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| NATO Response Force | |
|---|---|
 NRF emblem | |
| Active | 2003–present |
| Allegiance |  North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
| Type | Multi-national force |
| Role | Rapid deployment force |
| Size | 500,000[1] |
| Part of | Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe |
| Headquarters | JFC Brunssum, Netherlands JFC Naples, Italy (annual rotation) |
| Website | Official website |
TheNATO Response Force (NRF) is a high-readinessNATOrapid deployment force comprisingland,sea,air, andspecial forces units capable of being deployed quickly within short notice.[2][3] The NRF is planned to comprise 300,000 troops.[4] Its forces include units from several non-NATO member partners, includingUkraine (since 2014),[5] andGeorgia (since 2015).[6]
The NRF was formed in June 2003 per endorsements at the2002 Prague summit. Units assigned to the NRF were only used fordisaster relief andsecurity until February 2022, when it was activated for the first time in response to theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[7]
The NRF structure consists of four parts:
Rotating forces through the NRF requires nations to meet the demanding standards needed for collective defense and expeditionary operations. As its standards are very high, participation in the NRF is preceded by a six-month NATO exercise program to integrate and standardize the various national contingents. Generally, nations carry out a pre-training period in preparation for the NATO exercises, lasting between 6–18 months. Once activated, Reconnaissance Teams deploy within 5 days. This is the first of a number of deployment phases that lead to the deployment of the entire HQ Joint Task Force and Immediate Reaction Forces within 30 days.
The NRF trains for various tasks, including:
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The NRF concept was first endorsed with a declaration of NATO's Heads of State at thePrague Summit on 22 November 2002 and approved by NATO Defence Ministers in June 2003.[9] Dual headquarters were created inNaples, Italy andBrunssum, Netherlands; command rotates annually between them.[10] In 2004 and 2005, NRF units were activated for a small number of civilian missions, including to provide security at the2004 Summer Olympics in Athens[11] and theAfghan presidential elections,[12] as well as to provide humanitarian assistance in the United States afterHurricane Katrina and in Pakistan after the2005 Kashmir earthquake.[13] Due to equipment shortages, unfulfilled troop commitments and falling political support among member countries, the size of the NRF was cut in half in 2007 and not used again until 2022.[14] During the2014 Wales summit following theannexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, NATO leaders agreed to reorganize the NRF's core troops into a "spearhead force" known as a "Very High Readiness Joint Task Force" (VJTF) designed to be able to deploy at 48 hours notice, although the actual level of readiness was generally several weeks. It was also for the first time linked explicitly to NATO'sArticle 5 obligations.[14] Altogether, it amounted to around 30,000 troops.[15]
For most of its existence, the lack of enthusiasm of NATO's member states for the NRF resulted in chronic equipment and personnel shortages. It was sometimes branded a wasteful failure[16] and an insignificant force next to NATO's more established units. Nevertheless, some military scholars argue that it played a significant role in modernizing European militaries as their troops rotated through it.[14]
AsRussian troops built up around Ukraine in early 2022, various units attached to the NRF were alerted or deployed. On 11 February 2022, a U.S. Army brigade combat team of about 4,700 troops from the82nd Airborne Division was ordered to Poland, while aStryker squadron (battalion-sized cavalry unit) was sent fromVilseck's Rose Barracks to Romania.[17] On 11 February 2022F-35A squadrons of the388th and419th Fighter Wings deployed from the U.S. to patrol NATO's eastern flank.[18]
On 16 February 2022, 8,500 troops in some of the units that make up the U.S. contribution to the NRF were put on alert for possible rotational deployment to EUCOM's area of responsibility.[19][20] By 25 February 2022, 7,000 troops from this force, including the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team,3rd Infantry Division — 4700 troops, plus support units), were deployed to Germany.[21] This marked the first time in decades that three U.S. heavy brigades deployed to EUCOM concurrently (the 1st Brigade of the 3rd ID, the 1st Brigade, 1st ID, and an Initial Brigade Combat Team of the82nd Airborne Division, all to be deployed as needed for the situation).[22] Two forward-deployed headquarters, one fromV Corps (United States), and the capability for one fromXVIII Airborne Corps, were positioned in Poznan, Poland,[23][24] and Wiesbaden, Germany[25] respectively, should any further need arise for a proportionate response to a threat to the member states ofNATO.[26]
After aNATO meeting on 25 February 2022, NATO Secretary-GeneralJens Stoltenberg stated that theNATO leadership had agreed to deploy part of the NRF to alliance members in Eastern Europe. Stoltenberg said that the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force, currently led by France, would be among the units sent.[27] This was the first time the NRF had been activated for a military mission.[28] In light of theRussian invasion of Ukraine, the NATO Response Force can activate up to 40,000 troops.[29] Eight of NATO's thirty member nations have triggered urgent consultations under Article 4 of the NATOWashington Treaty.[29] In advance of the2022 Madrid summit, Jens Stoltenberg announced the plan to increase the NRF size to more than 300,000 troops, which was approved during the summit.[4][30] This has since grown to over 500,000.[1]
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