The oblast is mostly flat, with some hills with a height of about 160 meters (520 ft) in the western and extensive lowlands in the eastern part. From the southwest to northeast, the oblast is crossed by the border of the Moscow glacier to the north of the common ice-erosion form withmoraine ridges, and to the south are only erosional landforms. The western and northern parts of the oblast contain the Moscow Uplands. Their average height peaks at about 300 meters (980 ft) nearDmitrov and the upper point of 310 meters (1,020 ft) lies near the village ofShapkino inMozhaysky District. The northern part of the Moscow Uplands is steeper than the southern part. The uplands contain lakes of glacial origin, such as Lakes Nerskoye and Krugloye. To the north of the Moscow Uplands lies the alluvial Verhnevolzhsk Depression; It is marshy and flat with the height varying between about 120 meters (390 ft) and 150 meters (490 ft).[16]
To the south stretches a hilly area of the Moskvoretsko-Oksk plain. Its greatest height of 254 meters (833 ft) lies in the area ofTyoply Stan, within the Moscow city limits. The plain has clearly defined river valleys, especially in the south parts, and occasionalkarst relief, mostly inSerpukhovsky District. In the extreme south, after the Oka River, lies theCentral Russian Upland. It contains numerous gullies and ravines and has average height above 200 m with the maximum of 236 m nearPushchino.[17]
Most of the eastern part of Moscow Oblast is taken by the vastMeshchera Lowlands with much wetland in their eastern part. Their highest hill peaks at 214 meters (702 ft) but the average heights are 120–150 meters (390–490 ft). Most lakes of the lowlands, such as Lakes Chyornoye and Svyatoye, are of glacial origin. Here lies the lowest natural elevation of the region, the water level of Oka River at 97 meters (318 ft).[18][19]
Moscow Oblast is located in the central part of theEast European craton. Like all cratons, the latter is composed of the crystalline basement and sedimentary cover. The basement consists ofArchaean andProterozoic rocks and the cover is deposited in thePalaeozoic,Mesozoic andCenozoic eras. The lowest depth of the basement (1,000 meters (3,300 ft)) is to the south ofSerebryanye Prudy, in the very south area of the oblast, and the largest (4,200 meters (13,800 ft)) is to the east ofSergiyev Posad, in the northeast region.[20]
Tertiary deposits are almost absent within the oblast. Significantly more abundant are deposits of theCarboniferous andJurassic periods. In theCretaceous period, a sea was covering Moscow Oblast, as evidenced byphosphate deposits and a variety of sands. Cretaceous sediments are most common in the north of the oblast. The sea was wider in Jurassic than in Cretaceous period. Typical Jurassic deposits, in the form of black clay, are found within and around the city of Moscow and in the valley of theMoscow River. Carboniferous deposits in Moscow Oblast are represented bydolomite,limestone, andmarl. Coal deposits rich in organic remains occur in the south, especially in Serpukhovsky District, and in the western regions.Devonian deposits were also found within the region.[21]
Quaternary deposits are widely distributed in Moscow Oblast; their thickness decreases from the northwest to southeast. It is believed[22] that there were four glaciations in the area. The first occurred in the LowerPleistocene and spread to the east–west part of the Oka River valley, it left almost no trace in the region. In theMiddle Pleistocene, there were two powerful glaciations. The Dnieper glacier covered a large part of the Russian Plain, whereas the Moscow glaciation stopped just south of the present city of Moscow. The last glaciation, the Valdai glaciation, occurred in theLate Pleistocene; it did not directly affect the territory of Moscow Oblast, but left traces in the form offluvioglacial deposits, mainly in the north area. The glaciers left behind amoraineloam with pebbles and boulders of various rocks, such asgranite,gneiss,quartzite,dolomite,limestone andsandstone. Its thickness varies between a few meters at watersheds and 100 m at moraine ridges.[23]
Moscow Oblast is rich in minerals. Sands from the sediments of different periods (mainly Quaternary and Cretaceous) are of high quality and are widely used in construction. Quartz sand (milledquartz) is used in the glass industry, their production is conducted from the end of 17th century nearLyubertsy. Much of the production is currently halted due to environmental concerns, and only the Yeganovskoye field is being exploited; its silica sand reserves are 33 million tonnes and annual production reaches 675,000 tonnes.[24] Sand and gravel deposits are abundant within the Smolensk-Moscow Upland.Sandstone deposits are developed inKlinsky andDmitrovsky Districts.
