With an estimated population in 2024 of 8,478,072[5][6] distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2),[4] the city is themost densely populated major city in the United States. New York City has more than double the population ofLos Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city.[20] With more than 20.1 million people in itsmetropolitan statistical area[21] and 23.5 million in itscombined statistical area as of 2020, New York City is one of the world's most populousmegacities.[22] The city and its metropolitan area are the premier gateway for legalimmigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York City,[23] making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. In 2021, the city was home to nearly 3.1 million residents born outside the United States,[20] the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world.[24]
The first documented visit intoNew York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by explorerGiovanni da Verrazzano.[41] He claimed the area forFrance and named itNouvelle Angoulême (NewAngoulême).[42] A Spanish expedition, led by the Portuguese captainEstêvão Gomes sailing forEmperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of theHudson River, which he namedRío de San Antonio ('Saint Anthony's River').[43]
Hudson claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area betweenCape Cod andDelaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and calledNieuw-Nederland ('New Netherland'). The first non–Native American inhabitant of what became New York City wasJuan Rodriguez, a merchant fromSanto Domingo who arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping forpelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch.[46][47]
The colony of New Amsterdam extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern-dayWall Street, where a 12-foot (3.7 m) woodenstockade was built in 1653 to protect against Native American and English raids.[50] In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-GeneralPeter Minuit, as charged by theDutch West India Company, purchased the island of Manhattan from theCanarsie, a small Lenape band,[51] for "the value of 60guilders"[52] (about $900 in 2018).[53] A frequently told but disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.[54][55]
Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly.[25] To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted thepatroon system in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (patroons, or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded land, local political autonomy, and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. This program had little success.[56]
Since 1621, the Dutch West India Company had operated as amonopoly in New Netherland, on authority granted by theDutch States General. In 1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with theDutch West Indies).[25][57]
In 1647,Peter Stuyvesant began his tenure as the lastDirector-General of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000.[58][59] Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order; however, he earned a reputation as adespotic leader. He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over theDutch Reformed Church, and blocked other religious groups from establishing houses of worship.[60]
In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by ColonelRichard Nicolls, without bloodshed.[60][61] The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom.[62]
In 1667, during negotiations leading to theTreaty of Breda after theSecond Anglo-Dutch War, the victorious Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of what is nowSuriname, which they had gained from the English,[63] and in return the English kept New Amsterdam. The settlement was promptly renamed "New York" after the Duke of York (the future King James II and VII).[64] The duke gave part of the colony to proprietorsGeorge Carteret andJohn Berkeley.[65]
Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans andepidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between 1660 and 1670.[69] By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.[70] New York experienced severalyellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population in 1702 alone.[71][72]
In the early 18th century, New York grew in importance as atrading port while as a part of thecolony of New York.[73] It became a center ofslavery, with 42% of households enslaving Africans by 1730.[74] Most weredomestic slaves; others were hired out as labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with theAmerican South. During construction inFoley Square in the 1990s, theAfrican Burying Ground was discovered; the cemetery included 10,000 to 20,000 graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free.[75]
TheStamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as theSons of Liberty organization emerged in the city and skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.[78] TheBattle of Long Island, the largest battle of theAmerican Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within modern-day Brooklyn.[79] A British rout of the Continental Army at theBattle of Fort Washington in November 1776 eliminated the last American stronghold in Manhattan, causingGeorge Washington and his forces to retreat across the Hudson River toNew Jersey, pursued by British forces.[80][81]
After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made New York their military and political base of operations in North America.[82] The city was a haven forLoyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom promised by theCrown, with as many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation, the largest such community on the continent.[83][84] When the British forcesevacuated New York at the close of the war in 1783, they transported thousands offreedmen for resettlement inNova Scotia, England, and theCaribbean.[85]
The attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at theConference House on Staten Island between American delegates, includingBenjamin Franklin, and British generalLord Howe on September 11, 1776.[86] Shortly after the British occupation began, theGreat Fire of New York destroyed nearly 500 buildings, about a quarter of the structures in the city, includingTrinity Church.[87][88]
In 1790, for the first time, New York City surpassedPhiladelphia as the nation's largest city. At the end of 1790, the national capital wasmoved to Philadelphia, where it remained while the new capital inWashington, D.C. was being constructed.[91][92]
During the 19th century, New York City's population grew from 60,000 to 3.43 million.[93] Under New York State'sgradual emancipation act of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held inindentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties.[94][95] A significant free Black population gradually developed in Manhattan, made up of former slaves who had been freed by their masters after theAmerican Revolutionary War, as well as escaped slaves. TheNew York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established theAfrican Free School to educate Black children.[96] It was not until 1827 thatslavery was completely abolished in the state.[97] Free Blacks struggled with discrimination and interracial abolitionist activism continued. New York City's population jumped from 123,706 in 1820 (10,886 of whom were Black and of which 518 were enslaved) to 312,710 by 1840 (16,358 of whom were Black).[98]
TheGreat Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, of whom more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, representing over a quarter of the city's population.[105] Extensive immigration from the German provinces meant that Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.[106][107]
Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, MayorFernando Wood called on thealdermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.[96] Anger at newmilitary conscription laws during theAmerican Civil War (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to hire a substitute, led to theDraft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class.[96]
The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground.[106] At least 120 people were killed.[108] Eleven Black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of Blacks to flee. The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865. The White working class had established dominance.[106][108] It was one of the worst incidents ofcivil unrest in American history.[109]
In 1886, theStatue of Liberty, a gift fromFrance, was dedicated in New York Harbor. The statue welcomed 14 million immigrants as they arrived viaEllis Island by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is a symbol of the United States and American ideals of liberty and peace.[110][111]
In 1898, the City of New York was formed with theconsolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.[112] The opening of theNew York City Subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together.[113] Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.[114]
New York's non-White population was 36,620 in 1890.[117] New York City was a prime destination in the early 20th century for Blacks during theGreat Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had the largest urbanAfrican diaspora in North America.[118] TheHarlem Renaissance of literary andcultural life flourished during the era ofProhibition.[119] The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height.[120]
New York City became the most populousurbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtakingLondon. The metropolitan area surpassed 10 million in the early 1930s, becoming the firstmegacity.[121] TheGreat Depression saw the election of reformerFiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.[122]
October 1975New York Daily News front page on President Ford's refusal to help the city avert bankruptcy
In the 1970s, job losses due toindustrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.[134] Growing fiscal deficits in 1975 led the city to appeal to the federal government for financial aid; PresidentGerald Ford gave a speech denying the request, which was paraphrased on the front page of theNew York Daily News as "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD".[135] TheMunicipal Assistance Corporation was formed and granted oversight authority over the city's finances.[136] While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.[137]
New York City's population exceeded 8 million for the first time in the2000 census;[138] further records were set in the2010 and2020 censuses.[139] Important new economic sectors, such asSilicon Alley, emerged.[140]
The year2000 was celebrated with fanfare inTimes Square.[141] New York City suffered the bulk of theeconomic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of theSeptember 11, 2001, attacks.[142] Two of the four hijacked airliners were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, resulting in the collapse of both buildings and the deaths of 2,753 people, including 343 first responders from theNew York City Fire Department and 71 law enforcement officers.[143]
New York City washeavily impacted byHurricane Sandy in October 2012, including flooding that led to the days-long shutdown of the subway system,[151] and flooding of allEast River subway tunnels and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except theLincoln Tunnel.[152] The New York Stock Exchange closed for two days due to weather for the first time since theGreat Blizzard of 1888.[153] At least 43 people died in New York City as a result of Sandy, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion.[154] The disaster spawned long-term efforts towards infrastructural projects to counterclimate change and rising seas, with $15 billion in federal funding received through 2022 towards those resiliency efforts.[155][156]
In March 2020, the first case ofCOVID-19 in the city was confirmed.[157] With its population density and extensive exposure to global travelers, the city rapidly replacedWuhan, China as the global epicenter ofthe pandemic during the early phase, straining the city's healthcare infrastructure.[158][159] Through March 2023, New York City recordedmore than 80,000 deaths from COVID-19-related complications.[160]
New York City lies in thenortheastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway betweenWashington, D.C. andBoston. Its location at the mouth of theHudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into theAtlantic Ocean, has helped the city become a significant trading port. Most of the city is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.
During theWisconsin glaciation, 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City area was situated at the edge of a largeice sheet.[161] The erosive forward movement of the ice (and its subsequent retreat) contributed to the separation of what is now Long Island and Staten Island. That action leftbedrock at a relatively shallow depth, providing a solidfoundation for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers.[162]
The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley intoNew York Bay. Between New York City andTroy, New York, the river is anestuary.[163] The Hudson River separates the city from New Jersey. The East River—atidal strait—flows fromLong Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. TheHarlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. TheBronx River, which flows through the Bronx andWestchester County, is the only entirelyfreshwater river in the city.[164][importance?]
The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerableland reclamation along thewaterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such asBattery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s.[165] Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan.[166]
The city's total area is 468.484 square miles (1,213.37 km2). 302.643 sq mi (783.84 km2) of the city is land and 165.841 sq mi (429.53 km2) of it is water.[167][168] The highest point in the city isTodt Hill on Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m)above sea level, is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south ofMaine.[169] The summit of the ridge is mostly covered inwoodlands as part of theStaten Island Greenbelt.[170]
New York City is sometimes referred to collectively as theFive Boroughs.[171] Each borough is coextensive with a respectivecounty of New York State, making New York City one of theU.S. municipalities in multiple counties.
