 5 and 8), and demonstrate new space technologies. In the last 10 years, Orbital has built more scientific and environmental monitoring satellites for NASA than any other company.[14]
Orbital's space launch vehicles are considered the industry standard for boosting small payloads to orbit. The Pegasus launch vehicle is launched from the company'sL-1011 carrier aircraft,Stargazer and has proven to be the industry's small space launch workhorse, having conducted 40 missions from six different launch sites worldwide since 1990.[15]
TheMinotaur ground-launched launch vehicles combine Pegasus upper-stages with either government-supplied or commercially available first-stagerocket motors to boost larger payloads to orbit.Minotaur IV combines decommissionedPeacekeeper rocket motors with proven Orbital avionics and fairings to provide increased lifting capacity for government-sponsored payloads.[15]
With the development of theAntares space launch vehicle, Orbital is extending its capabilities to provide medium-class launch services forU.S. government, commercial and international customers. The inaugural launch of Antares occurred on 21 April 2013 fromWallops Flight Facility (WFF) atWallops Island, Virginia.[15]
Orbital is also a major provider of suborbital target and interceptor launch vehicles for the U.S. missile defense systems. In the last 10 years, Orbital conducted nearly 50 major launches for the U.S.Missile Defense Agency (MDA), theU.S. Air Force, theU.S. Army andU.S. Navy to develop, test and enhance U.S. missile defense systems.[15]
Orbital's Advanced Programs Group focused on developing and producing human-rated space systems, satellites and related systems for national security space programs, and advanced flight systems for atmospheric and space missions.[16]
In support of human space systems, Orbital is one of two companies providing commercial cargo resupply services to the ISS for NASA. Orbital's medium-class rocket—Antares is used to launch theCygnus advanced maneuvering spacecraft to deliver cargo to the ISS. Under theCommercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract with NASA, Orbital will perform eight cargo missions to the ISS. Operational flights began in 2013 from the newMid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) at Wallops Island in Virginia. In addition, the company is exploring opportunities to adapt the Cygnus design for other possible space exploration applications.[16]
ForNational Security Space systems, Orbital provides products ranging from smaller, more affordable spacecraft busses to hosted payload applications. For Advanced Flight systems, Orbital is applying its to design and build an intermediate-class air-launched rocket system forStratolaunch Systems. Orbital has developed the operational concept and completed the preliminary design for the air-launched rocket. It will be responsible for the development, production, test and operations of the full system and related ground operations.[16]
The Technical Services Division (TSD) provided engineering, production and technical management expertise primarily for space-related science and defense programs. Typically, it supplies specialized personnel—engineers, scientists, technicians and other professionals—with specific knowledge in the areas that its customers are pursuing. The Orbital employees often work side-by-side with the customers' technical staff at their facilities. They perform a wide range of functions, from system-level efforts such as special payload equipment and training support for NASA'sHubble Space Telescope servicing missions to component-level tasks including development of high-energy microwave transmitters for theNational Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO).[17]
The TMS unit combinedsatellite navigation andwireless communications to enable transit control centers to manage the dispatch of public transit, highway service vehicles and commuter light rail systems. As of 2008, the technology was used by more than 60 clients, exceeding 27500 vehicles, or more than 30% of theUnited States andCanada fleet. TMS clients included some of the nation's largest fleet management systems, such asLos Angeles,Chicago, andWashington, D.C. In 2008, the technology services providerAffiliated Computer Services (ACS) Inc. agreed to buy the Transportation Management Systems unit for US$42.5 million. The sale transferred an estimated 130 to 140 Orbital employees based inColumbia, Maryland, to ACS.[18]
Orbital's primary locations are listed below-[19]
With the successful demonstration in September 2013 of theCygnus spacecraft and theAntares launch vehicle under theCommercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, Orbital commenced regular ISS cargo missions under theCommercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract. The total NASA contract to Orbital is worth $1.9 Billion for providing eight pressurized cargo missions to the ISS.[28] Cygnus is capable of delivering 2,000 kg of pressurized cargo to the ISS. An enhanced version to be flown in later CRS missions is able to deliver 2,700 kg of pressurized cargo. Thefirst of the eight contracted Cygnus missions to the ISS was completed on 18 February 2014. The October 28, 2014, launch failure was the third contracted Cygnus mission to the ISS.[29]
Orbital's Missile Defense Systems product line consists of interceptors and target vehicles.[30]
GEO communications satellites
With its proprietaryGEOStar-2 satellite platform, Orbital has become a leading supplier of 1.5–5.5 kilowattGeosynchronous-Earth Orbit (GEO)communications satellites used to provide direct-to-home TV broadcasting, cable program distribution, business data network capacity, regional mobile communications and similar services. With its new GEOStar-3 satellite platform, Orbital is extending its capabilities with up to 8 kW of total satellitepayload power. The list of Orbital built GeoStar satellites are provided next.[32]
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LEO communications satellites
Orbital is also a provider oflow-Earth orbit (LEO) communications satellites, having conceived, built and deployed theORBCOMM network. ORBCOMM was the first global communications network to employ a constellation of LEO satellites. From 1994–1999, Orbital built and deployed 35 satellites, and integrated five“gateway” ground stations and a network operations center to manage the satellites and process their data.