There are numerous clay deposits within the oblast; fusible clay is excavated inSergiyev Posad. The Yeldiginskoye field near the village ofSofrino has reserves estimated at 30 million cubic meters; its annual production reaches 600,000 cubic meters (21,000,000 cu ft). Refractory white clay occurs in the eastern region, in the Carboniferous and Jurassic sediments, and is extracted from the 14th century nearGzhel. The largest (Kudinovskoye) deposit is near the town ofElektrougli with the reserves of 3 billion tonnes. Also widespread are loams which are used in brick manufacture andlimestones ("white stone"). The famousMyachkovo deposit ofcarboniferous limestone provided material that went for cladding of such buildings in Moscow as theBolshoi Theater. The mining in Myachkovo had been stopped and currently, limestone is provided by the quarries ofPodolsky,Voskresensky, andKolomensky Districts. The latter district also provides marble-like limestone.[25]
Other industrial minerals of Moscow Oblast are dolomite, limestonetuff, andmarl; mostly in the southern and eastern parts. Dolomite is used in the cement industry. Its mining is concentrated mainly nearShchyolkovo, the reserves exceed 20 million tonnes and the annual production is about 650 tonnes.[26]
Phosphates are produced in the Yegorevskoye and Severskoye fields. Meshchera and Verkhnevolzhsk Lowlands are rich inpeat. The largest mines are "Ryazanovskoe" (840,000 tonnes per year) and "Radovitsky moss" (760,000 tonnes per year), both aroundYegoryevsk.[27][28] There are deposits ofbrown coal beyond the Oka River, but they have no commercial value. There are also minor deposits of titanium andiron ore in Serpukhovsky andSerebryano-Prudsky Districts.
Salts of potassium salt are being developed around Serpukhov and Yegoryevsk. There are also numerous mineral springs near Zvenigorod, Klin, and Serpukhov. They include surface springs and reservoirs at the depth of 300–500 meters (980–1,640 ft). Deeper, at 1–1.5 kilometers (0.62–0.93 mi) there is a large sea of salt extending beyond Moscow Oblast. Waters with the salt concentration up to 300 g/L are used in the local food industry and spas.[29]
The climate of Moscow Oblast ishumid continental, with clearly expressed seasonality – short but warm summers and long, cold winters; the continentality increases from northwest to southeast. The period of the average temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) lasts 130–150 days, beginning in early or mid-November and ending in late March (or very early April). The average annual temperature varies from +3.5 °C (38.3 °F) to +5.5 °C (41.9 °F). The coldest months are January and February with the average temperature of −9 °C (16 °F) in the west and −12 °C (10 °F) in the east. With the arrival of arctic air, the temperature drops to below −20 °C (−4 °F) that may last up to twenty days during the winter, with the temperatures reaching −45 °C (−49 °F). The minimum temperature of −54 °C (−65 °F) was observed inNaro-Fominsk. Thaws often occur in December and February due to the Atlantic, and rarely the Mediterraneancyclones. The thaws usually last several days, and their total number from November to March can reach fifty. Snow starts accumulating in November, though sometimes in late October or early December, and disappears in mid-April (sometimes in late March). The snow depth is 25–50 centimeters (9.8–19.7 in) and the soil freezes to 65–75 centimeters (26–30 in). The warmest month is July with the average temperature of +18.0 °C (64.4 °F) in the northwest and +20.0 °C (68.0 °F) in the southeast. The maximum temperature of +40 °C (104 °F) was recorded inKolomna during2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. The average annual rainfall is 450–650 millimeters (18–26 in), the precipitation is maximal in the northwestern and minimal in the southeastern regions. The summer precipitation is usually 75 millimeters (3.0 in), but severe droughts occur once in 25–30 years, with less than 5 millimeters (0.20 in) of rain over June–August.[30][31]
There are more than three hundred rivers with the length above 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) in Moscow Oblast. All rivers are calm and have well-developed valleys andfloodplains. They are mostly fed by melting snow and the flood falls on April–May. The water level is low in summer and increases only with heavy rain. The rivers freeze over from late November until mid-April. The only navigable rivers are theVolga, theOka, and theMoskva River.[33]
Most rivers belong to the basin of theVolga, which itself only crosses a small part in the north of Moscow Oblast, near the border withTver Oblast. The second largest river of the region is the Oka. The northern part of Moscow Oblast includes such Volgatributaries as theShosha, theLama, theDubna, theSestra, and the Yakhroma. On the south flow the tributaries of the Oka, including theNara, theProtva, and theLopasnya Rivers. The Moskva River, which almost entirely flows within the oblast, also belongs to the Oka basin. The eastern and northeastern regions, including much of Meschersk Depression, are irrigated by the tributaries of theKlyazma River, which itself is a main tributary of the Oka.[33]
