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| ◌̨ | |||
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Ogonek | |||
| U+0328 ◌̨̨COMBINING OGONEK | |||
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| See also | |||
| U+02DB ˛OGONEK (˛), spacing | |||
Thetail orogonek (/əˈɡɒnɛk,-ək/ə-GON-ek, -ək;Polish:[ɔˈɡɔnɛk], "little tail",diminutive ofogon) is adiacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in theLatin alphabet used in severalEuropean languages, and directly under a vowel in severalNative American languages. It is also placed on the lower right corner of consonants in some Latin transcriptions of various indigenous languages of theCaucasus mountains.[clarification needed]
An ogonek can also be attached to the bottom of a vowel inOld Norse orOld Icelandic to show length or vowelaffection.[1] For example, in Old Norse,ǫ represents the Old Norwegian vowel[ɔ], which in Old Icelandic merges withø ‹ö› and in modern Scandinavian languages is represented by the letterå.
Example in Polish:
Example in Cayuga:
Example in Chickasaw:
Example in Dogrib:
Example in Lithuanian:
Example in Elfdalian:
The use of the ogonek to indicatenasality is common in the transcription of theindigenous languages of the Americas. This usage originated in the orthographies created byChristian missionaries to transcribe these languages. Later, the practice was continued by Americanist anthropologists and linguists who still, to the present day, follow this convention in phonetic transcription (seeAmericanist phonetic notation).
The ogonek is also used to indicate a nasalized vowel in Polish, academic transliteration of Proto-Germanic,Old Church Slavonic, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua,Tłįchǫ Yatiì,Slavey,Dëne Sųłiné and Elfdalian. In Polish,ę is nasalizede; however,ą is nasalizedo, nota, because of a vowel shift:ą, originally a long nasala, turned into a short nasalo when the distinction in vowel quantity disappeared.
In Lithuanian, thenosinė (literally, "nasal") mark originally indicated vowel nasalization but around late 17th and early 18th century, nasal vowels gradually evolved into the correspondinglong non-nasal vowels in most dialects. Thus, the mark is nowde facto an indicator of vowel length (the length of etymologically non-nasal vowels is marked differently or not marked at all). The mark also helps to distinguish different grammatical forms with otherwise the same written form (often with a different word stress, which is not indicated directly in the standard orthography).
Between 1927 and 1989, the ogonek denotedlowering invowels, and, since 1976, inconsonants as well, in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). While the obsolete diacritic has also been identified as theleft half ring diacritic ⟨◌̜⟩, many publications of the IPA used the ogonek.[4]
InRheinische Dokumenta, it marks vowels that are more open than those denoted by their base letters Ää, Oo, Öö. In two cases, it can be combined withumlaut marks.
TheE caudata (ę), a symbol similar to ane with ogonek, evolved from aligature ofa ande in medieval scripts, inLatin andIrishpalaeography. TheO caudata ofOld Norse[5] (letterǫ, withǫ́)[6][7] is used to write theopen-mid back rounded vowel,/ɔ/. Medieval Nordic manuscripts show this 'hook' in both directions, in combination with several vowels.[8] Despite this distinction, the term 'ogonek' is sometimes used in discussions of typesetting and encoding Norse texts, aso caudata is typographically identical to o with ogonek. Similarly, theE caudata was sometimes used to designate the Norse vowel[ɛ] or[æ].
The ogonek is functionally equivalent to thecedilla andcommadiacritic marks. If two of these three are used within the same orthography their respective use is restricted to certain classes of letters, i.e. usually the ogonek is used with vowels whereas the cedilla is applied to consonants. In handwritten text, the marks may even look the same.
In Old Norse and Old Icelandic manuscripts, there is an over-hook or curl that may be considered a variant of the ogonek. It occurs on the letters a᷎ e᷎ i᷎ o᷎ ø᷎ u᷎.
The ogonek should be almost the same size as adescender (relatively, its size in larger type may be significantly shorter), and should not be confused with the cedilla or comma diacritics used in other languages.
Because attaching an ogonek does not affect the shape of the base letter, Unicode covers it with a combining diacritic, U+0328. There are a number of precomposed legacy characters, but new ones are not being added to Unicode (e.g. for⟨æ̨⟩ or⟨ø̨⟩).
| Preview | ˛ | ̨ | ᷎ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | OGONEK | COMBINING OGONEK | COMBINING OGONEK ABOVE | |||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 731 | U+02DB | 808 | U+0328 | 7630 | U+1DCE |
| UTF-8 | 203 155 | CB 9B | 204 168 | CC A8 | 225 183 142 | E1 B7 8E |
| Numeric character reference | ˛ | ˛ | ̨ | ̨ | ᷎ | ᷎ |
| Named character reference | ˛ | |||||
| Preview | Ą | ą | Ę | ę | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK | LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK | LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK | ||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 260 | U+0104 | 261 | U+0105 | 280 | U+0118 | 281 | U+0119 |
| UTF-8 | 196 132 | C4 84 | 196 133 | C4 85 | 196 152 | C4 98 | 196 153 | C4 99 |
| Numeric character reference | Ą | Ą | ą | ą | Ę | Ę | ę | ę |
| Named character reference | Ą | ą | Ę | ę | ||||
| ISO 8859-2 /ISO 8859-4 /ISO 8859-10 | 161 | A1 | 177 | B1 | 202 | CA | 234 | EA |
| Named character reference | Ą | ą | Ę | ę | ||||
| Preview | Į | į | Ǫ | ǫ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH OGONEK | LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH OGONEK | LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH OGONEK | ||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 302 | U+012E | 303 | U+012F | 490 | U+01EA | 491 | U+01EB |
| UTF-8 | 196 174 | C4 AE | 196 175 | C4 AF | 199 170 | C7 AA | 199 171 | C7 AB |
| Numeric character reference | Į | Į | į | į | Ǫ | Ǫ | ǫ | ǫ |
| Named character reference | Į | į | ||||||
| Named character reference | Į | į | ||||||
| Preview | Ǭ | ǭ | Ų | ų | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH OGONEK AND MACRON | LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH OGONEK AND MACRON | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH OGONEK | LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK | ||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 492 | U+01EC | 493 | U+01ED | 370 | U+0172 | 371 | U+0173 |
| UTF-8 | 199 172 | C7 AC | 199 173 | C7 AD | 197 178 | C5 B2 | 197 179 | C5 B3 |
| Numeric character reference | Ǭ | Ǭ | ǭ | ǭ | Ų | Ų | ų | ų |
| Named character reference | Ų | ų | ||||||
| Named character reference | Ų | ų | ||||||
InLaTeX2e, macro\k will typeset a letter with ogonek, if it is supported by the font encoding, e.g.\k{a} will typesetą. (The default LaTeX OT1 encoding does not support it, but the newer T1 one does. It may be enabled by saying\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} in the preamble.)
However,\k{e} rather places the diacritic "right-aligned" with the carryinge (ę), suitably for Polish, while\textogonekcentered horizontallycenters the diacritic with respect to the carrier, suitably for Native American Languages as well as fore caudata and o caudata. So\textogonekcentered{e} better fits the latter purposes. Actually,\k{o} (for ǫ) is defined to result in\textogonekcentered{o}, and\k{O} is defined to result in\textogonekcentered{O}.[9]
The packageTIPA, activated by using the command "\usepackage{tipa}", offers a different way: "\textpolhook{a}" will produceą.
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| Marks used as diacritics |
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| Non-diacritic uses | |
| InUnicode |
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