Long before the arrival of Spanish explorers, theRumsenOhlone tribe, one of seven linguistically distinct Ohlone groups in California, inhabited the area now known as Monterey.[11]Ohlone villages in the area included Ichxenta (Point Lobos), Calendaruc, Wacharon (Moss Landing), and Rumsien (Carmel-by-the-Sea), among others. They subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering food on and around the biologically richMonterey Peninsula.
Researchers have found a number of shellmiddens in the area and, based on the archaeological evidence, concluded the Ohlone's primary marine food consisted of various types ofmussels andabalone.[12] A number of midden sites have been located along about 12 miles (19 km) of rocky coast on the Monterey Peninsula from the current site of Fishermans' Wharf in Monterey to Carmel.[13]
The city is named afterMonterey Bay. The bay's name was given bySebastián Vizcaíno in 1602. He anchored in what is now Monterey harbor on December 16, and named itPuerto de Monterrey, in honor of theConde de Monterrey, then the viceroy ofNew Spain.[14] Monterrey is an alternate spelling ofMonterrei, a municipality in theGalicia region ofSpain from which the viceroy and his father (the Fourth Count of Monterrei) originated. Some variants of the city's name are recorded as Monte Rey and Monterey.[15] Monterey Bay had been described earlier byJuan Rodríguez Cabrillo as La Bahia de los Pinos (Bay of the Pines).[2] Despite the explorations of Cabrillo and Vizcaino, and despite Spain's frequent trading voyages between Asia and Mexico, the Spanish did not make Monterey Bay into a settled permanent harbor before the 18th century because it was too exposed to rough ocean currents and winds.
Despite Monterey's limited use as a maritime port, the encroachments of other Europeans near California in the 18th century prompted the Spanish monarchy to try to better secure the region. As a result, it commissioned the Portola exploration and Alta California mission system. In 1769, the first European land exploration ofAlta California, the SpanishPortolá expedition, traveled north fromSan Diego. They sought Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey, which he had described as "a fine harbor sheltered from all winds" 167 years earlier.[16] The explorers failed to recognize the place when they came to it on October 1, 1769. The party continued north as far asSan Francisco Bay before turning back. On the return journey, they camped near one of Monterey's lagoons on November 27, still not convinced they had found the place Vizcaíno had described.[17]Franciscan missionaryJuan Crespí noted in his diary, "We halted in sight of the Point of Pines (recognized, as was said, in the beginning of October) and camped near a small lagoon which has rather muddy water, but abounds in pasture and firewood."[18]
SaintJunípero Serra celebrating mass in Monterey in 1770.
Gaspar de Portolá returned by land to Monterey the next year, having concluded that he must have been at Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey after all. The land party was met at Monterey byJunípero Serra,[19] who traveled by sea. Portolá erected thePresidio of Monterey to defend the port and, on June 3, 1770, Serra founded the Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo inside the presidio enclosure. Portolá returned to Mexico, replaced in Monterey by CaptainPedro Fages, who had been third in command on the exploratory expeditions. Fages became the second governor of Alta California, serving from 1770 to 1774.[20]
Serra's missionary aims soon came into conflict with Fages and the soldiers, so he relocated and built a new mission inCarmel the next year to gain greater independence from Fages. The existing wood andadobe church remained in service to the nearby soldiers and became theRoyal Presidio Chapel.