TheMoscow Canal crosses the northern part of Moscow Oblast through the Ikshinskyoe, Klyazminskoye, Pyalovskoye, and Pestovskoye Reservoirs. In the basin of the Moskva River, there are also Ozerninskoye, Mozhayskoye, Istrinskoye, and Ruza Reservoirs, providing Moscow with drinking water.[33]
There are about 350 lakes in the oblast, almost all are shallow (5–10 m) and many are of glacial origin. The largest areLake Dubovoye [ru] (11.8 square kilometers (4.6 sq mi)) andSvyatoye (11.6 square kilometers (4.5 sq mi)) whereas the deepest (32 meters (105 ft)) is Lake Glubokoye inRuzsky District. There are also many marshes, especially within the Meshchersk and Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands.[34]
The oblast is dominated by relatively infertilepodsol soils which require fertilizers for commercial agriculture. On the hills there is moreloam and the low-lying areas have more of bog, sandy loam and sand.Chernozem is scarce and occurs only south of the Oka River. Gray forest soils are spread between the Oka, Moskva, and Klyazma Rivers, mostly inRamensky and Voskresensky Districts. Marshy soils are common in Meshchersk and Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands. Valleys of large rivers are rich in alluvial soils. In general, soils are heavily polluted with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and household and industrial waste, especially around Moscow,Orekhovo-Zuyevo,Noginsk, and Voskresensk.
Moscow Oblast lies within the zone of forests and steppes with forests covering over 40% of the region.Coniferous (mainly fir) trees dominate the northern (Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands) and western parts (Mozhaysky, Lotoshinsky, and Shakhovsky Districts). Forests of Meshchora consist primarily of pine; in waterlogged lowlands, there are individualalder forests. Central and eastern regions have coniferous-deciduous forests with the main tree species ofspruce,pine,birch, andaspen often mixed with bushes ofhazel. To the south lies the subzone of broad-leaved forests ofoak,lime,maple andelm. Moscow-Oka Upland is the transition zone which is dominated by spruce, for example, in the upper reaches of theLopasnya River. Valleys of the Oka are covered in pine forests of the steppe type and the far south regions (Serebryano-Prudsky and partially Serpukhovsky Districts) are cultivated steppes with occasional lime and oak groves.[35]
The intensive cutting of Moscow region forests in the 18–19th centuries reduced them and changed their species: conifers were replaced bybirch andaspen. There is almost no logging nowadays and the forests are being restored, especially around Moscow.
The ecological situation in the Moscow Oblast is serious. The areas adjacent to Moscow, and industrial zones in the east and south-east regions are heavily polluted. Most contamination originates from emissions fromKashira andShatura Power Stations and disposal of household and industrial waste. For example, the Timohovskaya dump is one of the largest in Europe; other objects of concern are aging oil storage tanks, and nuclear waste in theSergiyevo-Posadsky District. Contamination level is highest in Moscow, Voskresensk and Klin, high inDzerzhinsky,Kolomna,Mytishchi,Podolsk,Serpukhov,Shchyolkovo, andElektrostal, and low in Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve.[37] The major contaminants areformaldehyde andphenol in Moscow;ammonia andhydrogen fluoridein Voskresensk; formaldehyde in Klin, Kolomna, Mytishchi and Podolsk, phenol in Serpukhov. The most polluted rivers are Moscow, Oka and Klyazma. In the Moscow area and in major cities (in particular, in Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Serpukhov,Lukhovitsy and Stupino) also heavily polluted are groundwaters.[37]
Section of the panorama of the Battle of Borodino byFranz Roubaud (1912)
The territory of what is now Moscow Oblast had been inhabited for more than twenty thousand years. Numerous mounds and settlements fromIron Age were discovered there. Up to the 9–10th centuries, the Moskva River basin and adjacent lands were inhabited byFinnic peoples.Slavs populated the area only in the 10th century. In mid-12th century, the lands became part ofVladimir-Suzdal Principality. Several important cities were founded around that time, includingVolokolamsk (1135), Moscow (1147),Zvenigorod (1152), andDmitrov (1154). In the first half of the 13th century, the entire Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, including the Moscow area, wasconquered by the Mongols.[38]
In the 13th century, the land around Moscow was part ofGrand Duchy of Moscow, which subsequently was the center of the unification of Russian lands, in particular the Mongol raids. In 1380, from Kolomna the princeDmitry Donskoy led his troops to defeat the Mongols at theBattle of Kulikovo. The southern part of Moscow Oblast was then part of thePrincipality of Ryazan; it was attached to Moscow only in the 1520.[39]
Industries developed in Moscow Oblast in the 17–19th centuries.[30] They were centered inBogorodsk,Pavlovsky Posad, andOrekhovo-Zuyevo and were dominated by textile production. The first railway in Russia was constructed in the Moscow Oblast in 1851, connecting Moscow andSaint Petersburg, and in 1862 the line toNizhny Novgorod was opened.
