| Part of thePolitics series |
| Party politics |
|---|
 Politics portal |
New Right is a term for variousright-wing political groups or policies in different countries during different periods. One prominent usage was to describe the emergence of certainEastern European parties after thecollapse of the Soviet Union.[1] In the United States, the Second New Right campaigned againstabortion,LGBT civil rights, theEqual Rights Amendment (ERA), thePanama Canal Treaty,affirmative action, and most forms oftaxation.[2]
New Right appeared during the1964 presidential campaign ofBarry Goldwater to designate the emergence, in response to American styleliberalism (i.e.,social liberalism), of a more combative, anti-egalitarian, and uninhibited right. Popularized byRichard Viguerie, the term became later used to describe a broader global movement: those proponents of thenight-watchman state but who also tended to be socially conservative, such asRonald Reagan,Margaret Thatcher,Turgut Özal orAugusto Pinochet. However, asJean-Yves Camus andNicolas Lebourg point out, this leaning had only a few aspects in common with the "European New Right" that had been emerging since the 1960s, more inspired by theconservative revolutionaryMoeller van den Bruck than by theclassical liberalAdam Smith.[3]Anarcho-capitalism, a form oflibertarianism that advocates for the replacement of all state institutions with private institutions,[4] is usually seen as part of the New Right.[5][6]
InAustralia,the New Right refers to a late 1970s/1980s onward movement both within and outside of theLiberal/NationalCoalition which advocateseconomically liberal and increasedsocially conservative policies (as opposed to theold right which advocatedeconomically conservative policies and "small-l liberals" with moresocially liberal views).[7] Unlike the United Kingdom and United States, but like neighbouring New Zealand, the 1980s saw theAustralian Labor Party initiateThird Way economic reforms, which bear some familiarity to New Right ideology. After theJohn Howard Coalition ended the 13-year rule of theHawke-Keating Labor government at the1996 federal election, economic reforms were taken further, some examples being wholesale labor market deregulation (e.g.,WorkChoices), the introduction of aGoods and Services Tax (GST), the privatisation of the telecommunications monopolyTelstra, and sweepingwelfare reform including "work for the dole". TheH. R. Nicholls Society, a think tank which advocates full workplace deregulation, contains some Liberal MPs as members and is seen to be of the New Right.[8]
Economic liberalism is also calledeconomic rationalism in Australia. The termeconomic rationalism was first used by Labor'sGough Whitlam.[9] to describe a market-oriented form of social democracy, but its meaning subsequently evolved. It is a philosophy which tends to advocate afree market economy, increasedderegulation,privatisation, lowerdirect taxation and higherindirect taxation, and a reduction of the size of thewelfare state. The politicians favouring New Right ideology were referred to asdries, while those advocating continuation of the economic policies of thepost-war consensus, typicallyKeynesian economics, or were more socially liberal, were calledwets (the termwets was similarly used in Britain to refer to thoseConservatives who opposedThatcherite economic policies, butdries in this context was much rarer in British usage).[10]
The New Right in Brazil has grown sharply in recent years within population, intelligentsia, and academia. That is mainly due to a generalized discontent with the previous[update] left-wing government and its policies.[11]
This new movement distinguishes itself from what is known in Brazil asold right, which was ideologically associated to theBrazilian military government,União Democrática Nacional (National Democratic Union), andIntegralism.[12] It is identified by positive views regarding democracy, personal freedom, free-market capitalism, reduction of bureaucracy, privatization of state-run companies, tax cuts,parliamentary, political reform. It rejects "cultural Marxism",modern socialism andpopulism.[13]
There have been two major phenomena relating to the rise of the new Brazilian right: theFree Brazil Movement, which has managed to bring together millions of people on demonstrations against the government in March 2015;[14] and the creation of theNew Party (Partido Novo) andLibertários, the first liberal party since theFirst Brazilian Republic.[15]
Some Brazilian new-right thinkers are:Kim Kataguiri, and his movementMovimento Brasil Livre (Free Brazil Moviment),Roberto Campos,[16]Wilson Martins,[17][18]Olavo de Carvalho,[19]Luiz Felipe Pondé,[20]Paulo Francis,[21]José Guilherme Merquior,[19]Bruno Tolentino,[19] andMiguel Reale.[19]
As a result of this movement, in the 2018 Brazilian election,Jair Messias Bolsonaro was elected President of Brazil with 55% of the votes; hisMinister of the Economy,Paulo Guedes, graduated from theUniversity of Chicago, famous for itseconomically liberal school of economics.