Monterey became the capital of the "Province of Both Californias" in 1777, and the chapel was renamed theRoyal Presidio Chapel. The original church was destroyed by fire in 1789 and replaced by the presentsandstone structure. It was completed in 1794 by Indian labor.[21] In 1840, the chapel was rededicated to the patronage ofSaint Charles Borromeo. The cathedral is the oldest continuously operating parish and the oldest stone building in California. It is also the oldest (and smallest) serving cathedral along withSt. Louis Cathedral inNew Orleans, Louisiana. It is the only existing presidio chapel in California and the only surviving building from the original Monterey Presidio.[22]
The city was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California. All shipments into California by sea were required to go through theCustom House, the oldest governmental building in the state and California's Historic Landmark Number One.[24] Built in three phases, the Spanish began construction of the Custom House in 1814, the Mexican government completed the center section in 1827, and the United States government finished the lower end in 1846.[25]
On November 24, 1818,ArgentinecorsairHippolyte Bouchard landed 7 km (4.3 mi) away from thePresidio of Monterey in a hiddencreek. The fort's resistance proved ineffective, and after an hour of combat theArgentine flag flew over it.[26] The Argentines took the city for six days, during which they stole the cattle and burned the fort, the artillery headquarters, the governor's residence and the Spanish houses. The town's residents were unharmed.[27]
Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, but the civil and religious institutions of Alta California remained much the same until the 1830s, when thesecularization of the missions converted most of the mission pasture lands into private land grantranchos. In 1834, theSan Carlos Cemetery was officially opened andinterred many of the early local families.[28]Agustín V. Zamorano established the first print shop in California, when he brought aprinting press to Monterey, in the summer of 1834.[29][30]
During the Mexican period, the city was determined the site of District Court of the Territory of Alta California (Juzgado de Distrito del Territorio de la Alta California), since 1834, when Luis del Castillo Negrete, the appointed district judge (Juez de Distrito), took possession of the court; until 1836, when due to the rebellion led byJuan Bautista Alvarado, the judge left the city for the territory of Baja California, whichde facto disqualified that instance and would close definitively until 1841, with a decree byAntonio López de Santa Anna.[31] Subsequently, in 1842, the Superior Court (Superior Tribunal de Justicia del Departamento de las Californias) was installed, which had a short life, as it stopped functioning in 1845.[32]
Monterey hosted California's first constitutional convention in 1849, which composed the documents necessary to apply to the United States forstatehood. Today Colton Hall houses a small museum, while adjacent buildings serve as the seat of local government, and the Monterey post office (opened in 1849).[15]
PioneerFrancis Doud builtDoud House in the 1860s, situated at the present-day 117 Van Buren Street. The house is one of the earliest and most well-preserved examples of an early wood frame residences in Monterey.[38] Monterey was incorporated in 1890.[15]
Thomas Albert Work built several of the buildings in Monterey, including the three-story Del Mar hotel in 1895, at the corner of Sixteenth, and in 1900, bought into the First National Bank in Monterey, acquiring it in 1906. He was president of the bank for more than 20 years.[39][40]
Monterey had long been famous for the abundant fishery in Monterey Bay. That changed in the 1950s when the local fishery business collapsed due tooverfishing. A few of the old fishermen's cabins from the early 20th century have been preserved as they originally stood alongCannery Row.
More recently, Monterey has been recognized for its significant involvement in post-secondary learning of languages other than English and its major role in delivering translation and interpretation services around the world. In November 1995, California GovernorPete Wilson proclaimed Monterey "the Language Capital of the World".[1]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 11.7 sq mi (30.4 km2), of which 8.5 sq mi (21.9 km2) is land and 3.3 sq mi (8.5 km2) (28.05%) is water. Sand deposits in the northern coastal area comprise the sole known mineral resources. The city has several distinct districts, such asNew Monterey,Del Monte, andCannery Row.
Local soil isQuaternaryAlluvium. Common soil series include the Baywood fine sand on the east side, Narlon loamy sand on the west side, Sheridan coarse sandy loam on hilly terrain, and the pale Tangair sand on hills supporting closed-cone pine habitat. The city is in a moderate to high seismic risk zone, the principal threat being the activeSan Andreas Fault approximately 26 miles (42 km) to the east. The Monterey Bay fault, which tracks three miles (4.8 km) to the north, is also active, as is the Palo Colorado fault seven miles (11 km) to the south. Also nearby, minor but potentially active, are the Berwick Canyon, Seaside, Tularcitos and Chupines faults.
Monterey Bay's maximum credibletsunami for a 100-year interval has been calculated as a wave nine feet (2.7 m) high. The considerable undeveloped area in the northwest part of the city has a high potential for landslides and erosion.
The city is adjacent to theMonterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, a federally protected ocean area extending 276 mi (444 km) along the coast. Sometimes this sanctuary is confused with the local bay which is also termed Monterey Bay.
The Californiasea otter, a threatened subspecies, inhabits the local Monterey Bay marine environment, and a field station ofThe Marine Mammal Center is located in Monterey to support sea rescue operations in this section of the California coast. The rare San Joaquinkit fox is found in Monterey's oak-forest andchaparral habitats. The chaparral, found mainly on the city's drier eastern slopes, hosts such plants asmanzanita,chamise andceanothus. Additional species of interest (that is, potential candidates for endangered species status) are the Salinaskangaroo rat and the silver-sided legless lizard.