Brooklyn (Kings County), on the western tip ofLong Island, is the city's most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene,distinct neighborhoods, and a distinctive architectural heritage.Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the Outer Boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline includingConey Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the United States[176]Marine Park andProspect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn.[177] Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub ofentrepreneurship andhigh technologystartup firms,[178][179] and ofpostmodern art and design.[179][180] Brooklyn is also home toFort Hamilton, theU.S. military's only active duty installation within New York City,[181] aside fromCoast Guard operations. The facility was established in 1825 on the site of abattery used during theAmerican Revolution, and it is one of America's longest-serving military forts.[182]
Staten Island (Richmond County) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. It is connected to Brooklyn by theVerrazzano-Narrows Bridge, and to Manhattan by way of the freeStaten Island Ferry. In central Staten Island, theStaten Island Greenbelt spans approximately 2,500 acres (10 km2), including 28 miles (45 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.[193] Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.
Under theKöppen climate classification, New York City has ahumid subtropical climate (Cfa), and is the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west are in the transitional zone between humid subtropical andhumid continental climates (Dfa).[194][195] The city receives an average of 49.5 inches (1,260 mm) of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. New York averagesover 2,500 hours of sunshine annually.[196]
Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blowsea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by theAppalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes.[197] The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 33.3 °F (0.7 °C).[198] Temperatures usually drop to 10 °F (−12 °C) several times per winter,[199] yet can also reach 60 °F (16 °C) for several days even in the coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from cool to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 77.5 °F (25.3 °C) in July.[198]
Nighttime temperatures are 9.5 °F (5.3 °C) degrees higher for the average city resident due to theurban heat island effect, caused by paved streets and tall buildings.[200] Daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °F (38 °C), although this is a rare occurrence, last noted on July 18, 2012.[201][202][203][204] Similarly, readings of 0 °F (−18 °C) are extremely rare, last occurring on February 14, 2016.[205] Extreme temperatures have ranged from 106 °F (41 °C), recorded on July 9, 1936, down to −15 °F (−26 °C) on February 9, 1934;[198] the coldest recorded wind chill was −37 °F (−38 °C) on the same day as the all-time record low.[206] Average winter snowfall between 1991 and 2020 was 29.8 inches (76 cm); this varies considerably between years. The record cold daily maximum was 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum was 87 °F (31 °C), on July 2, 1903.[201] The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from 39.7 °F (4.3 °C) in February to 74.1 °F (23.4 °C) in August.[207]
Hurricanes andtropical storms are rare in the New York area.[208] Hurricane Sandy brought a destructivestorm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs.[209] The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructingseawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.[155]
New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) ofmunicipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches.[217] The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with 2,772 acres (1,122 ha),[192][218] and the most visited urban park is the Central Park, and one of the most filmed and visited locations in the world, with 42 million visitors in 2023.[219]
Environmental issues in New York City are affected by the city's size, density,abundant public transportation infrastructure, and its location at the mouth of the Hudson River. For example, it is one of the country's biggest sources of pollution and has the lowest per-capitagreenhouse gas emissions rate and electricity usage.Governors Island is planned to host a US$1billion research and education center to make New York City the global leader in addressing theclimate crisis.[222]
New York'shigh rate of public transit use, more than 610,000 daily cycling trips as of 2022[update],[225] andmany pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.[226] Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally, the rate for metro regions is about 8%.[227] In both 2011 and 2015,Walk Score named New York City the mostwalkable large city in the United States,[228][229][230] and in 2018,Stacker ranked New York the most walkable American city.[231]Citibank sponsored public bicycles for the city'sbike-share project, which became known asCiti Bike, in 2013.[232] New York City's numerical "in-season cycling indicator" of bicycling in the city had hit an all-time high of 437 when measured in 2014.[233]
The New York City drinking water supply is extracted from the protectedCatskill Mountains watershed.[234] As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed naturalwater filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to requirewater treatment.[235] The city's municipal water system is the nation's largest, moving more than 1 billion U.S. gallons (3.8 billion liters) of water daily from a watershed covering 1,900 square miles (4,900 km2)[236][237]
According to the 2016World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,[238] the annual average concentration in New York City's air of particulate matter measuring 2.5micrometers or less (PM2.5) was 7.0micrograms per cubic meter, or 3.0micrograms within the recommended limit of the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM2.5.[239] TheNew York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, in partnership withQueens College, conducts the New York Community Air Survey to measure pollutants at about 150 locations.[240]
New York City is the most populous city in the United States,[244] with 8,804,190 residents as of the2020 census, its highest decennial count ever, incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the2010 census.[4][245][246] More than twice as many people live in New York City as inLos Angeles, the second-most populous American city.[247] The city's population in 2020 was 35.9%White, 22.7%Black, 14.6%Asian, 10.5%Mixed, 0.7%Native American and 0.1%Pacific Islander; 28.4% identified themselves asHispanic or Latino.[4]
Between 2010 and 2020, New York City gained 629,000 residents, more than the total gains over the same decade of the next four largest American cities (Los Angeles, Chicago,Houston, andPhoenix) combined.[248][249] The city's population density of 27,744.1 inhabitants per square mile (10,712.1/km2) makes it the densest of any American municipality with a population above 100,000.[173] Manhattan's population density is 70,450.8 inhabitants per square mile (27,201.2/km2), the highest of any county in the United States.[173]
Based on data from the 2020 census, New York City comprises about 43.6% of the state's population of 20,202,320,[4] and about 39% of the population of theNew York metropolitan area.[250] The majority of New York City residents in 2020 (5,141,539 or 58.4%) were living in Brooklyn or Queens, the two boroughs on Long Island.[251] As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York,[23][252][253][254] and the New York City metropolitan statistical area has the largestforeign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles andMiami.[255] Nearly seven times as many young professionals applied for jobs in New York City in 2023 as compared to 2019, making New York the most popular destination for recent college graduates.[256]
Based on American Community Survey data from 2018 to 2022, approximately 36.3% of the city's population isforeign born (compared to 13.7% nationwide),[4] and 40% of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants.[260] Throughout its history, New York has been a majorport of entry for immigrants.[261][262] No single country or region of origin dominates.[261] Queens has the largestAsian American andAndean populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically and linguistically diverse urban area in the world.[263][185]
Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 was thelargest international Pride celebration in history, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators attending in Manhattan alone.[290] New York City is home to the largesttransgender population in the world, estimated at more than 50,000 in 2018, concentrated in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens; however, until the June 1969 Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community.[289][133] Brooklyn Liberation March, the largesttransgender-rights demonstration in LGBT history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching fromGrand Army Plaza toFort Greene, Brooklyn, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.[291][292]
Islam ranks as the third-largest religion in New York City, following Christianity and Judaism, with estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers of Islam, including 10% of the city's public school children.[297] 22.3% ofAmerican Muslims live in New York City, with 1.5 million Muslims in the greaterNew York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan Muslim population in theWestern Hemisphere[298]—and the mostethnically diverse Muslim population of any city in the world.[299]Powers Street Mosque in Brooklyn is one of the oldest continuously operating mosques in the United States, and represents the first Islamic organization in both the city and the state.[300][301]
Following these three largest religious groups in New York City areHinduism,Buddhism,Sikhism,Zoroastrianism, and others. As of 2023, 24% of Greater New Yorkers identified with no organized religious affiliation, and 4% were self-identifiedatheists.[302]
Significant other economic sectors include universities and non-profit institutions.Manufacturing declined over the 20th century but still accounts for significant employment. The city's apparel andgarment industry, historically centered on theGarment District in Manhattan, peaked in 1950, when more than 323,000 workers were employed in the industry in New York. In 2015, fewer than 23,000 New York City residents were employed in the industry, although revival efforts were underway,[314] and the American fashion industry continues to be metonymized asSeventh Avenue.[315] In 2017, the city had 205,592 employer firms, of which 22.0% were owned by women, 31.3% were minority-owned and 2.7% were owned by veterans.[4]
In 2022, thegross domestic product of New York City was US$1.053 trillion, of which $781 billion (74%) was produced by Manhattan.[9] Like other large cities, New York City has a degree ofincome disparity, as indicated by itsGini coefficient of 0.55 as of 2022.[316][317] In November 2023, the city had total employment of over 4.75 million of which more than a quarter were in education and health services.[318] Manhattan, which accounted for more than half of the city's jobs, had an average weekly wage of $2,590 in the second quarter of 2023, ranking fourth-highest among the nation's 360 largest counties.[319] New York City is one of the relatively few American cities levying anincome tax (about 3%) on its residents;[320][321][322] despite this tax levy, New York City in 2024 was home by a significant margin to the highest number ofbillionaires of any city in the world, with a total of 110.[35]
Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2018,[329] making New York City the largest office market in the world,[330][331] whileMidtown Manhattan, with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2018,[329] is the largestcentral business district in the world.[332]
New York is a top-tier global technology hub.[13][333]Silicon Alley, once a metonym for the sphere encompassing the metropolitan region'shigh technology industries,[334] is no longer a relevant moniker as the city's tech environment has expanded dramatically both in location and in scope since at least 2003, when tech business appeared in more places in Manhattan and in other boroughs, and not muchsilicon was involved.[334][335] New York City's current tech sphere encompasses the array of applications involving universal applications ofartificial intelligence (AI),[336][337] broadbandinternet,[338]new media,financial technology (fintech) andcryptocurrency,biotechnology,game design, and other fields withininformation technology that are supported by itsentrepreneurship ecosystem andventure capital investments.Technology-drivenstartup companies andentrepreneurial employment are growing in New York City and the region. The technology sector has been claiming a greater share of New York City's economy since 2010.[339]Tech:NYC, founded in 2016, is a non-profit organization which represents New York City's technology industry with government, civic institutions, in business, and in the media, and whose primary goals are to further augment New York's substantial tech talent base and to advocate for policies that will nurture tech companies to grow in the city.[340]