Under a contract withThales Alenia Space, Orbital is conducting integration and test services forIridium NEXT, the next-generation satellite constellation of Iridium Communications Inc. Orbital will integrate the communications payloads and platforms for 81 low-Earth orbit Iridium NEXT satellites and test the systems at its satellite manufacturing facility in Gilbert, Arizona.[32]
Orbital Imaging spacecraft are designed to provide commercial Earth imaging services. TheOrbView series of spacecraft paved the way for today's space-based Earth imaging industry. In addition to the OrbView satellites the company also built theGeoEye-1 high resolution imaging satellite. Orbital LEOStar-2 and −3 spacecraft platforms are designed to support a variety of multispectral, visible and thermal imaging payloads. A list of commercial imaging satellites built by Orbital is provided next.[33]
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Orbital built Science and Environmental satellites conductastrophysics,Remote sensing/Earth Observation,heliophysics,planetary exploration and technology demonstration missions. These satellites are built on Orbital's LEOStar-1,-2, or −3 satellite platforms depending on the mission requirements and budget.[34]
Astrophysics satellites
Orbital's current and heritage astrophysics satellites are as listed below:
Remote sensing/Earth observation
Orbital's current and heritage Remote Sensing/Earth Observation satellites are as listed below:
Heliophysics
Orbital's heritage Heliophysics satellites are as listed below:
Planetary exploration
Orbital's heritage Planetary Exploration Heliophysics satellites are as listed below:
Orbital's national security systems range from smaller, more affordable spacecraft buses (e.g. disaggregated systems) to hosted payload applications.[35]
Orbital advocates disaggregated systems because conceptually disaggregated systems can lower the cost and accelerate the development and deployment of national security space systems. For example, Orbital's GEOStar-1 spacecraft provides a compact platform optimized forGEO missions (adaptable forMEO for launch aboardMinotaur,Falcon, andEELV launch vehicles to deliver resilient capabilities in a relatively short period of time (years instead of decades).[35] Orbital'shosted payload capabilities in national security systems include theHosted Infrared Payload(CHIRP) program for theU.S. Air Force. The wide-field of view sensor was hosted on an Orbital-built commercial GEO communications satellite. Orbital's hosted payload program takes advantage of the high frequency of commercial satellite launches and the excess resources that typically exist on a commercial communications satellite to provide frequent and low-cost access to space for National Security Systems.[35]
Orbital's current advanced flight systems programs include the contract withStratolaunch Systems to design a new intermediate-class rocket to be carried aloft and launched from the largest aircraft ever built-Stratolaunch carrier aircraft. Orbital is responsible for the program's overall systems engineering, and the development, production, test, and operations of the air-launch rocket and related ground operations, including payload and launch vehicle integration. A demo launch is currently scheduled for 2017.Orbital's heritage programs in advanced flight systems include the NASAX-34 andX-43 programs, and theOrion Launch Abort System, among others.[36]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.Orbital has announced that it is planning to use another engine on Antares and that it will likely not use any more of the 40-year-old AJ-26 engines on the rocket's next flight – which Orbital hopes to conduct in 2016.
| International | |
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| National | |