The closed-cone pine habitat is dominated byMonterey pine,Knobcone pine andBishop pine, and contains the rareMonterey manzanita. In the early 20th century the botanistWillis Linn Jepson characterized Monterey Peninsula's forests as the "most important silva ever", and encouragedSamuel F.B. Morse (a century younger than the inventorSamuel F. B. Morse) of the Del Monte Properties Company to explore the possibilities of preserving the unique forest communities.[41] The dune area is no less important, as it hosts endangered species such as the vascular plantsSeaside birds beak,Hickman's potentilla and Eastwood'sEricameria. Rare plants also inhabit the chaparral: Hickman's onion, Yadon's piperia (Piperia yadonii) and Sandmat manzanita. Other rare plants in Monterey include Hutchinson'sdelphinium, Tidestromlupine,Gardner's yampah andKnotweed, the latter perhaps already extinct.
Monterey's noise pollution has been mapped to define the principal sources of noise and to ascertain the areas of the population exposed to significant levels. Principal sources are theMonterey Regional Airport,State Route 1 and major arterial streets such as Munras Avenue, Fremont Street, Del Monte Boulevard, and Camino Aguajito. While most of Monterey is a quiet residential city, a moderate number of people in the northern part of the city are exposed to aircraft noise at levels in excess of 60 dB on theCommunity Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL) scale. The most intense source is State Route 1: all residents exposed to levels greater than 65 CNEL—about 1,600 people—live near State Route 1 or one of the principal arterial streets.
Portion of theMonterey Peninsula Recreational Trail, between Monterey Harbor and the Municipal Marina.
Monterey's climate is regulated by its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, resulting in awarm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification:Csb) although with temperatures resembling anoceanic climate. The city's average high temperatures range from 58.2 °F (14.6 °C) in December to 68.2 °F (20.1 °C) in September. Average annual precipitation is 17.11 inches (435 mm), with most occurring between October and April; little to no precipitation falls during the summer. There is an average of 72.1 days with measurable precipitation annually. Average temperatures in Monterey are similar to average temperatures found in other parts of the world with oceanic climates, includingPuerto Williams,Chile,Ushuaia,Argentina, much ofNew Zealand, theAtlantic coast ofSpain,southeastern Alaska and the western coast ofNorway.Summers in Monterey are often cool and foggy. The cold surface waters cause even summer nights to be unusually cool for the latitude; this is in distinct contrast to the much warmer summer days and nights of the U.S. east coast. The extreme moderation of summer temperatures is further underlined by the fact that Monterey is geographically situated at a similar latitude within California asDeath Valley—one of the hottest areas in the world.
San Carlos Beach Park.
During winter, snow occasionally falls in the higher elevations of theSanta Lucia Mountains andGabilan Mountains that overlook Monterey, but snow in Monterey itself is extremely rare. A few unusual events in January 1962, February 1976, and December 1997 brought a light coating of snow to Monterey. In March 2006, a total of 3.2 inches (8.1 cm) fell in Monterey, including 2.2 inches (0.056 m) on March 10, 2006. The snowfall on January 21, 1962, of 1.5 inches (0.038 m), is remembered for delaying theBing Crosby golf tournament in nearbyPebble Beach.
The record lowest temperature was 26 °F (−3.3 °C) on December 24, 1998, and January 13, 2007. Annually, there are an average of 1.3 days with highs that reach or exceed 90 °F or 32.2 °C and an average of 1.5 days with lows at or below the freezing mark.
Combining the records for Monterey and Monterey WFO, the wettest "rain year" on record has been from July 1997 to June 1998 with 47.15 inches or 1,197.6 millimetres of precipitation, and the driest from July 2013 to June 2014 with 7.67 inches or 194.8 millimetres. The most precipitation in one month was 13.73 inches or 348.7 millimetres in February 1998. The record maximum 24-hour precipitation was 3.55 inches or 90.2 millimetres on December 11, 2014.
Climate data for Monterey, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1995–2019
The 2020 United States census[47] reported that Monterey had a population of 30,218 people, with 12,912 households. The racial makeup of Monterey was 71.9% White, 3.7% African American, 0.9% Native American, 7.3% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, and 7.9% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 19.0% of the population.
The2010 United States Census[48] reported that Monterey had a population of 27,810. The population density was 2,364.0 inhabitants per square mile (912.7/km2). The racial makeup of Monterey was 21,788 (78.3%)White, 777 (2.8%)African American, 149 (0.5%)Native American, 2,204 (7.9%)Asian, 91 (0.3%)Pacific Islander, 1,382 (5.0%) fromother races, and 1,419 (5.1%) from two or more races. There were 3,817 people (13.7%) ofHispanic orLatino origin, of any race.