In theRussian SFSR,Central Industrial Oblast was established on January 14, 1929.[10] It included the abolishedMoscow,Ryazan,Tver,Tula,Vladimir, andKaluga Governorates. The oblast was divided into tenokrugs and had the administrative center in Moscow. On June 3, 1929, the area was renamedMoscow Oblast and on July 30, 1930, the division into ten okrugs was abolished.[40][41]
In 1941 and 1942, one of the most significant military operations ofWorld War II—theBattle of Moscow—was fought in the Moscow Oblast. Germany reached Solnechnogorsky, Klinsky, Istrinsky, Lobninsky, Khimkinsky, Naro-Fominsky, Volokolamsky, Kolomensky, Kashirsky, Serybryano-Prudsky Districts and others.[citation needed]
In terms of industrial production, Moscow Oblast is second in Russia, after the city of Moscow. The industry of the Oblast relies on imported raw materials, strong scientific and technological base and highly skilled workforce; it is closely linked with the industry of Moscow.
Well developed are machinery and metalworking. There are plants for the thermal and nuclear power engineering (ZiO-Podolsk inPodolsk), nuclear fuel (TVEL inElektrostal), space and missile (Energia inKorolyov,Lavochkin inKhimki, NGO engineering inReutov, FTSDT "Union" inDzerzhinsky – development of solid rocket fuel, etc., IBC "Horizon" inDzerzhinsky – power plants for aircraft, etc.); locomotives (Kolomna factory), metro cars (Metrowagonmash inMytischi), electric trains (Demikhovsky Engineering Works), cars (SeAZ), buses (Likinsky bus plant inLikino-Dulyovo); agricultural machines, excavators and cranes (Lyubertsy,Dmitrov,Balashikha); stainless steel (Elektrostal), cables (Podolsk), optical devices (Krasnogorsky plant, Lytkarino Optical Glass Factory).
Chemical industry of the Oblast produces acids (Shchyolkovo), mineral fertilizers (plants named "Phosphates" and "Mineral fertilizers" inVoskresensk), synthetic fibers (Serpukhov andKlin), plastics (Orekhovo-Zuyevo), varnishes and paints (Sergiyev Posad, Odintsovsky paint factories), pharmaceuticals (Staraya Kupavna). There is a well-developed industry of construction materials with production of cement in Voskresensk and Kolomna (Shchurovsky cement factory), earthenware, porcelain in theLikino-Dulyovo (Dulevo Porcelain Factory) andVerbilki and dry mortar plant in Krasnogorsk.[30]
Electric train ED4MKM-AERO (Demikhovsky Engineering Works)
Light industry is the oldest in the region; it was started in the 17th century[30] and with 35% contribution was leading the gross industrial production. There is still production of cotton (in Yegoryevsk,Noginsk,Orekhovo-Zuyevo), wool (inPavlovsky Posad andPushkino) and jerseys (inIvanteyevka andDmitrov). The silk production inNaro-Fominsk had been stopped. Traditional and renowned crafts includeGzhel,Zhostovo painting andFedoskino miniature. Large foreign investment projects include the plant for manufacturing household appliances (TV sets, washing machines, refrigerators, etc.) by the South Korean companyLG built near the village of Dorokhovo.[42]
In 1999, Moscow Oblast consumed 15.4 billion m3 of natural gas, 3.32 million tonnes of oil, 2.13 million tonnes of coal and 8.5 billion kWh of electricity. Electricity for the Oblast is provided by theKashirskaya thermal power plant (TPP, 1910 MW), Dzerzhynskaya TPP No 22 (1300 MW),Thermal Power Plant 27 (1100 MW),Shatura Power Station (1100 MW), Zagorskayahydroelectric power plant (1200 MW), Elektrogorsk TPP (623 MW) and several smaller plants. Major new energy project in the region is the construction of Zagorsk hydroelectric plant with the capacity of 840 MW. The deficit of energy is provided by powerlines connecting the region with Saint Petersburg,Volga Hydroelectric Station and other energy suppliers.[43]
