Anode (fromAncient Greek:ᾠδή,romanized: ōidḗ) is a type of lyric poetry, with its origins inAncient Greece. Odes are elaborately structuredpoems praising or glorifying an event or individual, describing nature intellectually as well as emotionally. A classic ode is structured in three major parts: thestrophe, theantistrophe, and theepode. Different forms such as thehomostrophic ode and theirregular ode also enter.
Greek odes were originally poetic pieces performed with musical accompaniment. As time passed on, they gradually became known as personal lyrical compositions whether sung (with or without musical instruments) or merely recited (always with accompaniment). The primary instruments used were theaulos and thelyre (the latter was the most revered instrument to theancient Greeks).
There are three typical forms of odes: the Pindaric, Horatian, and irregular. Pindaric odes follow the form and style ofPindar. Horatian odes follow conventions ofHorace; theodes of Horace deliberately imitated the Greek lyricists such asAlcaeus andAnacreon. Irregular odes use rhyme, but not the three-part form of the Pindaric ode, nor the two- or four-linestanza of the Horatian ode. The ode is a lyric poem. It conveys exalted and inspired emotions. It is a lyric in an elaborate form, expressed in a language that is imaginative, dignified and sincere.
Pindaric odes, also called Greek odes, follow the form and style of the Ancient Greek poetPindar. These employ a tripartite structure, consisting of thestrophe, theantistrophe, and theepode.
In Ancient Greece, odes would have been performed on a stage to musical accompaniment. The chorus (or performers of the ode) would deliver the strophe from one side of the stage, then move to the opposite side to deliver the antistrophe, and finally to centerstage for the epode.
This is reflected the three-part nature of the ode: the strophe sets up a theme, the antistrophe balances it with a contrary perspective, and the epode summarises.
Pindaric odes do not follow strict metrical conventions, meaning they are often irregular in their rhyme and line length. However, the strophe and antistrophe are typically identical in structure, with the epode varying the form.
Horatian odes, sometimes called homostrophic odes, follow the conventions of the Roman poetHorace. Unlike the Pindaric ode, the Horatian ode is made up of any number of stanzas (usuallyquatrains) which all follow the samerhyme scheme andmetre.
In contrast with the very formalpanegyric style of many of Pindar's odes, Horatian odes often tackle more intimate subjects, such as love and friendship, and were not written for public performance.
Irregular odes further break down the ode's formal conventions. They are sometimes called Cowleyan odes after the EnglishEnlightenment poetAbraham Cowley, who revived the form in England with his publication of fifteenPindarique Odes in 1656. Though this title derives from Pindar, it is a misunderstanding of the Pindaric ode on Cowley's part. In fact, Cowley's odes are very different from the strictly formal Pindaric ode.
In Cowley's poetry, the ode follows aniambic metre, but employs no regular rhyme or line length.
The 'pindarique' was employed byJohn Milton in the chorus of his lyrical tragedy,Samson Agonistes (1670/71). However, he corrects Cowley's misunderstanding of the form as Pindaric in his 'Preface':
"The measure of verse used in the chorus is of all sorts, called by the Greeks 'monostrophic', or rather 'apolelymenon', without regard had to strophe, antistrophe or epode, which were a kind of stanzas framed only for the music, then used with the chorus that sung; not essential to the poem and therefore not material; or, being divided into stanzas or pauses, they may be called 'alloeostropha'."[1]
The lyrics can be on various themes. The earliest odes in the English language, using the word in its strict form, were theEpithalamium andProthalamium ofEdmund Spenser.[2]
In the 17th century, the original odes in English were byAbraham Cowley. These wereiambic, but had irregular line length patterns and rhyme schemes. Cowley based the principle of his"Pindariques" on an apparent misunderstanding of Pindar's metrical practice but, nonetheless, others widely imitated his style, with notable success byJohn Dryden.
With Pindar's metre being better understood in the 18th century, the fashion for Pindaric odes faded, though there are notable actual Pindaric odes byThomas Gray,The Progress of Poesy andThe Bard.
There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream, The earth, and every common sight, To me did seem Apparelled in celestial light, The glory and the freshness of a dream. It is not now as it hath been of yore;— Turn wheresoe'er I may, By night or day, The things which I have seen I now can see no more.... Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting: The Soul that rises with us, our life's Star, Hath had elsewhere its setting, And cometh from afar: Not in entire forgetfulness, And not in utter nakedness, But trailing clouds of glory do we come From God, who is our home...
W.H. Auden also wroteOde, one of the most popular poems from his earlier career when he lived in London, in opposition to people's ignorance over the reality of war. In an interview, Auden once stated that he had intended to title the poemMy Silver Age in mockery of England's supposed imperial golden age, however choseOde as it seemed to provide a more sensitive exploration of warfare.
Ode on a Grecian Urn, while anekphrasis, also functions as an ode to the artistic beauty the narrator observes. The English ode's most commonrhyme scheme is ABABCDECDE.Centuries were occasionally set to music. Composers such asPurcell,Händel andBoyce all set English odes to music.
