InChristianity (specifically theRoman Catholic,Orthodox,Lutheran,Anglican andMethodist traditions), anoblate is a person associated with a Benedictinemonastery orconvent who is specifically dedicated to God and service.
Oblates are individuals, eitherlaity orclergy, normally living in general society, who, while notprofessedmonks ornuns, have individually joined themselves to a Benedictine monastic community associated with a certainChristian denomination, such as the Catholic Church or Lutheran Church.[1] Individuals become oblates by undergoing an investiture in which they resolve to follow theRule of Saint Benedict in their private lives. The Divine Office (canonical hours) is a focus of Benedictines and oblates strive to pray these individually or with others, including with monastics throughout the day in person, or live-streamed; this is normatively prayed seven times a day (cf.Psalm 119:164).[2] They additionally seek to daily read theBible through the monastic method ofLectio Divina.[3] Benedictine oblates have used the postnominals Obl. O.S.B. or Obl. SB. after their names, usually in private correspondence.[4]
Oblates are comparable to thetertiaries associated with the variousmendicant orders. The term "oblate" is also used in the official title of somereligious institutes as an indication of their sense of dedication, but are not Benedictine Oblates. (cf.oblation). Oblation may lead to monastic life for some, such as Br. Sixtus Roslevich O.S.B.[5]
The wordoblate (from the Latinoblatus – someone who has been offered) has had various particular uses at different periods in the history of the Christian church.[6]
The children vowed and given by their parents to the monastic life, in houses under theRule of St. Benedict, were commonly known by this term during the century and a half after its writing, when the custom was in vogue, and thecouncils of the church treated them as monks. This practice continued until theTenth Council of Toledo in 656 forbade their acceptance before the age of ten and granted them free permission to leave the monastery, if they wished, when they reached the age ofpuberty.[6] The termpuer oblatus (used after that council) labels anoblate who had not yet reached puberty and thus had a future opportunity to leave the monastery,[7] thoughpuer oblatus can also refer to someone entering an abbey.[8] At a later date the term "oblate" designated such lay men or women as were pensioned off by royal and other patrons upon monasteries or benefices, where they lived as in an almshouse or homes.[6]
In the 11th century, AbbotWilliam of Hirschau or Hirsau (died 1091), in the old diocese ofSpires, introduced two kinds of lay brethren into the monastery:
Afterwards, the different status of the lay brother in the several orders of monks, and the ever-varying regulations concerning him introduced by the many reforms, destroyed the distinction between theconversus and theoblatus.[6]
TheCassinese Benedictines, for instance, at first carefully differentiated betweenconversi,commissi andoblati; the nature of the vows and the forms of the habits were in each case specifically distinct. Theconversus, the lay brother properly so called, made solemn vows like thechoir monks, and wore thescapular; thecommissus made simple vows, and was dressed like a monk, but without the scapular; theoblatus made a vow of obedience to the abbot, gave himself and his goods to the monastery, and wore a sober secular dress.[6]
In records from 1625, theconversus is reduced below the status of thecommissus, inasmuch as he could make only simple vows for a year at a time; he was in fact indistinguishable, except by his dress, from theoblatus of a former century. Then, in the later Middle Ages,oblatus,confrater, anddonatus became interchangeable titles, given to any one who, for his generosity or special service to the monastery, received the privilege of lay membership, with a share in the prayers and good works of the brethren.[6]
Canonically, only two distinctions ever had any consequence:
During a revival of monasticism, on June 17, 1898,Pope Leo XIII by decree conferred canonical status and organized the modern Catholic Benedictine Oblates Secular, known popularly as Oblates, that still exist today.[9] The Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars approved the Statutes and Rules for Oblates in 1904 and an amended version was approved on March 24, 1927.[10]
The Benedictine tradition of monasticism has included variousChristian denominations, including the Catholic Church, Lutheran and Anglican churches.[1] Certain monasteries in the Benedictine tradition areecumenical in nature, welcoming Christians of all denominations.[1]
Many Benedictine communities still retainsecular oblates. These are eitherclergy orlaypeople affiliated in prayer with an individual monastery of their choice, who have made a formal private promise (annually renewable or for life) to follow the Rule of St. Benedict in their private life at home and at work as closely as their individual circumstances and prior commitments permit.[11]
Benedictine monasteries are aligned with various Christian denominations, though persons of any Christian denomination are generally accepted as oblates, with certain exceptions.[12] Non-Lutherans may be oblates at Lutheran monasteries, such as Saint Augustine's House inOxford, Michigan.[13] Similarly in Methodist monasteries, non-Methodist Christians can be received as oblates.[14] The same is the case with many Anglican monasteries, which accept non-Anglican Christians as oblates.[15] Similarly, Anglican (Episcopal) churches also have non-oblate Benedictine communities that are not associated with a monastery.[16] In many Benedictine Catholic monasteries (such asSaint Benedict's Monastery (St. Joseph, Minnesota)), oblates include Christians from the Catholic Church or other those belonging to other Christian denominations;[12] however, other Benedictine Catholic monasteries, such asAmpleforth Abbey, admit only Catholics as oblates while other Christians are able to become associates.[17]
Both men and women, including husbands and wives separately but encouraged to be together, may become Benedictine oblates.