The Census reported that 25,307 people (91.0% of the population) lived in households, 2,210 (7.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 293 (1.1%) were institutionalized.
There were 12,184 households, out of which 2,475 (20.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 4,690 (38.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 902 (7.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 371 (3.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. 4,778 households (39.2%) were made up of individuals, and 1,432 (11.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08. There were 5,963 families (48.9% of all households); the average family size was 2.81.
The population was spread out, with 4,266 people (15.3%) under the age of 18, 3,841 people (13.8%) aged 18 to 24, 8,474 people (30.5%) aged 25 to 44, 6,932 people (24.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 4,297 people (15.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.6 males.
There were 13,584 housing units at an average density of 1,154.7 per square mile (445.8/km2), of which 4,360 (35.8%) were owner-occupied, and 7,824 (64.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.5%. 9,458 people (34.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 15,849 people (57.0%) lived in rental housing units.
TheJunípero Serra Monument, erected in 1891, has been decapitated since it was vandalized in 2015.
As of the census of 2000,[49] there were 29,674 people, 12,600 households, and 6,476 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,516.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,357.9/km2). There were 13,382 housing units at an average density of 1,586.0 per square mile (612.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 80.8% White, 10.9% Hispanic, 7.4% Asian, 2.5% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 3.9% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races.
There were 12,600 households, out of which 21.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.5% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.6% were non-families. 37.0% of all households consisted of individuals, and 11.0% had a lone dweller who is over 64. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.82.
The age distribution is as follows: 16.6% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $49,109, and the median income for a family was $58,757. Males had a median income of $40,410 versus $31,258 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,133. About 4.4% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.
Calle Principal in Downtown Monterey. Downtown is home to numerous examples of historicCalifornian architecture.
Monterey is well known for the abundance and diversity of its marine life,[51] which includessea lions,sea otters,harbor seals,bat rays,kelp forests,pelicans anddolphins and several species of whales. Only a few miles offshore is theMonterey Canyon, the largest and deepest (at 2 mi or 3.2 km)underwater canyon off the Pacific coast of North America, which grants scientists access to the deep sea within hours.[52] The cornucopia of marine life makes Monterey a popular destination for scuba divers of all abilities ranging from novice to expert. Scuba classes are held at San Carlos State Beach,[53] which has been a favorite with divers since the 1960s. TheMonterey Bay Aquarium on Cannery Row is one of the largest aquariums in North America, and severalmarine science laboratories, includingHopkins Marine Station are located in the area.[54]
Monterey is home to several museums and more than thirty carefully preserved historic buildings. Most of these buildings are adobes built in the mid-1800s. Some are museums and open to the public, including the Cooper Molera Adobe, Robert Louis Stevenson House, Casa Serrano, The Perry House, The Customs House, Colton Hall, Mayo Hayes O'Donnell Library and The First Brick House.[51][55] Many others are only open during Monterey's annual adobe tour. TheMonterey Museum of Art specializes in Early California Impressionist painting, photography, and contemporary art. Other youth-oriented art attractions include MY Museum,[56] a children's museum, and YAC, an arts organization for teens.[57]
What may be the only whalebone sidewalk still in existence in the United States lies in front of the Old Whaling Station,[58] left by New England whalers while California was still part of New Spain.[59]
Cannery Row is a historic industrial district west of downtown Monterey. Several companies operated largesardine canneries and packing houses from the 1920s until the 1950s when the sardines were overfished and the industry collapsed. The neighborhood was a minor tourist attraction until the late 1980s when the Monterey Bay Aquarium bought the former Hovden Cannery and built their aquarium around it. The Aquarium revitalized the neighborhood and it is now the number one tourist destination on the Monterey Peninsula. It is home to more than 600 species of plants and animals.[60] Several of the canneries burnt down in the 1970s and some of their empty foundations are still visible along the oceanfront. A freeheritage trolley transports visitors between downtown Monterey and the Aquarium during the summer.[61]
Once called Ocean View Boulevard, the street was renamed Cannery Row in 1953 in honor of writer John Steinbeck,[62][failed verification] who had written a well-known novel of the same name. It has now become atourist attraction with numerous establishments located in former cannery buildings, including Cannery Row Antique Mall which is located in the most historically intact cannery building open to the public. Other historical buildings in this district include Wing Chong Market, The American Tin Cannery which is a shopping mall, Doc Rickett's lab, next door to the aquarium and only open to the public a few times a year, and some of the water tanks written about by Steinbeck. A few privately owned and operated fishing companies still exist on Cannery Row, housed on piers located a short distance from the historic district frequented by tourists. Cannery Row is now considered the historic cannery district from Foam St. to the ocean.[citation needed]
Lake El Estero is a popular Monterey park. Recreation opportunities include paddleboats, the Dennis the Menace Park (named after the comics characterDennis the Menace), and a skate park designed by local skaters. Birders are especially fond of this park due to its easy accessibility and the diversity of birdlife it attracts.