New York City's AI sector raised US$483.6 million in venture capital investment in 2022.[341] In 2023, New York unveiled the first comprehensive initiative to create both a framework of rules and achatbot to regulate the use of AI within the sphere of city government.[342]
New York City real estate is a safe haven for global investors.[31] The total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$1.479 trillion for the 2017fiscal year, an increase of 6.1% from the previous year. Of the total market value, single family homes accounted for $765 billion (51.7%);condominiums,co-ops, and apartment buildings totaled $351 billion (23.7%); and commercial properties were valued at $317 billion (21.4%).[345][346]Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at $2,000 per square foot ($22,000/m2) in 2023.[347]
New York City has one of the highestcosts of living in the world, which is exacerbated by the city's housing shortage.[348][349] In 2023, one-bedroom apartments in Manhattan rented at a median monthly price of US$4,443.[350] The median house price city-wide is over $1 million as of 2023.[351] With 33,000 units available in 2023 among the city's 2.3 million rentable apartments, the vacancy rate was 1.4%, the lowest level since 1968 and a rate that is indicative of a shortage of available units, especially among those with rents below a monthly rental of $1,650, where less than 1% of units were available.[352] Perennially high demand has pushed median monthly one-bedroom apartment rents in New York City to over US$4,000 and two-bedroom rents to over $5,000, the highest in the United States by a significant margin.[33]
Times Square is one of the world's leading tourist attractions with 50 million tourists annually.[219]
Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, andNew York City Tourism + Conventions represents the city's official bureau of tourism.[353] New York has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists, with as many as 66.6 million visitors to the city per year, including as many as 13.5 million international visitors, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China.[354] Multiple sources have called New York the most photographed city in the world.[355][356][357]I Love New York (stylized I❤ NY) is both alogo and a song that are the basis of anadvertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promotetourism in New York City,[358] and later to promote New York State as well. Thetrademarked logo is owned byNew York State Empire State Development.[359]
Manydistricts and monuments in New York City are major landmarks, including three of the world's ten-most-visited tourist attractions in 2023.[360] A record 66.6 million tourists visited New York City in 2019, bringing in $47.4 billion in tourism revenue. Visitor numbers dropped by two-thirds in 2020 during the pandemic, rebounding to 63.3 million in 2023.[354][361] Major landmarks in New York City include theMetropolitan Museum of Art, theStatue of Liberty, theEmpire State Building, and Central Park.[362] Times Square is the brightly illuminated hub of theBroadway Theater District,[363] and a major center of the world'sentertainment industry,[364] attracting 50 million visitors annually to one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections.[219] According toThe Broadway League, shows onBroadway sold approximately US$1.54 billion worth of tickets in both the 2022–2023 and the 2023–2024 seasons. Both seasons featured theater attendance of approximately 12.3 million each.[365]
As of 2019[update], New York City was the second-largest center forfilmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually. The industry employed more than 100,000 people in 2019, generating $12.2 billion in wages and a total economic impact of $64.1 billion.[379] By volume, New York is the world leader inindependent film production—one-third of all American independent films are produced there.[380][371]
New York is a major center fornon-commercial educational media.NYC Media is the official public radio, television, and online media network and broadcasting service of New York City,[381] and has produced several originalEmmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. The oldestpublic-access television channel in the United States is theManhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971.[382]WNET is the city's major public television station and produces a third of nationalPublic Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming.[383]WNYC, apublic radio station owned by the city until 1997,[384] has the largest public radio audience in the United States.[385]
One of the most common traits attributed to New York City is its fast pace,[398][399][400] which spawned the termNew York minute.[401] New York City's residents are prominently known for their resilience historically, and more recently related to their management of the impacts of theSeptember 11 terrorist attacks and theCOVID-19 pandemic.[402][403][404] New York was voted the world's most resilient city in 2021 and 2022, perTime Out's global poll of urban residents.[403]
Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language theatre in the world, named afterBroadway, the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square,[407] sometimes referred to as "The Great White Way".[408][409][410]
Forty-one venues mostly in Midtown Manhattan'sTheatre District, each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theatres.[411] The 2018–19 Broadway theatre season set records with total attendance of 14.8 million and gross revenue of $1.83 billion[412] Recovering from closures forced by the COVID-19 pandemic, 2022–23 revenues rebounded to $1.58 billion with total attendance of 12.3 million.[413][414] TheTony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre and are presented at an annual ceremony in Manhattan.[415]
The New York area is home to a distinctive regional accent and speech pattern called theNew York dialect, alternatively known asBrooklynese orNew Yorkese. It has been considered one of the most recognizable accents withinAmerican English.[416] The traditional New York area speech pattern is known for its rapid delivery, and its accent is characterized asnon-rhotic so that the sound[ɹ] does not appear at the end of asyllable or immediately before aconsonant, therefore the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk".[417] The classic version of the New York City dialect is centered onmiddle- andworking-class New Yorkers. The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect,[417] and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent.[417]
New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the Dutch ColonialPieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modernOne World Trade Center, the skyscraper atGround Zero in Lower Manhattan and themost expensive office tower in the world by construction cost.[418]
The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegantbrownstone rowhouses andtownhouses and shabbytenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.[423] Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of theGreat Fire of 1835.[424]
In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such asRiverdale (in the Bronx),Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), andDouglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such asTudor Revival andVictorian.[425][426][427]
New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500art galleries.[429] The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than theNational Endowment for the Arts.[429] The city is also home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites.Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on theUpper East Side of Manhattan,[430] in the upper portion ofCarnegie Hill.[431]
Nine museums occupy this section of Fifth Avenue, making it one of the densest displays ofhigh culture in the world.[432] Its art museums include theGuggenheim,Metropolitan Museum of Art,Neue Galerie New York, andThe Africa Center. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation.[433] Many of the world's most lucrativeart auctions are held in New York City.[434][435]
NYFW sets the tone for the global fashion industry.[447] New York's fashion district encompasses roughly 30 city blocks inMidtown Manhattan,[448] clustered around a stretch ofSeventh Avenue nicknamedFashion Avenue.[449] New York's fashion calendar also includes Couture Fashion Week to showcasehaute couture styles.[450] The Met Gala is often described as "Fashion's biggest night".[451]
New York City is well known for its streetparades, the majority in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major avenues. The annualMacy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the world's largest parade,[452] beginning alongside Central Park and proceeding southward to the flagshipMacy's Herald Square store;[453] the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person.[452] Other notable parades including the annualNew York City St. Patrick's Day Parade in March, theNYC LGBT Pride March in June, the LGBT-inspiredGreenwich Village Halloween Parade in October, and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations.Ticker-tape parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other accomplishments march northward along theCanyon of Heroes onBroadway fromBowling Green toCity Hall Park in Lower Manhattan.
The city has played host to more than 40 major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the newYankee Stadium,Madison Square Garden, andCiti Field) are in the New York metropolitan area.[462]
More than a million students, the highest number of any city in the United States,[487] are enrolled in New York City's more than 120 higher education institutions, with more than half a million in theCity University of New York (CUNY) system alone as of 2020[update].[488] According toAcademic Ranking of World Universities, New York City has, on average, the best higher education institutions of anyglobal city.[489]
NYC Health + Hospitals (HHC) is apublic-benefit corporation established in 1969 which operates the city'spublic hospitals and a network ofoutpatient clinics.[500][501] As of 2021[update], HHC is the largest American municipal healthcare system with $10.9 billion in annual revenues.[502] HHC serves 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents.[503] HHC operates elevenacute-care hospitals, fourskilled nursing facilities, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-basedprimary care sites, serving primarily the city's poor and working-class residents.[504][505] HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of New York City's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance, enrolling 670,000 city residents as of June 2022.[506]
HHC's facilities annually provides service to millions of New Yorkers, interpreted in more than 190 languages.[507] The best-known hospital in the HHC system isBellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States, established in 1736.[508] Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the president and otherworld leaders should they require care while in New York City.[509]
The city banned smoking in most parts of restaurants in 1995 and prohibited smoking in bars, restaurants and places of public employment in 2003.[510]Pharmacies are banned from selling smoked and vaped products in New York State.[511]
New York City enforces aright-to-shelter law guaranteeing shelter to anyone who needs it, regardless of their immigration, socioeconomic, or housing status, which entails providing adequate shelter and food.[512] As a result, while New York has the highest total homeless population of American cities, only 5% were unsheltered by the city, representing a significantly lower percentage of outdoor homelessness than in other cities.[513] As of 2023, there were 92,824homeless people sleeping nightly in the shelter system.[514]
TheNew York Police Department (NYPD) is the largest police force in the United States, with more than 36,000 sworn officers.[515] Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname,New York's Finest.[516]
The city saw a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s.[517] Crime overall has trended downward in New York City since the 1990s;[518] violent crime decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.[519] TheNYPD's stop-and-frisk program was declared unconstitutional in 2013 as a "policy of indirectracial profiling" of Black and Mixed residents,[520] although claims of disparate impact continued in subsequent years.[521] The stop-and-frisk program had been widely credited as being behind the decline in crime, though rates continued dropping in the years after the program ended.[522][523]
The city set a record high of 2,245 murders in 1990 and hit a near-70-year record low of 289 in 2018.[524] The number of murders and the rate of 3.3 per 100,000 residents in 2017 was the lowest since 1951.[525] New York City recorded 386 murders in 2023, a decline of 12% from the previous year.[526][527] New York City hadone of the lowest homicide rates among the ten largest U.S. cities at 5.5 per 100,000 residents in 2021.[528]
Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with theForty Thieves and theRoach Guards in theFive Points neighborhood in the 1820s, followed by theTongs in the same neighborhood, which ultimately evolved into Chinatown, Manhattan. The 20th century saw a rise in theMafia, dominated by theFive Families, as well as ingangs, including theBlack Spades.[530] The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century.[531][532]
Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the country, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City metropolitan area.[538][539]
Buses
New York City's publicbus fleet runs24/7 and is the largest in North America.[540] The New York City bus system serves the most passengers of any city in the nation: In 2022,MTA New York City Transit's buses served 483.5 million trips, whileMTA Regional Bus Operations handled 100.3 million trips.[541]
ThePort Authority Bus Terminal is the city's mainintercity bus terminal and the world's busiest bus station, serving 250,000 passengers on 7,000 buses each workday in a building opened in 1950 that was designed to accommodate 60,000 daily passengers. A 2021 plan announced by the Port Authority would spend $10 billion to expand capacity and modernize the facility.[537][542][536] In 2024, the Port Authority announced plans for a new terminal that would feature a glass atrium at a new main entrance on 41st Street.[543][544]
Public transport is widely used in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 usingmass transit.[548] This is in contrast to the rest of the country, where 91% of commuters travel in automobiles to their workplace.[549] According to theNew York City Comptroller, workers in the New York City area spend an average of 6hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.[550] New York is the only American city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car.[551] Due to theirhigh usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.[552]
New York City'scommuter rail network is the largest in North America.[538] The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of theLong Island Rail Road,Metro-North Railroad, andNew Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal andNew York Penn Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.[538] The elevatedAirTrain JFK in Queens connectsJFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road.[553] Forinter-city rail, New York City is served byAmtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Penn Station on theWest Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along theNortheast Corridor, and long-distance train service to other North American cities.[554]
TheStaten Island Ferry is the world's busiestferry, carrying more than 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on a 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24/7.[568][569] Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area.NYC Ferry, aNYCEDC initiative with routes planned to travel to all five boroughs, was launched in 2017.[570]
Identified by their color andtaxi medallion, the city's 13,587yellow taxicabs are the only vehicles allowed to pick up riders making street hails throughout the city.[571]Apple green-coloredboro taxis can pick up street hails inUpper Manhattan and the four outer boroughs.[572] Long dominated by yellow taxis,high-volume for-hire vehicles fromUber andLyft have provided the most trips in the city since December 2016, when the for-hire vehicles and cabs each had about 10.5 million trips. By October 2023, the 78,000 vehicles-for-hire combined for 20.3 million trips, while 3.5 million trips were in yellow taxis.[573][574]
Citi Bike bike share service, which started in May 2013
New York City has mixed cycling conditions which include urban density, relatively flat terrain, congested roadways with stop-and-go traffic, and many pedestrians. The city's large cycling population includesutility cyclists, such as delivery and messenger services; recreationalcycling clubs; and an increasing number ofcommuters. Cycling is increasingly popular in New York City; in 2022 there were approximately 61,200 people who commuted daily using a bicycle and 610,000 daily bike trips, both nearly doubling over the previous decade.[225] As of 2022[update], New York City had 1,525 miles (2,454 km) ofbike lanes, including 644 miles (1,036 km) of segregated or "protected" bike lanes citywide.[225]
Streets are also a defining feature of the city. New York has been found to lead the world in urban automobiletraffic congestion.[30] TheCommissioners' Plan of 1811 greatly influenced its physical development. New York City has an extensive web offreeways andparkways, which link the city's boroughs to each other and toNorth Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwesternConnecticut throughbridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents whocommute into Manhattan, it is common for motorists to be stranded for hours in dense traffic congestion that is a daily occurrence, particularly duringrush hour.[577][578]Congestion pricing in New York City was activated in January 2025, applying to most motor vehicular traffic using the area of Manhattan south of60th Street, in an effort to encourage commuters to userapid transit instead.[579]Unlike the rest of the country, New York State prohibitsturns on red lights in cities with a population greater than one million, to reduce collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns on red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present.[580]
The boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are located on islands with the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are at the west end of the larger Long Island, and the Bronx is on New York State's mainland. Manhattan Island is linked to the outer boroughs and to New Jersey by an extensive network of bridges and tunnels. The 14-laneGeorge Washington Bridge, connecting Manhattan to New Jersey across the Hudson River, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[581][582] TheVerrazzano-Narrows Bridge, spanningthe Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island, is the longestsuspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest.[583][584] TheBrooklyn Bridge, with its stone neo-Gothic suspension towers, is an icon of the city; opened in 1883, it was the first steel-wire suspension bridge and was the longest suspension bridge in the world until 1903.[585][586] TheQueensboro Bridge "was the longestcantilever span in North America" from 1909 to 1917.[587] TheManhattan Bridge, opened in 1909, "is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges", and its design "served as the model for the major long-span suspension bridges" of the early 20th century.[588] TheThrogs Neck Bridge andWhitestone Bridge connect Queens and the Bronx, while theTriborough Bridge connects Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx.
TheLincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.[589] The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger andcargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. TheHolland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan toJersey City, New Jersey, was the first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927.[590][591] TheQueens–Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940.[592] TheBrooklyn–Battery Tunnel (officially the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel) is the longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel in North America and runs underneathBattery Park, connecting theFinancial District, Manhattan, toRed Hook, Brooklyn.[593]
The city's mayor isEric Adams, a Democrat who waselected in 2021.[603] The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2023, 67% of active registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10.2% areRepublicans.[604] New York City has not been carried by a Republican presidential candidate since1924, and no Republican candidate for statewide office has won all five boroughs since the city was incorporated in 1898. In redistricting following the 2020 census, 14 ofNew York's 26 congressional districts include portions of New York City.[605]
New York City is a significant source ofpolitical fundraising.[606] The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government intaxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also sent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009–2010fiscal year to the state than the city received in return.[607]
In 2006, thesister city program[608] was restructured asNew York City Global Partners. New York'shistoric sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.[609]
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020
^Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.[210]
^1880 & 1890 figures include part of the Bronx. Beginning with 1900, figures are for consolidated city of five boroughs.Sources: 1698–1771,[241] 1790–1990,[98] 2000 and 2010 Censuses,[242] 2020 Census,[243]
References
^Nigro, Carmen."So, Why Do We Call It Gotham, Anyway?",New York Public Library, January 25, 2011. Accessed March 3, 2023. "It is here that we learn that the term Gotham is tied to the author Washington Irving, famous for his short stories 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,' and 'Rip Van Winkle.' It's also here that we learn Irving was being less than flattering when he nicknamed the city in 1807."
^ab"DDC New York". Digital Diplomacy Coalition, New York. Archived fromthe original on July 27, 2018. RetrievedAugust 11, 2018.Established in 2014, DDC New York has partnered with the United Nations, major tech and social media companies, multiple governments, and NGOs to bring unique programs to the area community.
^abU.S. Census Bureau History: New York City and the New Year,United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 30, 2024. "In 2021, 3,079,776 New Yorkers identified themselves as foreign-born, including 1,542,413 Latin American, 910,151 Asian, and 443,113 European immigrants.... The 2020 Census found that New York City was home to 8,804,190 people. Los Angeles, CA, was the nation's distant second most populous city with 3,898,747 residents."
^ab"Congestion pricing in New York gets the go-ahead after all. Maybe". The Economist. November 21, 2024. RetrievedNovember 21, 2024.But traffic is bad most days, with more than 900,000 cars entering Manhattan's central business district. INRIX, a traffic-data firm, found that New York City leads the world in urban traffic congestion among the cities scored, with the average driver stationary for 101 hours a year.
^abGiulia Carbonaro (August 28, 2024)."New York City Rent Hits All-Time High".Newsweek. RetrievedOctober 17, 2024.Residents are paying a median amount of $4,500 for a one-bedroom apartment in the city, up 12.8 percent compared to a year earlier and 3.4 percent compared to July. Those renting out two-bedroom apartments are not doing much better. According to Zumper, the median two-bedroom rent reached a record high of $5,100 in August, up 13.3 percent year-over-year and 3.7 percent month-over-month...These numbers make New York the most expensive city for people to rent either a one-bedroom or two-bedroom apartment in the entire country. The second-most expensive rental market, by comparison, was Jersey City (NJ), for a median rent of $3,400 for a one-bedroom and of $3,900 for a two-bedroom.
^Robert Frank (July 19, 2024)."The ultra-wealthy just gained $49 trillion in wealth thanks to stocks".CNBC. RetrievedJuly 20, 2024.New York has the world's largest population of people worth $30 million or more, with 16,630. Hong Kong ranked second, with 12,546, followed by Los Angeles with 8,955 and Tokyo with 6,445.
^"The New York Art Market Report". Arts Economics. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2023.New York is the global headquarters of the art market, with the highest market share by value of art sales in the world. It is also a center of high net worth wealth, has the largest population of millionaires and billionaires globally, as well as being the key financial hub of the US.
^Dutch Colonies,National Park Service. Retrieved May 19, 2007. "Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan."
^"Pieter Schaghen Letter".S4ulanguages.com. 1626. RetrievedOctober 28, 2021."... hebben t'eylant Manhattes van de wilde gekocht, voor de waerde van 60 gulden: is groot 11000 morgen. ..." ("... They have purchased the Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders. It is 11,000 morgens in size ...)
^Homberger, Eric (2005).The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History. Owl Books. p. 34.ISBN978-0-8050-7842-8.
^Fort Washington,American Battlefield Trust. Accessed December 31, 2023. "Fought on November 16, 1776 on the island of Manhattan, the Battle of Fort Washington was the final devastating chapter in General Washington's disastrous New York Campaign.... Seeing how precarious the American position was, Howe launched a three-pronged assault on Fort Washington and its outer defensive works. The combined British-Hessian assault force of 8,000 men grossly outnumbered the fort's 3,000 defenders.... At 3:00 P.M., after a fruitless attempt to gain gentler surrender terms for his men, Magaw surrendered Fort Washington and its 2,800 surviving defenders to the British."