There is a number ofconventual orclaustral oblates, who live in a monastic community. If the person has not done so previously, after a year's probation they make a simple commitment of their lives to the monastery, which is received by thesuperior in the presence of the whole community. At the end of the canonical novitiate year, they make their oblation and promiseobedience to the abbot, their willingness to share in monastic life and to place their own strengths at the disposal of the monastery and its mission. While the monks or nuns renounce all their own possessions with thesolemn vows, a contract is concluded with the conventual oblates that regulates the mutual obligations. It also determines whether it is an oblation for a specific period of time or forever. The promise of an oblate can be dissolved by the oblate himself or by the abbot for a just reason.[18]
There are different members of a Benedictine oblate community: Inquirer or Aspirant, Postulant, Novice, Oblate Secular or Oblate (Christian who livesoutside the monastery) and Oblate Regular (Christian who livesinside the monastery).
The Inquirer attends Mass and Oblate Meetings, prays with the community and monks, and participates in other Oblate activities. Inquirers may participate indefinitely when an Abbey does not publish a time limit for inquiry. The Inquirer applies to become an Oblate in writing and of their own free will, which begins at least a 3-month Postulancy or Probation. An Inquirer may apply multiple times to become a Postulant.
Three months or more after applying, the Christian Postulant is enrolled as a Novice during an investiture with ascapular.[19] During the ceremony, the Novice may receive a Scapular of St. Benedict which "from this time on, always to be worn under the ordinary garments."[20] In 1965,Pope Paul VI gave “permission to wear the medal of St. Benedict in the place of the scapular".[21][22] "A Certificate of Enrollment, signed by the officiant, should be given to each of the newly accepted Oblate Novices ...to be reminded when it is time to make their Final Oblation a year later...then, too, in case of death, the date of death should be noted on the certificate, and this in turn is to be sent to the monastery or convent, so that the community may pray for the deceased Oblate Novice."[22][23] The officiant should also see that each Novice provides himself with aManual for Oblates which is approved by the Catholic Church and contains the Statute of Oblates and Rule of Benedict.[24] A Novice is an Oblate candidate only at the monastery of enrollment, but may seek that Abbott's written permission to transfer to another monastery. For those monasteries that set a Noviciate time limit, those who do not meet that deadline may become an Inquirer again and also may inquire of other Oblates and Third Orders. A Novice can terminate novitiate at any time in writing.
"A year and a day after this investiture, the Oblate Novice shall be allowed to make his final Act of Oblation in the presence of the Abbott or Prior." The Novitiate time period is not waivable. During that year and a day, the Novice discerns whether they are called to be an Oblate, gains insight on the practices of the monastery, attends Novitiate classes, studies the Rule and the Oblate Statute, seeks to fully understand the actions of an Oblate, participates in Oblate activities, and meets or better knows the other members of the Benedictine community: Monks, Inquirers, Postulants, Novices, Oblates and Associates. After a Novice has been approved to become an Oblate, a ceremony of “Commitment” or “Final Oblation” takes place.[19]
The Oblates are Christians who desire, for a more secure realization of their personal perfection, to draw near the monks, participate in their life and be pervaded with their spirit
— Dom Paul Chauvin[25]
Oblates seek to live as monks and nuns while being in the world, seeking God and pursuing holiness "in their everyday life, in their family, and in their workplace."[25] They strive to pray thecanonical hours, which are prayed atseven fixed prayer times throughout the day (cf.Psalm 119:164) Oblates may pray these individually, with their families, or may join monks or nuns at Benedictine monasteries orconvents to do the same. Oblates strive to live according to theRule of Saint Benedict.[25] Benedictine oblates have two mottos: (1) "UT IN OMNIBUS GLORIFICETUR DEUS" - That in all things God may be glorified; (2) "Pax" - Peace.[26] Oblates are to practiceLectio Divina, the traditional monastic practice of reading theBible, daily.[3] Oblates seek a life exemplified byprayer, along with the regular reception of thesacraments, particularly theEucharist andConfession.[3]
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There are several religious orders (i.e., living theconsecrated life according tochurch law) that use the word "oblate" in their name, or in an extended version of their common name. These are not oblates like the oblates (secular) and (regular), and should not be confused with them.
Examples include the:
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In our contemporary world, there are Benedictine houses in the Anglican/Episcopalian, Methodist, and Lutheran traditions, and increasingly ecumenical monastreries. Ecumenical monasteries, in the tradition of Taize, welcome Christians of any expression into the monastery. Usually members attend Sunday services of their choice with the common prayer of the monastery being the Liturgy of the Hours.
St. Benedict's Rule, of course, prescribes that the entire community of monks should meet together in the monastery's church for prayer seven times each day
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Oblati".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.Can Persons Other than United Methodists be Oblates of Saint Brigid's Monastery? Monasticism is a way of life in which the desire and search for God is all-important. Its spirituality is a process of transformation into Christ through self-emptying in order to be totally available to God. As such it is not tied to any single Christian denomination or tradition. Since Benedictine monasticism predates the separation of the western Christian churches, monasticism forms an ideal basis for ecumenism in today's world. The main forces transcending all our differences are the love of God, of sacred Scripture, of prayer, and our genuine love and concern for one another. So, yes, all Christians can be Oblates and engage in scripturally based prayer, prayerful reading, contemplative union with God, and the loving gift of self for others. Anyone can practice this way of spirituality that is essentially the same as was taught by Saint Benedict over 1,500 years ago.
The Companions of St. Luke, OSB welcome any Baptized Christian who is a member in good standing within their church community as candidates for Novice-Oblation.
Chapter II Statutes and Declarations of the Oblates of St Benedict under the direction of the National Conference of Oblate Directors.