Monterey is the home of theMonterey Museum of Art, its annex museum La Mirada and the Salvador Dalí Museum. There are several commercial galleries in the historic district ofCannery Row, New Monterey and Customs House Plaza.[64]
The Monterey Jazz Festival began in 1958, presenting such artists asLouis Armstrong,Dizzy Gillespie, andBillie Holiday, and now claims to be "the longest running jazz festival in the world" (theNewport Jazz Festival was established in 1954, but has changed venues since its founding).[65]
In June 1967 the city was the venue of theMonterey Pop Festival. Formally known as the Monterey International Pop Music Festival, the three-day concert event was held June 16 to 18, 1967, at theMonterey County Fairgrounds. It was the first widely promoted and heavily attendedrock festival, attracting an estimated 200,000 total attendees with 55,000 to 90,000 people present at the event's peak at midnight on Sunday. It was notable as hosting the first major American appearances byJimi Hendrix andThe Who, as well as the first major public performances ofJanis Joplin andOtis Redding.[66]
The Monterey Pop Festival embodied the themes of San Francisco as a focal point for thecounterculture and is generally regarded as one of the beginnings of the "Summer of Love" in 1967.[67] It also became the template for future music festivals, notably theWoodstock Festival two years later.
In 1986, the Monterey Blues Festival was created and ran continuously for over two decades.[68] It filed for bankruptcy in 2012[69] and was resurrected in 2017 as theMonterey International Blues Festival.
Steinbeck's friends included some of the city's more colorful characters, among themEd Ricketts, a marine biologist, andBruce Ariss, artist and theater enthusiast who designed and built theWharf Theater.
After Ricketts's death, the new owner of his lab and a group of friends assembled each Wednesday at the lab for drinks andjazz music. While visiting with the group, San Franciscodisc jockeyJimmy Lyons suggested holding a jazz celebration in Monterey, which eventually became theMonterey Jazz Festival.[70]
In 1879,Robert Louis Stevenson spent a short time in Monterey at the French Hotel while writingThe Amateur Emigrant, "The Old Pacific Capital", and "Vendetta of the West". The former hotel, now known as theStevenson House, stands at 530 Houston Street and features items that belonged to the writer.
The building in which the first paid public dramatic entertainment in California occurred is in Monterey and is called, appropriately, "California's First Theater". In 1847, a sailor,Jack Swan, began construction on an adobe building at the corner of Pacific Street and Scott Avenue, near the Pacific House and Fisherman's Wharf. Between 1847 and 1848 several detachments of soldiers were stationed in Monterey and some of the sailors approached Swan with a proposition to lease a section of his building for use as a theater and money-making venture—a proposal Swan accepted. The enterprise collected $500 on its first performance, a considerable sum at that time. The primary mediums presented were melodramas and Olios (a form of musical revue and audience sing-along). In the spring of 1848, the playPutnam, the Iron Son of '76, was presented. After theCalifornia Gold Rush of 1849, much of the population, including Swan, traveled to northern California in search of riches. As a result, by the end that year, the company disbanded. In 1896, Swan died and the building was abandoned until 1906 when it was purchased by the California Historic Landmarks League, who deeded it to theState of California. In 1937, the building was leased to Denny-Watrous Management, which revived the tradition of melodrama at the now historic building. A resident company was created, the Troupers of the Gold Coast, which maintained the tradition for over 50 years, closing for renovation in 1999.[71] It is now permanently closed.