^"Finding Freedom: Deborah",Museum of the American Revolution, May 4, 2018. Accessed December 31, 2023. "They ran to the British Army which offered freedom to enslaved people owned by rebel masters based on the 1779 Philipsburg Proclamation issued by British General Henry Clinton. Historians estimate that 10,000 enslaved people sought freedom by escaping to the British during the Revolutionary War."
^Trinity Church bicentennial celebration, May 5, 1897, By Trinity Church (New York, N.Y.) p. 37, ISBN 978-1-356-90825-7
^New York City (NYC) The Great Fire of 1776,Baruch College. Accessed December 29, 2023. "The fire started in a wooden building near White Hall Slip, called the Fighting Cocks Tavern, a fun house visited by the city's most disreputable residents. It was fanned by winds south west of the city and spread rapidly into the night, demolishing 493 buildings and houses in the process."
^"January Highlight: Superintending Independence, Part 1",Harvard University Declaration Resources Project, January 4, 2017. Accessed December 29, 2023. "From January 11, 1785 through 1789, the Congress of the Confederation met in New York City, at City Hall (which later became Federal Hall) and at Fraunces Tavern."
^When Did Slavery End in New York State?,New-York Historical Society. Accessed January 16, 2024. "In 1799, New York passed a Gradual Emancipation act that freed slave children born after July 4, 1799, but indentured them until they were young adults. In 1817 a new law passed that would free slaves born before 1799 but not until 1827."
^Waxman, Sarah."History of Central Park, New York", NY.com. Accessed January 16, 2024. "New York's Central Park is the first urban landscaped park in the United States."
^M.G. Leonard (January 20, 1847)."H. Doc. 29-54 - Paupers and criminals. Memorial of the Corporation of the City of New York, relative to the exportation from abroad of paupers and criminals. January 25, 1847. Read, and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary".GovInfo.gov. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 8–9. RetrievedJune 22, 2023.'Leaving their homes,' [immigrants] say, 'with the brightest prospects,' alluring representations presented to them of the blessed state of American life, a few scanty coins in their pockets, though feeling in the enjoyment of rugged health, and surrounded by their young and innocent offspring, little did they imagine the trials to which they would be exposed; but at length they discover to their sorrow, and very natural discontent, that the foul steerage of some ocean-tossed ship is to form the filthy receptacle of persons, crowded too with hordes of human beings, with scarcely space enough to contain the half of them—certainly not more than thequarter of themcomfortably; and thus huddled togetheren masse, they become the "emigrant passengers" destined to this country.
^abStatue of Liberty,UNESCO. Accessed December 28, 2023. "Inaugurated in 1886, the sculpture stands at the entrance to New York Harbour and has welcomed millions of immigrants to the United States ever since."
^The Immigrant's Statue,Statue of Liberty National Monument. Accessed December 28, 2023. "Between 1886 and 1924, almost 14 million immigrants entered the United States through New York. The Statue of Liberty was a reassuring sign that they had arrived in the land of their dreams."
^Willis, Carol (1995).Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 41, 85, 165.ISBN9781568980447.
^Roberts, Sam."Infamous 'Drop Dead' Was Never Said by Ford",The New York Times, December 28, 2006. Accessed February 20, 2024. "Mr. Ford, on Oct. 29, 1975, gave a speech denying federal assistance to spare New York from bankruptcy. The front page of The Daily News the next day read: "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD."... Moreover, the speech spurred New York's civic, business and labor leaders to rally bankers in the United States and abroad, who feared their own investments would be harmed if New York defaulted on its debt."
^Chan, Sewell."Felix G. Rohatyn, Financier Who Piloted New York's Rescue, Dies at 91",The New York Times, December 14, 2019. Accessed February 20, 2024. "For nearly two decades, from 1975 to 1993, as chairman of the state-appointed Municipal Assistance Corporation, Mr. Rohatyn had a say, often the final one, over taxes and spending in the nation's largest city, a degree of influence for an unelected official that rankled some critics. His efforts to meld private profit with the public good defined him: In the perception of many his name was synonymous with two institutions — the M.A.C., which was hastily created in 1975 to save the city from insolvency, and Lazard (formerly Lazard Frères), the storied investment firm that started as a dry-goods business in New Orleans in 1848."
^Population - Decennial Census - Census 2000,New York City Department of City Planning. Accessed January 27, 2024. "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of New York City as of April 1, 2000, was 8,008,278, the largest enumerated census population in the city's history. The previous peak was in 1970, when the enumerated population stood at 7,894,862."
^Population,New York City Department of City Planning. Accessed January 27, 2024. "The enumerated population of New York City's was 8,804,190 as of April 1, 2020, a record high population. This is an increase of 629,057 people since the 2010 Census."
^"World Trade Center Transportation Hub".Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived fromthe original on January 3, 2020. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2017.The state-of-the-art World Trade Center Transportation Hub, completed in 2016, serves 250,000 Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) daily commuters and millions of annual visitors from around the world. At approximately 800,000 square feet, the Hub, designed by internationally acclaimed architect Santiago Calatrava, is the third-largest transportation center in New York City.
^"One World Trade Center".SkyscraperPage.com. Skyscraper Source Media. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2017.The roof height is the same as original One World Trade Center. The building is topped out by a 124-meter (408-foot) spire. So the tower rises 1,776 feet (541-meter) which marks the year of the American declaration of Independence.
^Nocera, Joe (September 14, 2012)."Two Days in September".The New York Times. RetrievedMay 6, 2017.On the left, that anger led, a year ago, to the rise of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Thus, Anniversary No. 2: Sept. 17, 2011, was the date Occupy Wall Street took over Zuccotti Park in Lower Manhattan, which soon led to similar actions in cities across the country. The movement's primary issue was income inequality—"We are the 99 percent", they used to chant.
^Flegenheimer, Matt."Flooded Tunnels May Keep City's Subway Network Closed for Several Days",The New York Times, October 30, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "As the remnants of Hurricane Sandy left the city on Tuesday, transit officials surveyed the damage to the system, which they shut down on Sunday night as a precaution. What they found was an unprecedented assault: flooded tunnels, battered stations and switches and signals likely damaged."
^Superstorm Sandy: The Devastating Impact On The Nation's Largest Transportation Systems,United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Surface Transportation, Maritime, Freight, and Ports, December 6, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The most damaging impact of the storm, from a transportation standpoint, was on the highway, transit, and rail tunnels in and out of Manhattan. All seven of the subway tunnels under the East River flooded, as did the Hudson River subway tunnel, the East River and Hudson River commuter rail tunnels, and the subway tunnels in lower Manhattan. Three of the four highway tunnels into Manhattan flooded, leaving only the Lincoln Tunnel open. While some subway service was restored three days after the storm, the PATH train service to the World Trade Center was only restored on November 26, four weeks after the storm, and subway service between the Rockaway peninsula and Howard Beach is not expected to be re-opened for months."
^Strasburg, Jenny; Cheng, Jonathan; and Bunge, Jacob."Behind Decision to Close Markets",The Wall Street Journal, October 29, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Superstorm Sandy forced regulators and exchange operators to keep U.S. stock markets closed Tuesday, in the first weather-related shutdown to last more than one day since the Blizzard of 1888. The decision to close the New York Stock Exchange and other U.S. equity markets for a second straight day—reached by midafternoon Monday—renewed questions about the industry's disaster preparedness."
^"NYC Still Vulnerable to Hurricanes 10 Years After Sandy",Bloomberg Businessweek, October 13, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Hurricane Sandy swept through New York City in October 2012, leading to 43 deaths and an estimated $19 billion in damages.... New York needs to step up its efforts and spend the $15 billion in federal grants that it received for recovery efforts, a new report by New York City Comptroller Brad Lander released on Thursday said."
^Robinson, David."COVID-19: How New York City became epicenter of coronavirus pandemic, what that means",The Journal News, March 27, 2020. Accessed January 13, 2024. "New York City's rise this month to become the new coronavirus pandemic's epicenter has far-reaching implications for communities statewide. Most pressing, the rapidly spreading virus that originated in Wuhan, China, threatens to overwhelm New York state's entire medical system, prompting a dire push for thousands of new hospital beds to treat infected New Yorkers. Further, the outbreak, which topped 44,600 confirmed cases statewide as of Friday, including 23,000 in New York City alone, is also devastating the entire state's economy and draining government coffers at all levels.... Why New York City's density, tourism made it vulnerable to coronavirus"
^Sorrentino, Christopher (September 16, 2007)."When He Was Seventeen".The New York Times. RetrievedMarch 27, 2016.In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world.
^Weather in New York, Climate and Weather. Accessed December 31, 2023. "Sprawling across three islands at the mouth of the Hudson River in the north-eastern United States, New York City's climate benefits from the warm Gulf Stream of the Atlantic Ocean. This, coupled with the protection of the Appalachian Mountains inland, keep the city warmer than other big American cities at similar latitudes."
^Maldonando, Samantha."How Much Hotter Is NYC's Heat Island Effect Making Your Neighborhood?",The City, July 26, 2023. Accessed December 30, 2023. "The city as a whole feels about 9.5 degrees hotter for the average New Yorker. That's thanks to the human-made surroundings that define the cityscape: tall buildings that limit air circulation, abundant asphalt and pavement and the heat-generating things New Yorkers do fairly close to one another, like running appliances and driving."
^Maps for Jamaica Bay Unit,Gateway National Recreation Area. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Within the Jamaica Bay Unit there are several places to visit. Floyd Bennett Field, Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, Canarsie Pier, Breezy Point, Fort Tilden and Jacob Riis Park."