The termNew Right (Spanish:Nueva derecha) has come into mainstream political discourse since the election ofSebastián Piñera in 2010, when interior ministerRodrigo Hinzpeter used it to describe his government. Hinzpeter's introduction of the term caused a buzz among newspapers, politicians and analysts. According to a column published inThe Clinic, the New Right is different from the olddictatorial right ofAugusto Pinochet, in the sense that it embraces democracy. It is also different from the religiously conservativeUnión Demócrata Independiente party, in that it is more open to discussing issues likedivorce. According to the same analysis, the New Right is becoming increasingly pragmatic, as shown by their decision to increase taxes following the2010 Chilean earthquake.[22]
In France, the New Right (orNouvelle Droite) has been used as a term to describe a modern think-tank of French political philosophers and intellectuals led byAlain de Benoist. Another noted intellectual, who was once part of Alain de Benoist's GRECE, isGuillaume Faye. Although accused by some critics as being "far-right" in their beliefs, they themselves claim that their ideas transcend the traditionalleft–right divide and actively encourages free debate. France also has one Identitarian New Right group (which is connected with Thule Seminar in Germany); that isTerre et Peuple of Pierre Vial, who was once an integral part and founding member of Alain de Benoist's GRECE.[23]
In Germany, theNeue Rechte (literally,new right) consists of two parts: theJungkonservative (literally, young conservatives), who search for followers in the civic part of the population; and, secondly, the "Nationalrevolutionäre" (national revolutionists), who are looking for followers in the ultra-right part of the German population and use the rhetoric of right-wing politicians such asGregor and Otto Strasser. Another noted New Right group in Germany is Thule Seminar of Pierre Krebs.[24][23]
Failos Kranidiotis, a Greek politician who had been expelled byNew Democracy chairmanKyriakos Mitsotakis for expressing views similar to those of political rivalGolden Dawn, founded theNew Right party, based onnational liberalism, in May 2016.[25] His views diverged from those of formerPrime Minister of GreeceKonstantinos Mitsotakis, whose legacy expressed the most important principle of its recently elected leadership, includingAdonis Georgiadis, who had been a member only since leavingfar-rightPopular Orthodox Rally in 2012.
In Iran,New Right and the termModern Right (Persian:راست مدرن) is associated with theExecutives of Construction Party, which has split from the traditionalRight.[26]
New Right is a right-wing political party in Israel, founded in 2018 and led byAyelet Shaked andNaftali Bennett. The party aims to be a party open to both secular andreligious people. The party advocates the preservation of a strong right-wing in Israel.
TheNew Right (NR) was the name of a far-right/nationalist political party in the Netherlands from 2003 to 2007. TheParty for Freedom (PVV), founded in 2005 and led byGeert Wilders, also is a New Right movement.[27] Since March 2017,Forum for Democracy is another New Right party in the Dutch parliament.
In New Zealand, as in Australia, it was theLabour Party that initially adopted New Right economic policies.Rogernomics involvedmonetarist approaches to controlling inflation, corporatisation of government departments, and the removal oftariffs andsubsidies, while the party also pursued social liberal stances such as decriminalisation of male homosexuality, pay equity for women and adopting a nuclear-free policy. This meant temporary realignment within New Zealand politics, as New Right middle-class voters voted Labour at the1987 New Zealand general election in approval of its economic policies. At first, Labour corporatised many former government departments and state assets, then emulated the ConservativeThatcher administration and privatised them altogether during Labour's second term of office. However, recession and privatisation together led to increasing strains within the Labour Party, which led to schism, and the exit ofJim Anderton and hisNewLabour Party, which later formed part of theAlliance Party with the Greens and other opponents of New Right economics.[28]
However, dissent and schism were not to be limited to the Labour Party and Alliance Party alone. During the Labour Party's second term in office, the OppositionNew Zealand National Party (popularly known asNational) selectedRuth Richardson as Opposition finance spokesperson, and when National won the1990 general election, Richardson became Minister of Finance, whileJenny Shipley became Minister of Social Welfare. Richardson introduced deunionisation legislation, known as the Employment Contracts Act, in 1991, while Shipley presided over social welfare benefit cuts, designed to reducewelfare dependency – both core New Right policy initiatives.
In the early 1990s, maverick National Party MPWinston Peters also came to oppose New Right economic policies and led his elderly voting bloc out of the National Party. As a result, hisNew Zealand First anti-monetarist party has been a partner in coalition governments led by both National (1996–98) and Labour (2005–08 and 2017–20). Due to the introduction of theMMP electoral system, a New Right "Association of Consumers and Taxpayers" party, known asACT New Zealand, was formed by ex-Labour New Right–aligned Cabinet Ministers likeRichard Prebble and others, and maintaining existing New Right policy initiatives such as the Employment Contracts Act, while also introducing U.S.-stylewelfare reform. ACT New Zealand aspired to become National's centre-right coalition partner but has been hampered by lack of party unity and populist leadership that often-lacked strategic direction.