The Wharf Theater opened on Fisherman's Wharf on May 18, 1950, with aproduction ofHappy Birthday, featuring a set designed by Bruce Ariss. The theater also produced one of Ariss's plays and was successful enough to draw the attention ofMGM, which brought Ariss to Hollywood to work for several years. The theater was destroyed by fire on December 31, 1959. The company reopened in 1960 in a new location on Alvarado Street (formerly "The Monterey Theater") which in 1963 was renamed "The Old Monterey Opera House". It continued until the mid-1960s when it fell tourban renewal. In the early 1970s, discussions began about rebuilding back on the wharf itself, and theater plans began to take shape. Ariss and Angelo Di Girolamo began construction on The New Wharf Theater in 1975.[72] The New Wharf Theater opened its doors on December 3, 1976, with a community theater production ofGuys and Dolls, directed byMonterey Peninsula College Drama Department chairman, Morgan Stock. At the northwest end of old Fisherman's Wharf, the theater is now known as the Bruce Ariss Wharf Theater..[73][74]
In 2005, theGolden State Theatre, a formermovie palace on Alvarado Street, was refurbished to produce live theatrical events. TheForest Theater Guild produced several plays at the Golden State, includingAida,Grease,Zoot Suit, andFiddler on the Roof. The theater's new owners, Eric and Lori Lochtefeld, have produced several musicals in the theater in conjunction with Broadway By the Bay.
Monterey is governed by amayor and fourcity council members.[6] As of December 2021, the mayor is Tyller Williamson and the city council members are Kim Barber, Gino Garcia, Alan Haffa, and Ed Smith.[6]
The City of Monterey provides base maintenance support services for the Presidio of Monterey and the Naval Postgraduate School, including streets, parks, and building maintenance. Additional support services include traffic engineering, inspections, construction engineering and project management.[76] This innovative partnership has become known as the "Monterey Model" and is now being adopted by communities across the country. This service reduces maintenance costs by millions of dollars and supports a continued military presence in Monterey.[77]
The city government's Recreation and Community Services department runs the Monterey Sports Center.[78]
The city is serviced byCA 1, also known as the Cabrillo Highway, as it runs along the coastline of the rest ofMonterey Bay to the north andBig Sur to the south.CA 68, also known as the Monterey-Salinas Highway, connects the city toUS 101 atSalinas and toPacific Grove.
Josh Billings (pen name of Henry Wheeler Shaw, 1818–1885[82]), second most famous humorist (after Mark Twain) of the mid-to-late 19th century; died at Monterey
^abcDurham, David L. (1998).California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, California: Word Dancer Press. p. 926.ISBN1-884995-14-4.
^Roxburghe Club of San Francisco, and Grabhorn Press. 1934.To Commemorate the Centennial of the Printing Press in California. [San Francisco]: [Roxburghe Club of San Francisco].
^Lima Estrada, Eduardo (2025).OJEADA SOBRE LOS JUZGADOS DE DISTRITO DE ALTA CALIFORNIA Y NUEVO MÉXICO O CRÓNICA DE SU EXISTENCIA A PARTIR DE LOS ARCHIVOS (in Spanish). pp. 100–125.ISBN9798305184969.
^California, California State Parks, State of."Old Whaling Station".CA State Parks. Archived fromthe original on October 27, 2008. RetrievedOctober 9, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Seitchek, Glenn; Bonner, Steve (September–October 2013)."Helping Defense Communities Save Money".The Military Engineer.September–October (685):57–58. Archived fromthe original on September 21, 2015. RetrievedFebruary 2, 2016.
^Allen, Anne Beiser and Jon L. Wakelyn (2000).An independent woman: the life of Lou Henry Hoover. Greenwood Press, p. 12.
^"Necrology".Cornell Alumni News: 69. December 1966. RetrievedOctober 22, 2020.Ί9-Maj. Gen. Walter E. Lauer of 800 Via Mirada, Monterey, Calif., Oct. 15, 1966, commander of the 99th Infantry in Germany during World War II. He also had retired in 1946.
City of Monterey Parks and Recreation Master Plan, City of Monterey Parks and Recreation Department (1986)
*De Marco, Miguel Ángel (2002).Corsarios Argentinos (in Spanish). Buenos Aires.ISBN950-49-0944-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Environmental Hazards Element, city of Monterey, A part of the General Plan, February 1977
Flora and Fauna Resources: City of Monterey General Plan Technical Study, prepared for City of Monterey by Bainbridge Behrens Moore Inc., November 2, 1977
General Plan, the City of Monterey, (1980)
Helen Spangenberg,Yesterday's Artists of the Monterey Peninsula, Monterey museum of Art (1976)
Prehistoric Sources Technical Study, prepared for the city of Monterey by Bainbridge Behrens Moore Inc., May 23, 1977
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