^abcAlikpala, Gidget."The top 10 most visited tourist attractions in the USA",As, September 4, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. "Central Park, New York- 42 million annual visitors... Times Square, New York- 50 million annual visitors. At number one is Times Square, one of the most iconic locations in the world."
^New York Water Fact Sheet,United States Environmental Protection Agency. June 2010. Accessed December 29, 2023. "New York City is home to the largest engineered water system in the nation, supplying more than 1 billion gallons of water each day to approximately 9 million people, representing half of the state's population. The city draws its water from reservoirs upstate, supplied by a 1,900-square mile watershed—that's about the size of Delaware."
^The Newest New Yorkers: 2013,New York City Department of City Planning, December 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2017. "The immigrant share of the population has also doubled since 1965, to 37 percent. With foreign-born mothers accounting for 51 percent of all births, approximately 6-in-10 New Yorkers are either immigrants or the children of immigrants."
^Semple, Kirk (June 23, 2011)."Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers".The New York Times. RetrievedJuly 5, 2011.Asians, a group more commonly associated with the West Coast, are surging in New York, where they have long been eclipsed in the city'skaleidoscopic racial and ethnic mix. For the first time, according to census figures released in the spring, their numbers have topped one million—nearly one in eight New Yorkers—which is more than the Asian population in the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles combined.
^Vivian Yee (February 22, 2015)."Indictment of New York Officer Divides Chinese-Americans".The New York Times. RetrievedNovember 17, 2023.Now they are reaching out to the Chinese-language press, contacting lawyers to advise Officer Liang and planning a protest march in New York, a city with the largest Chinese population outside of Asia.
Waxman, Sarah."The History of New York's Chinatown". Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc. RetrievedAugust 28, 2022.Manhattan's Chinatown, the largest Chinatown in the United States and the site of the largest concentration of Chinese in the Western Hemisphere, is located on the Lower East Side.
^abGleason, Will (March 11, 2019)."Citing its diversity and culture, NYC was voted best city in the world in new global survey".Time Out. RetrievedMay 19, 2019.After compiling the thoughts of over 30,000 people, both from our NYC readership and half-a-world away, New York was voted the greatest city on the planet for 2019. In a hint as to why this happened, and why now, it also led the categories of most diverse metropolis and best culture.... Since then, it's steadily attracted more and more attendees and, last year, averaged 10,000 people a night. Those thousands of New Yorkers weren't just hungry for new food, but for new points-of-view.... 'We've now been able to represent over 85 countries, and I'm constantly hearing examples of people branching out and trying things they've never heard of before.'
^Moreno, Tonya (February 2, 2017)."U.S. Cities That Levy Income Taxes".The Balance.Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. RetrievedDecember 20, 2017.Fourteen states and the District of Columbia allow cities, counties, and municipalities to levy their own separate individual income taxes in addition to state income taxes.
^Ward, Peter (March 8, 2018)."The History of New York's Silicon Alley".The Culture Trip. RetrievedAugust 23, 2023.when the revival began in 2003, tech companies didn't stick to the same areas.
^"AI Strategy"(PDF).City of New York. RetrievedJuly 27, 2023.
^"New York City Unveils AI Action Plan that Develops Rules Framework". PYMNTS. October 16, 2023. RetrievedNovember 8, 2023.This comprehensive initiative is the first for a major U.S. city...As part of the plan, the city has piloted the first citywide AI chatbot to help business owners navigate government.
^"Department of Finance Publishes Fiscal Year 2017 Tentative Assessment Roll"(PDF).New York City Department of Finance. January 15, 2016. RetrievedNovember 26, 2021.Today, Jacques Jiha, Commissioner for the Department of Finance, announced the publication of the Tentative Property Assessment Roll for fiscal year 2017, which shows the total Market Value for the upcoming year at about $1.072 trillion, an increase of $102.5 billion, or 10.6 percent from the 2016 Fiscal Year.
^Horowitz, Alex; and Staveski, Adam."New York's Housing Shortage Pushes Up Rents and Homelessness",The Pew Charitable Trusts, May 25, 2023. Accessed March 17, 2024. "Housing construction in New York City and its suburbs has lagged far behind that of other major cities and their suburbs, resulting in low housing availability and a vacancy rate of just 3%. New York City's housing stock has only increased 4% since 2010, not nearly enough to keep up with its 22% increase in jobs. And from 2017 to 2021, New York City permitted 13 homes for every 1,000 residents in 2017, while Boston added 28, Washington, D.C., added 43, and Seattle added 67."
^"NYC & Company is now New York City Tourism + Conventions",Travel Weekly, March 28, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "New York City's official destination marketing organization has changed its name to New York City Tourism + Conventions, dropping the NYC & Company name it's held since 1999."
^abThe Tourism Industry in New York City Reigniting the Return,New York State ComptrollerThomas DiNapoli, April 2021. Accessed December 29, 2023. "After reaching a record high of 66.6 million visitors in 2019 and generating $47.4 billion in spending, the number of visitors to New York City dropped by 67 percent and their spending declined by 73 percent in 2020.... New York City hosted 66.6 million visitors in 2019 (about 25 percent of the State's 265.5 million visitors that year), a tenth-consecutive annual record. In 2020, the pandemic and related behavioral and governmental restrictions caused the number to drop to 22.3 million, a 67 percent reduction (see Figure 1)."
^"History in Photos: New York is the Most Photographed City in the World". January 19, 2022. RetrievedDecember 4, 2022.Not eliminate how many photos you have done well with your digital cameras, cell phones, and smartphones. And also in the professional area, New York has a non-sealing charm for filmmakers and photographers..Every year, there are 40,000 shoots for advertising, cinema films, TV shows, series, music videos, documentation. New York is considered the most photographed city in the world. And yet photographers, again and again, manage to take a new perspective in the megacity, to avoid an unusual motif to create an optics that fascinates.
^David, Greg."Tourists Are Back to NYC in Big Numbers",The City, September 5, 2023. Accessed December 29, 2023. "But the city will not surpass its 2019 record of 66.6 million visitors because once-numerous travelers from China remain few and far between and Americans are flocking to Europe in unprecedented numbers.... Still, the numbers show a rebound with the official forecast from the tourism agency NYC & Co. still predicting 63.3 million visitors this year, up 12% from last year."
^Milliot, Jim."New Report Finds NYC Publishing, Bookselling Jobs Fell Between 2010 and 2020",Publishers Weekly, December 1, 2022. Accessed January 30, 2024. "According to the study, book publishers generated $9.2 billion of economic output in 2020, ahead of the other publishing sub-sectors: periodical publishers ($6.3 billion); internet publishers ($2.8 billion); and newspaper publishers (2.5 billion).... The number of people employed in New York publishing houses dipped by 1.7% between 2010 and 2020, falling to 11,500."
^Allan Nevins,The Evening Post: Century of Journalism, Boni and Liveright, 1922, p. 17.
^New York Post,Library of Congress. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The New York Post is an American daily newspaper, primarily distributed in New York City and its surrounding area. It is the 13th-oldest and seventh-most-widely circulated newspaper in the United States. Established in 1801 by federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, it became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post."
^New York City Film and Television Industry Economic Impact Study 2021, New York City Mayor's Office of Media and Entertainment. Accessed January 30, 2024. "In 2019, New York City's film and television industry was directly responsible for 100,200 jobs, $12.2 billion in wages, and $64.1 billion in direct economic output."
^Thirteen/WNET,NYC Arts. Accessed January 30, 2024. "Channel Thirteen is the flagship television station of the Public Broadcasting Service—a national, commercial-free, viewer-supported network known for its productions of top-notch programming in the arts and culture (Masterpiece Theater; Great Performances), science and nature (NOVA; Stephen Hawking's Universe), news and public affairs (News Hour with Jim Lehrer; ITN World News) and the humanities (The 1900 House; The American President). Thirteen/WNET produces about a third of the prime-time public-television programming aired in the United States, for which it often taps the unmatched cultural resources of New York City."
^Darrow, Peter H."Going Public: The Story of WNYC's Journey to Independence",WNYC, May 10, 2018. Accessed January 30, 2024. "From July 1924 until January 1997 WNYC was owned and operated by the City of New York. This is the story of how it became a self-supporting independent non-profit organization."
^Chauvin, Kelsy (March 15, 2019)."15 Things NOT to Do in New York City".Fodor's. RetrievedMarch 23, 2019.There are more than 8.6 million citizens of New York City, and they're pretty much all in a hurry. They're also shrewd, outspoken, and proudly able to survive in a metropolis that tends to punish the meek. The buzzing subway system alone is a symbol of how this city works: part ballet, part battlefield. Residents and visitors alike can see why New York is considered the greatest city in the world.
^Poliak, Shira."Adjusting To New York City".Sun Sentinel. Archived fromthe original on December 3, 2015. RetrievedNovember 1, 2015.Additionally, the fast-paced lifestyle of New York City demands adjusting.
^Londré, Felicia Hardison; Watermeier, Daniel J. (1998).The History of North American Theater: From Pre-Columbian Times to the Present. Continuum.ISBN978-0-8264-1079-5.OCLC1024855967.
^Stephen Watt, and Gary A. Richardson,American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary (1994).
^McBeth, VR (September 25, 2006)."The Great White Way".TimesSquare.com. Archived fromthe original on May 4, 2011. RetrievedDecember 4, 2021.Coined in 1901 by O.J. Gude, the designer of many prominent advertising displays, to describe the new light show that beckoned along Broadway, The Great White Way is a phrase known worldwide to describe Broadway's profusion of theaters in Times Square.
^Frequently Asked Questions,Tony Awards. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Only Broadway productions that open in designated Broadway theatres in Manhattan are eligible for Tonys."