Agriculture has a relatively minor role in the economy of the Oblast. Only 25% of land is cultivated and another 15% are used for other activities such aslivestock farming. Agriculture is the least developed in the northern, eastern and western border regions. In the southern region, especially south of the Oka River, more than 50% of land is used in agriculture.Horticulture is typical for the southern region with most of the sown area (more than 3/5) occupied by forage crops. Large areas are reserved for grains, especially wheat,barley,oats andrye, and significant role plays potato. Greenhouses are very common andMoskovsky city hosts the largest greenhouse complex in Europe. Also grown areflowers andmushrooms.Livestock farming predominates over the crop, and is primarily aimed at the production of milk and meat. In addition to cattle, commonly bred are pigs and chickens.[30]
The economic crisis of the 1990s in Russia had severely affected the agriculture of Moscow Oblast. In particular, in the 2000s, as compared with 1970–80s, the grain production has fallen by more than 3 times; potatoes by 2.5 times; vegetables, livestock and poultry by 30%; milk by 2 times and eggs by 4 times.[44][45]
Moscow Oblast has a dense transport network, including roads, railways and waterways along the largest rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Land routes are radially diverging from Moscow and crossed by one railway andtwo highway rings. Neither railways nor roads, built for the most part many years ago, can cope with the steadily mounting traffic flows. About half of the roads are overloaded and three quarters do not meet modern requirements. Insufficient width of the roads and frequent repairs cause traffic jams.[46]
Moscow Oblast has the highest density of railways in Russia. Eleven major radial lines originate in Moscow and run through the Oblast; the total length of the railways reaches 2,700 km. Almost all railroads are electrified. The largest rail hubs areOrekhovo-Zuyevo andBekasovo. Regular navigation is carried on the rivers Volga, Oka and Moscow, as well as on theMoscow Canal. Major river ports are in Serpukhov and Kolomna. Also well-developed is pipeline transport. There are two major oil lines, two natural gas rings and numerous radial lines connecting Moscow with the largest gas producing regions of the country.[47]
Moscow and Moscow Oblast have several international passengerairports, namelySheremetyevo (with two terminals),Vnukovo,Domodedovo andOstafyevo. There is alsoBykovo Airport, which is used for freight. The largest military airport isChkalovsky (nearShchyolkovo) which also processes some civilian passenger and cargo flights.
Moscow Oblast was awarded threeOrders of Lenin, on 3 January 1934, 17 December 1956 and 5 December 1966.
The highest executive organ is the Government of Moscow Oblast. Eighteen ministries act as the executive bodies of state authority.[48] The powers, tasks, functions and competence of the Government are defined by the Charter of the Moscow Region. TheGovernor of the Moscow Oblast will be elected with the term of 5 years.[49] The Regional Duma of Moscow Oblast was formed on 12 December 1993. It consists of 50 deputies also serving a 5-year term.[49]
Moscow Oblast has a high density of scientific research institutions, especially related to engineering and military technologies. The latter started developing in the region in 1930–1940s inZhukovsky (aeronautical engineering),Klimovsk (development of small arms),Reutov (Missile Engineering),Fryazino (microwave electronics)[53] andKorolyov (space technology). They were later joined by famous centers for basic sciences inTroitsk,Chernogolovka (physics and chemistry),Dubna andProtvino (nuclear physics) andPushchino (biology). Moscow Oblast hostsMission Control Centers for spacecraft (in Korolyov) and military satellites (Krasnoznamensk), as well as a number of test sites.[54][55]
Zorky fromKrasnogorsk has becomenational bandy champions three times. In the 2017–18 season, Zorky is back inSuper League, after one season in the second-tier league.Obukhovo is the only location in Russia without a Super League team which has a bandy venue with artificial ice.[56] A plan for artificial ice also existed inKorolyov.[57] However, the project was abandoned. Although an indoor ice hockey-sized arena entered the plans instead, the official reason given was financial problems.[58]
FK Khimki andSaturn Ramenskoye are the most supported clubs that represent the region. The third professional clubZnamya Truda is the oldest existing football club in the country founded in 1909.