As for Labour and National themselves, their fortunes have been mixed. Labour was out of office for most of the nineties, only regaining power whenHelen Clark led it to victory and a Labour/Alliance coalition and centre-left government (1999–2002). However, the Alliance disintegrated in 2002. National was defeated in 1999 due to the absence of a suitable stable coalition partner, given New Zealand First's partial disintegration after Winston Peters abandoned the prior National-led coalition. WhenBill English became leader of National in 2001, it was thought that he might lead the party away from its prior hardline New Right economic and social policies, but his indecisiveness and lack of firm policy direction led to ACT New Zealand gaining the New Right middle-class voting basis in 2002. WhenDon Brash became leader, New Right middle-class voters returned to National's fold, causing National's revival in fortunes at the2005 New Zealand general election. However, at the same time, ACT New Zealand strongly criticised it for deviating from its former New Right economic policy perspectives, and at the same election, National did little to enable ACT's survival. Don Brash resigned as National party leader, being replaced byJohn Key, who was a more moderate National MP.
As for the centre-left, Helen Clark and her Labour-led coalition were criticised by ex-Alliance members and non-government organisations for their alleged lack of attention to centre-left social policies, while trade union membership recovered due to Labour's repeal of the Employment Contracts Act 1991 andlabour market deregulation and the deunionisation that had accompanied it in the nineties. It is plausible that Clark and her Cabinet were influenced byTony Blair and his British Labour Government, which pursued a similar balancing act between social and fiscal responsibility while in government.[29]
In Poland, aconservative libertarian[30][31][32][33] andeurosceptic political partyCongress of the New Right (New Right) was founded on 25 March 2011 from former political partiesFreedom and Lawfulness (WiP) andReal Politics Union (UPR) byJanusz Korwin-Mikke. It is backed up by various voters, some conservatives, far left people who want to legalize marijuana and citizens who endorsefree market andcapitalism[citation needed].
In South Korea, theSouth Korean New Right movement is a Korean attempt atneoconservative politics. TheLee Myung-bak government led by PresidentLee Myung-bak and the conservativeGrand National Party is noted for being a benefactor of the domestic New Right movement.[34]
In the United Kingdom, the term New Right more specifically refers to a strand of Conservatism thatMargaret Thatcher andRonald Reagan influenced. Thatcher's style of New Right ideology, known asThatcherism, was heavily influenced by the work ofFriedrich Hayek (in particular the bookThe Road to Serfdom). They were ideologically committed toeconomic liberalism as well as beingsocially conservative.[35]
In the United States, New Right refers to two historically distinctconservative political movements.[36]: 624–25 These American New Rights are distinct from and opposed to the more moderate tradition of the so-calledRockefeller Republicans. The New Right also differs from theOld Right (1933–55) on issues concerning foreign policy withneoconservatives being opposed to thenon-interventionism of the Old Right.[36]: 625
The first New Right (1955–64) was centered on theright-wing libertarians,traditionalists, andanti-communists at William F. Buckley'sNational Review.[36]: 624 Sociologists and journalists had usednew right since the 1950s; it was first used as self-identification in 1962 by the student activist groupYoung Americans for Freedom.[37]
The first New Right embraced what it called "fusionism" (an ostensible synthesis ofclassical liberal economics, traditional social values, and anti-communism)[36]: 338–41 and coalesced in the years preceding the1964 presidential campaign ofBarry Goldwater. The Goldwater campaign, which failed to defeat incumbent PresidentLyndon B. Johnson, hastened the formation of a new political movement.
First New Right figures:
The second New Right (1964 to present) was formed in the wake of the Goldwater campaign and had a morepopulist tone than the first New Right. The second New Right tended to focus onwedge issues (such as abortion) and was often linked with theReligious Right.[38] The second New Right formed a policy approach and electoral apparatus that broughtRonald Reagan into theWhite House in the 1980 presidential election. The New Right was organized in theAmerican Enterprise Institute andThe Heritage Foundation to counter the so-called "liberal establishment", which they viewed as a contributor to corruption and mismanagement of the federal government. In elite think tanks and local community organizations alike, new policies, marketing strategies, and electoral strategies were crafted over the succeeding decades to promote strongly conservative policies.[2][39] The second New Right objected to a perceived decline in morality, including increased drug use,more public and open displays of sexuality, rising crime rates,race riots and unrest fromcivil rights protesters, andVietnam War protesters.[2]
Second New Right figures:
Anarcho-capitalism is a variety of libertarianism according to which all government institutions can and should be replaced by private ones.
The philosophy of 'anarcho-capitalism' dreamed up by the 'libertarian' New Right, has nothing to do with Anarchism as known by the Anarchist movement proper.
Whom to include under the rubric of the New Right remains puzzling. It is usually seen as an amalgam of traditional liberal conservatism, Austrian liberal economic theory (Ludwing von Mises and Hayek), extreme libertarianism (anarcho-capitalism), and crude populism.
The upper middle class provides the mass base of the new right, for example, through the Free Brazil Movement (Movimento Brasil Livre), MBL, one of the groups leading the demonstrations.
{{cite book}}:|journal= ignored (help)