^Newman, Michael (2005). "New York Talk". In Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben (eds.).American Voices. Blackwell. pp. 82–87.ISBN978-1-4051-2109-5.
^Fazzare, Elizabeth."What Makes NYC's Skyline So Iconic? 17 Buildings to Know",Architectural Digest, May 23, 2023. Accessed February 13, 2024. "When it comes to recognizable skylines, New York City's tops the list.... Super-talls and their historic neighbors have helped shape the iconic urban silhouette we associate with the city today."
^Hakela, Deepti."Rising to new heights; Skinny skyscrapers are transforming NYC's iconic skyline",The Day, February 28, 2016. Accessed February 13, 2024, viaNewspapers.com. "In New York City there's no escaping the pressure to be taller and thinner — not even for the skyscrapers Changes in building technology and materials in recent years have made it possible to build slender towers that are among the tallest in the world And some of these cloud-puncturing beanstalks are poised to transform the city's iconic skyline."
^Plunz, Richard A. (1990). "Chapters 3 [Rich and Poor] & 4 [Beyond the Tenement]".History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Change in the American Metropolis.Columbia University Press.ISBN978-0-231-06297-8.
^"Global Center of Fashion". NYCEDC. RetrievedNovember 10, 2024.With the industry employing 4.6 percent of the city's private sector workforce, fashion is a major driver of New York City's economy.
^Naeme Elzein (August 22, 2023)."New York Fashion Week 2023 | Retailers bring the runway to real-life".Lightspeed. RetrievedNovember 26, 2023.Starting with world renown designers reading the winds of change through to buyers forecasting trends that feel 'right now', New York Fashion Week is the first big domino to fall in a succession of actions resulting in what ends up in your closet.
^Diana Juarez (October 4, 2023)."The Economic Impact of New York Fashion Week".The Fordham Ram. RetrievedNovember 26, 2023.New York Fashion Week (NYFW) is an iconic event that not only sets the global fashion industry's tone but also plays a pivotal role in contributing to the economic vitality of the city. Beyond the glitz, glamor and gorgeous soirées of the runway, NYFW profoundly impacts various sectors of the economy, including tourism, retail, hospitalityurl and media.
^New York 1984 Paralympic Summer Games, National Paralympic Heritage Trust. Accessed January 18, 2024. "The New York Games were set to run from 17th - 29th June and the Stoke Mandeville Games from 22nd July - 1st August."
^Bondy Filip."New York City and Environs Land Goodwill Games for '98",The New York Times, October 16, 1992. Accessed January 18, 2024. "New York City, New Jersey and Long Island were awarded the 1998 Goodwill Games last night, an intriguing but risky choice by the Games' selection committee. Six years from now, the area will be called upon to play host to thousands of international athletes and fans who have every right to expect upgraded athletic facilities and a convenient ride to the arena."
^Zinser, Lynn."Olympic Committee Chooses London for 2012 Summer Games",The New York Times, July 6, 2005. Accessed January 19, 2023. "London won the 2012 Olympic Summer Games on Wednesday in a surprising upset over the front-running Paris after ardent last-minute lobbying by Prime Minister Tony Blair..... The British capitalized on a desire to hold the Games in Western Europe and surpassed four finalists, including New York, which was knocked out in the second round of voting, earlier than most expected."
^"So Many Seats, So Many Tax Breaks",The New York Times, July 11, 1028. Accessed January 18, 2024. "Yankee Stadium Location: Bronx Year Opened: 2009 Seats: 47,422. The stadium cost more than $2.3 billion to build.... Citi Field Location: Queens; Year Opened: 2009; Seats: 41,800. The project cost about $830.6 million with $134.91 million coming from the New York Mets, and $614.3 million in public money and tax breaks."
^Butler, Sarah Lorge."New York City Was the World's Largest Marathon in 2023",Runner's World, November 7, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "If you were one of the 51,933 people who started the New York City Marathon on November 5, chances are very high that you also finished it. According to New York Road Runners, 51,402 runners finished the marathon, a 98.9 percent completion rate.... They hailed from all 50 states and 148 countries."
^Metzler, Brian."The Famous Millrose Games Delivers Speed, Records, and the Wanamaker Mile",Outside, February 13, 2023. Accessed January 17, 2024. "With his dominating performance in the Wanamaker Mile, Nuguse might have signaled a new era in the classic imperial distance — the quest for the world's first sub-3:47 mile on an indoor track.... In the final race of the 115th Millrose Games at The Armory Track & Field Center, Nuguse made it look relatively easy."
^Healthcare,New York City Economic Development Corporation. Accessed January 17, 2024. "New York City is home to the largest public healthcare system in the US, world-class private medical centers, and a robust, cutting-edge R&D landscape."
^Health + Hospitals NYC, (NYC H+H),New York City Green Book. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Description: A public benefit Corporation created by State Legislature, July 1, 1969, to operate the City's municipal hospitals. Operates facilities in all five boroughs, providing general, chronic, ambulatory and skilled nursing care and a wide variety of specialized patient care services. All employees are public employees."
^Frequently Asked Questions,NYC Health + Hospitals. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Where are your facilities located? NYC Health + Hospitals includes 11 acute care hospitals, four skilled nursing facilities, six large diagnostic and treatment centers and more than 70 community-based clinics. These facilities are within seven geographically based networks throughout the New York City metropolitan area."
^Miller, Kenneth.The Public Option,Columbia University School of Nursing, November 12, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "HHC is the largest municipal health system in the United States, serving 1.4 million patients—mostly low-income or working-class people on Medicaid or Medicare. About one-third are uninsured, and many are undocumented. A public benefit corporation, HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 primary care centers across New York's five boroughs."
^MetroPlus Health Plan: COVID-19 Enrollment Trends,New York State ComptrollerThomas P. DiNapoli, September 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024. "MetroPlus Health Plan is a prepaid health services plan and a wholly owned subsidiary of NYC Health + Hospitals (H+H).... MetroPlus enrollment reached a record high of 670,915, an increase of 159,284 members (31 percent) between February 2020 and June 2022, the period impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic (see Figure 1)."
^Fiani, Brian; Covarrubias, Claudia; Jarrah, Ryan; Kondilis, Athanasios; and Doan, Thao M."Bellevue Hospital, the Oldest Public Health Center in the United States of America",World Neurosurgery, August 28, 2022. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Bellevue Hospital is known as the oldest public hospital in the United States of America. Although its historical beginnings date back to the 1600s, it was officially founded on the second floor of the New York City Almshouse in 1736, 40 years before the American Revolution."
^Roberts, Sam."Colin McCord, Who Helped Impose a Smoking Ban, Dies at 94",The New York Times, April 7, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "Dr. McCord successfully lobbied for a ban on smoking in workplaces, restaurants and bars while he was an assistant health commissioner in Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg's administration. The ban, which took effect in 2003, was later expanded and replicated in jurisdictions around the world. New York had banned smoking in most restaurants in 1995, but the city continued to allow smoking in bars and the bar areas of restaurants."
^Basic Facts About Homelessness: New York City,Coalition for the Homeless, updated December 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024. 'In recent years, homelessness in New York City has reached the highest levels since the Great Depression of the 1930s. In November 2023, there were 92,824 homeless people, including 33,365 homeless children, sleeping each night in New York City's main municipal shelter system. A total of 23,945 single adults slept in shelters each night in November 2023."
^Kershner, Ellen."The Largest Police Departments In The US", WorldAtlas, August 3, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2024. "Established in 1845, The New York City Police Department (NYPD) is one of the most well-known law enforcement agencies in the world. As the largest in the United States, it currently has about 36,008 full-time active officers and 19,000 civilian employees. This is almost three times as many as the country's second-largest police department in Chicago."
^Williams, Keith."We Know They're New York's Finest. But Why?",The New York Times, May 4, 2017. Accessed January 17, 2024. "The Police Department's slogan also came from a phrase with military origins: “the finest police force on the planet,” an adaptation of Gen. Joseph Hooker's 1863 claim that the Union forces were 'the finest army on the planet.' A similar phrase referring to police officers appeared in The Times in 1865. The police chief George Washington Matsell promoted the nickname in the early 1870s, Mr. Popik wrote; the 1882 play 'One of the Finest' cemented the label, which was condensed to 'New York's Finest' by 1889."
^Goldstein, Joseph.'Judge Rejects New York's Stop-and-Frisk Policy",The New York Times, August 12, 2013. Accessed January 17, 2024. "But the judge, Shira A. Scheindlin, found that the Police Department resorted to a 'policy of indirect racial profiling' as it increased the number of stops in minority communities. That has led to officers' routinely stopping 'blacks and Hispanics who would not have been stopped if they were white.'"
^Katersky, Aaron; Grant, Teddy."NYPD safety team making high number of unlawful stops, mostly people of color: Report",ABC News, June 5, 2023. January 17, 2024. "A decade after the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk tactic was deemed unconstitutional, the police are still unlawfully stopping and searching many people, particularly men of color, according to a new report issued Monday by a court-appointed monitor. The monitor, Mylan Denerstein, faulted certain units of the NYPD's Neighborhood Safety Teams (NST), which are meant to combat gun violence in high-crime areas.... Shortly after a U.S. District Court judge ruled in 2013 the policy violated the Constitution, then-NYC Mayor Michael Bloomberg, in an op-ed in the Washington Post, pushed back against claims that stop-and-frisk promoted racial profiling."
^Ehrenfreund, Max."Donald Trump claims New York's stop-and-frisk policy reduced crime. The data disagree.",The Washington Post, September 22, 2016. Accessed January 17, 2024. "In 1990, there were nearly 31 homicides in the city for every 100,000 people — more than the average for other major American cities even in a year of frequent violence across the country. A decade later, that figure had declined by nearly 75 percent, to 8.4 homicides per 100,000 people. As New York police abruptly moved away from the practice of stop-and-frisk toward the end of Kelly's tenure in 2013, the rate of homicide continued to decline as it had previously."