After the population decline from 6,693,623 as of the1989 Census[61] to 6,618,538 in the2002 Census[62] the population of the oblast grew to 7,095,120 (2010 Census).[14] It increased further to 8,524,665 according to the2021 Census[63] despite the fact that some parts of its territory were ceded to Moscow. The average population density, at 190 inhabitants/km2 (2021), is the largest in Russia, due to a high proportion of urban population (78.5% in 2021). The highest density occurs in and around Moscow (Lyubertsy,Balashikha,Khimki,Krasnogorsk, etc.) and the lowest – about 20 people/km2 – is in the outlying areas of Lotoshinsky, Shakhovskoy, Mozhaysk and Meshchersk lowlands.[64]
According to a 2012 survey[69] 45.5% of the population of Moscow Oblast adheres to theRussian Orthodox Church, 3% areunaffiliated genericChristians, 2% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to church or belong to non-RussianOrthodox churches, 1% are adherents ofRodnovery (the Slavic folk religious movement) and 1% toIslam. In addition, 29% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 9% isNon-Religious, and 9.5% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[69]
As of 2011, Moscow Oblast ismunicipally subdivided into 38 urban okrugs and 36 municipal districts, which consist of 114 urban settlements and 193 rural settlements.
The three largest cities of the oblast areBalashikha (215,494),Khimki (207,425), andPodolsk (186,961).[14] Most other towns have ten to fifty thousand people. The smallest town isVereya inNaro-Fominsky District with the population of4,957 (2002 Census)[71]. Among the urban-type settlements, the largest is Nakhabino (36,546) followed byTomilino (30,605).[14] The oldest populated place in the oblast isVolokolamsk, first mentioned in 1135; slightly younger towns are Zvenigorod (1152), Dmitrov (1154), and Kolomna (1177).
The city ofBaikonur inKazakhstan also belongs administratively to the oblast, as part of Odintsovsky District.[72][73]
The most intensive formation of towns occurred in 1938–1940. The youngest towns areGolitsyno andKubinka. They existed for quite some time, but were granted town status only in 2004. Some recent towns separated from the other towns, such asYubileyny andPeresvet.
New projects have been announced at the beginning of the 21st century. One of them isRublyovo-Arkhangelsk, which is designed for 30,000 inhabitants with high income and is called by the media the "city for millionaires".[74][75] Another is "Great Domodedovo, 30 kilometers (19 mi) south of theMoscow Ring Road, which is designed for 450,000 residents.[76] The new city A101 was designed for 300,000 residents in 2009 and the sale of its land inLeninsky District has already begun; the city's construction is planned to take thirty-five years.[77][78][79]
A part of Moscow Oblast's former territory, mainly to the southwest of the city of Moscow, was merged with thefederal city ofMoscow on July 1, 2012.[80]
The housing stock of the oblast is approximately 125 million square meters. Almost all the houses are equipped with water supply, sewerage, gas,[81] central heating and hot water. However, the telephone network is underdeveloped in rural areas. In the competition for the most comfortable city of 2006 in the Moscow Oblast the winner wasKolomna followed byBalashikha (for cities with population over 100,000) andVidnoye (<100,000) and then byMytishchi andNoginsk.
^Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
^Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
^According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not named the official administrative center of the oblast.
^"Тридцать тысяч миллионеров" [Thirty thousand millionaires will move into a village near Moscow].Archi.ru. May 24, 2006. Archived fromthe original on September 27, 2011. RetrievedAugust 5, 2012.
№55/96-ОЗ 11 декабря 1996 г. «Устав Московской области», в ред. Закона №258/2015-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2015 г. «О поправке к Уставу Московской области». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после первого официального опубликования, за исключением положений, для которых установлены иные сроки или особый порядок введения в действие. Опубликован: "Подмосковные известия", №239, 18 декабря 1996 г. (#55/96-OZ December 11, 1996Charter of Moscow Oblast, as amended by the Law #258/2015-OZ of December 28, 2012On the Amendment to the Charter of Moscow Oblast. Effective as of the date which is 10 days after the first official publication date, with the exception of clauses for which different dates or special procedures of taking effect have been established.).
"СССР. Административно-территориальное деление союзных республик. 1987." (USSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987) / Составители В. А. Дударев, Н. А. Евсеева. — М.: Изд-во «Известия Советов народных депутатов СССР», 1987. — 673 с.
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