 Iraqi Naqqarat | |
| Other names | Naqqārat,naqqare,nakkare,nagora,نقاره |
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Thenaqareh,naqqāra,nagara ornagada is a Middle Eastern drum with a rounded back and a hide head, usually played in pairs. It is thus amembranophone of thekettle drum variety.
The termnaqqāra (نقاره), alsoنقاراتnaqqarat,naqqarah,naqqåre,nakkare,nagora comes from the Arabic verbnaqr- that means "to strike, beat".
The instrument was also adopted in Europe following the Crusades, and known as thenaccaire ornaker.
The rounded section of a naqqara is made of baked clay, while the flat side consists of treated skin fastened around the rim with string which is tightened over the back of the bow.
This percussion instrument is often played in pairs, where onenaqqara will produce low pitch beats callednar and the other for the high pitch beats. The instruments are beaten with short wooden sticks bent outward at the upper ends calleddamka.
Naqqārāt is the name of kettledrums in Arabic countries. Naqqārāt, hemispherical with the skin stretched over the top, come in pairs. Naqqarat is one of the percussion instruments used inMaqam al-Iraqi chalghi ensembles. Under the lateAbbasids and theFatimid Caliphate, kettledrums were beaten before the five daily prayers; small ones form part of present-day orchestral ensembles.
Naqqåre can be found in different sizes in different regions of Iran:
Naqqara are also found in India, where the word is pronouncednagara ornagada. They are paired kettledrums traditionally used in thenaubat "Nine Things", a traditional ensemble of nine instruments. Nagara are also played with sticks. Today, this instrument is usually used to accompany theshehnai or "Indian oboe", an indispensable component of any North Indian wedding.
It was also used during Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s time as a war drum (first mentioned in the Battle of Banghani). This was to infuse pride into the Sikh armies while charging. It can be seen now usually at a Sikh martial art display (Gatka display) playing in the background.
Rebecca Stewart's unpublished thesis,The Tabla in Perspective (UCLA, 1974) has suggestedtabla was most likely a hybrid resulting from experiments with existing drums such aspakhawaj,dholak, andnaqqara.
In Azerbaijan there is a kind of kettledrum that is called ghosha-naqara. Ghosha means "pair".[1]
In Turkey, this word is pronouncednakkare and refers to small kettledrums beaten with the hands or two sticks.Kös, or giant kettledrums played on horseback, are a separate instrument. These drums and thedavul orcylindrical drum were used in Ottomanmehter music.
In Uzbekistan the kettledrum is callednaqara ornagora.Dulnaqara: a large kettledrum that gives a low and loud sound (i.e. "tum").Reznaqara is a small kettledrum that gives a high and loud sound (i.e. "tak").Koshnaqara is a small-paired kettledrum, a pair of clay pots with goatskin tops.
Kettledrums were adopted in Europe during the 13th century Crusades, following contact withSaracen musicians who played the drums;The Arabic termnaqqara became Frenchnacaires, the Italiannaccheroni and the English nakers. The instrument spread rapidly, reaching England in the 14th century. The instrument is very visible in European artwork and iconography of the period, before fading from view in the 17th century.[2]
As theGrove Dictionary of Music describes them:
They were more or less hemispherical, 15-25cm in diameter, frequently with snares and usually played in pairs, suspended in front of the player. They were usually played with drumsticks, mainly for martial purposes but also in chamber music, dance and processional music and probably for accompanying songs.[3]
Kettledrums in Europe today are calledtympani ortimpani, descended from the imported naqareh.[4]
Diplipito is a widespread percussion instrument all over Georgia. It comprises two small cone-shaped clay pots (jars) of the same height, but different width, which are covered with leather. One of the clay pots is smaller than the other. A cord ties the two jars together. The height of the jars is 200-250 mm, and their diameters are 90mm and 170mm. Thediplipito is played with two small sticks called "goat legs." The instrument is used to provide rhythms for vocal music and dance music. It is often combined with instruments such asduduki,buzikapanduri, andsalamuri. The diplipito is generally played by males, and plays an important role in Georgian folk ensembles.
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