^Badger, Emily."The Lasting Effects of Stop-and-Frisk in Bloomberg's New York",The New York Times, March 2, 2020, updated November 30, 2020. Accessed January 17, 2024. "In the years since Michael Bloomberg left the mayor's office in New York, the legacy of stop-and-frisk policing widely used during his administration has become clearer. Crime in the city continued to decline, suggesting that the aggressive use of police stops wasn't so essential to New York's safety after all."
^Kanno-Youngs, Zolan."New York City's Murder Rate Hit New Low in 2018",The Wall Street Journal, January 3, 2019. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The New York Police Department recorded 289 murders in 2018, three fewer than the 292 recorded in 2017. Mayor Bill de Blasio said it was the fewest number of homicides in nearly 70 years. Overall, major crime in the city fell by 1.3% from 97,089 to 95,844, police said. There were 2,245 people murdered in New York City in 1990."
^"Fewest Annual Murders and Shooting Incidents Ever Recorded in the Modern Era; Lowest per-capita murder rate since 1951",New York City Police Department, press release dated January 5, 2018. Accessed January 15, 2024. "With the close of 2017, New York City marks three new crime reduction benchmarks: the first time the total number of index crimes has fallen below 100,000; the first time the number of shooting incidents has fallen below 800; and the first time the total number of murders has fallen below 300. This reduction in murders has resulted in the lowest per-capita murder rate in nearly 70 years."
^"NYPD Announces December 2023, End-of-Year Citywide Crime Statistics",New York City Police Department, press release dated January 4, 2024. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Murders – which rose for four consecutive years before the current administration was installed – fell by 11.9% (386 vs. 438) in 2023 compared to 2022, and by 33.3% (24 vs. 36) in December 2023, compared to the same month a year prior."
^abWilson, Colleen."Port Authority Bus Terminal was once a marvel. Will the next one meet commuters' needs?",The Record, June 30, 2021. Accessed January 4, 2024. "Becoming the busiest bus terminal in the world doesn't happen without also bearing the brunt of blame every time a commute goes horribly wrong — deserved or otherwise.... The popularity of bus commuting over the Hudson River has steadily risen over the last seven decades, with some 260,000 people a day coming through the terminal pre-pandemic.... A more efficient terminal should improve some of the delays through the Lincoln Tunnel and exclusive bus lane (XBL), the dedicated lane in the morning that converges all buses into a single lane from I-495 into the Lincoln Tunnel from New Jersey."
^McGeehan, Patrick; and Hu, Winnie."'Notorious' Port Authority Bus Terminal May Get a $10 Billion Overhaul",The New York Times, January 21, 2021, updated September 23, 2021. Accessed January 4, 2024. "The bus terminal plan, which has been in the works for more than seven contentious years, would cost as much as $10 billion and could take a decade to complete.... More than 250,000 people passed through it on a typical weekday before the pandemic, according to the Port Authority.... The bus terminal, a brick hulk perched at the mouth of the Lincoln Tunnel, has long exceeded its capacity — when it opened in late 1950, it was expected to handle 60,000 passengers a day."
^Hill, John."Renderings of New Midtown Bus Terminal Revealed", World Architects, February 5, 2024. Accessed February 13, 2024. "Not surprisingly, the two renderings included in last week's announcement show the main terminal and are accompanied by photos of the existing to depict a dramatic departure from the current situation. Compare the existing intersection of 8th Avenue and 41st Street (below) with a rendering of the same (above), in which a portion of 41st Street would be closed to create an 'iconic' atrium entrance."
^Weinberger, Rachel; Kaehny, John; Rufo, Matthew (2010)."U.S. Parking Policies: An Overview of Management Strategies"(PDF).Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. p. 62. RetrievedJune 11, 2011.New York City is the largest, densest and most transit- and pedestrian-oriented city in the United States. It is the only U.S. city in which a majority of households do not have a car. Despite this, New York City is very much an American city in the way it under prices and under uses curbside parking meters. Meter rates are far lower than in other leading world cities, and New York suffers from high levels of cruising and double parking (p. 62) ... Nationally 90% of households own automobiles. New Yorkers own fewer at 48% with only 22% of Manhattan residents owning automobiles (p. 78)
^Staten Island Railway Timetable,Metropolitan Transportation Authority, effective January 2020. Accessed January 15, 2024. "MTA Staten Island Railway – service runs 24 hours a day between the St George and Tottenville terminals. At the St George terminal, customers can make connections with Staten Island Ferry service to Manhattan."
^"10 things we bet you didn't know about Grand Central". Signum International AG.Grand Central Terminal is spread over 49 acres, has 44 platforms and 67 tracks on two levels. It is the world's largest train station by number of platforms and area occupied.
^Reed, Ted."In a Queens Miracle, New York LaGuardia Airport Goes From Loser to Winner",Airline Weekly, March 21, 2023. Accessed January 15, 2023. "Throughout a troubled 2022, the pandemic exposed many fragilities in a troubled United States airline industry, but it also enabled a widely recognized miracle in the $8 billion resurrection of New York LaGuardia Airport. Once widely viewed as a hellhole, LaGuardia was transformed.... Transformation involved rebuilding two terminals, each costing about $4 billion, as well as about five miles of roadway. Terminal B has 35 gates, occupied by American and four other airlines. Work began in 2016 and was completed on July 8, 2022, the exact day specified in a bond offering six years earlier. Terminal C, occupied and financed by Delta Air Lines, will have 37 gates. Work began in 2017 and is largely finished, with completion by the end of the year."
^viaAssociated Press."Biden Compares La Guardia Airport to 'Third World'",The New York Times, February 6, 2014. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Vice President Joseph R. Biden says La Guardia Airport in New York could use some major improvements — and that is putting it mildly. Mr. Biden said that if he blindfolded someone and took him to La Guardia, the person would think he was in 'some third world country.'"
^The Project, A Whole New LGA. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The $8 billion project, two-thirds of which is funded through private financing and existing passenger fees, broke ground in 2016."
^Yellow Cab,New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Taxicabs are the only vehicles that have the right to pick up street-hailing and prearranged passengers anywhere in New York City. By law, there are 13,587 taxis in New York City and each taxi must have a medallion affixed to it."
^Green Cab,New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. Accessed January 14, 2024. "Street-hail Liveries, also known as green cabs, are For-Hire Vehicles that are permitted to accept street-hails. In exchange, Street-Hail Liveries may not operate in the Hail Exclusionary Zone, south of West 110th St and East 96th St."
^History,Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The original Roosevelt Island aerial tramway - the first tram in the country to be used for urban transportation – was opened in May 1976."
^Aerial Tramway Vital Statistics,Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation. Accessed January 13, 2024. "The Tram travels between the Manhattan station at 2nd Avenue between 59th and 60th streets and the Tram station on Roosevelt Island. It travels a distance of 3,140 feet at a speed of up to 17 miles per hour in less than three (3) minutes. It rises to a maximum height of 230 feet and can carry a maximum of 109 passengers plus an attendant per cabin. The system annually transports more than two million passengers."
^"Today in History – June 12: Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge",Library of Congress. Accessed July 30, 2023. "The Brooklyn Bridge, Roebling's last and greatest achievement, spans New York's East River to connect Manhattan with Brooklyn. When completed in 1883, the bridge, with its massive stone towers and a main span of 1,595.5 feet between them, was by far the longest suspension bridge in the world."
^"Williamsburg Bridge",American Society of Civil Engineers. Accessed July 30, 2023. "When opened in 1903, the 1,600 foot long main span of the Williamsburg Bridge was the world's longest suspension span, surpassing the nearby Brooklyn Bridge by only 4.5 feet."
^"Queensboro Bridge",American Society of Civil Engineers. Accessed July 30, 2023. "The Queensboro Bridge was the longest cantilever span in North America (1,182 feet) from 1909 until the Quebec Bridge opened in 1917 and the longest in the United States until 1930."
^"Manhattan Bridge",American Society of Civil Engineers Metropolitan Section. Accessed July 30, 2023. "As the first suspension bridge to use the deflection theory, it is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges and served as the model for the major long-span suspension bridges built in the first half of the twentieth century."
^Hugh L. Carey Tunnel,Metropolitan Transportation Authority, updated July 10, 2023. Accessed January 16, 2024. "When the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel (formerly Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel) opened in 1950, it was the longest continuous underwater vehicular tunnel in North America. It still is.... On the Brooklyn side is the community of South Brooklyn, comprising the Red Hook, Columbia Terrace, Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, and Boerum Hill districts.... The Manhattan end of the tunnel leads to the Wall Street area, the South Street Seaport, City Hall/Civic Center, Battery Park City, the World Trade Center site, and the World Financial Center."
^Welcome,District Court for the Southern District of New York. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York encompasses the counties of New York, Bronx, Westchester, Rockland, Putnam, Orange, Dutchess, and Sullivan and draws jurors from those counties."
^Home Page,District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The district comprises the counties of Kings, Nassau, Queens, Richmond, and Suffolk and concurrently with the Southern District, the waters within the counties of Bronx and New York."
^Boschma, Janie; Rigdon, Renée; Manley, Byron; and Cohen, Ethan."Redistricting in New York",CNN, November 8, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024.
^Lincoln, Taylor.The Wells of the Congress,Public Citizen, January 18, 2022. Accessed January 13, 2024. "Eight of the 10 zip codes giving the most in maxed-out contributions are located in New York City and, specifically, in Manhattan."
Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds.Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980.online; see index at p. 410 for list.
Core cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics.
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