He was theDirector General of theInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), anintergovernmental organization under the auspices of theUnited Nations (UN), from 1997 to 2009. At the end of his tenure he was appointed “Director General Emeritus of the International Atomic Energy Agency”. He and the IAEA were jointly awarded theNobel Peace Prize in 2005 "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way".[2] ElBaradei was also featured in the Western press regarding politics in Egypt, particularly the2011 revolution which oustedPresidentHosni Mubarak and the2013 Egyptian coup d'état.
ElBaradei is married to Aida El Kashef, a formerearly-childhood teacher. They have two children: a daughter, Laila, a lawyer living in the UK; and a son, Mostafa, anIT manager living in Vienna. They also have two granddaughters, Maya and Nina.[4]
A native speaker ofArabic, ElBaradei is also fluent in English and French, and knows "enough German to get by, at least inVienna."[5]
Following in the footsteps of his father, Mostafa, ElBaradei also studied law.[6] He earned abachelor's degree in law from theUniversity of Cairo in 1962, a master's degree LLM in 1971 and a doctorate degree JSD ininternational law in 1974 from theNew York University School of Law. His thesis was titled "The right of passage through straits in time of peace".
In 1984, ElBaradei became a senior staff member of the IAEASecretariat, serving as the agency's legal adviser (1984 to 1993) and Assistant Director General for External Relations (1993 to 1997). ElBaradei is currently a member of both theInternational Law Association (ILA) and theAmerican Society of International Law (ASIL).
Public career as IAEA Director General (1997–2009)
ElBaradei began to serve as Director General of theIAEA, which is based inVienna, on 1 December 1997, succeedingHans Blix of Sweden.[10][11] The agency gradually came to take an active role in attempts to prevent nuclear proliferation, with its focus first centred on Iraq and Sudan, in which cases the agency claimed success, and later also on North Korea and Iran.[6] ElBaradei was re-elected for two more four-year terms in 2001 and, despite opposition from the United States, to a third term in 2005.[6]
In late August 2007, ElBaradei finalized a secret "divisive and risky" nuclear agreement with Iran. Diplomats from the U.S., France, Britain, and Germany filed a formal protest.[12]
In 2009 ElBaradei stated that Iran's nuclear threat had been exaggerated and there was no evidence the country was close to building a nuclear weapon.[13] He also rejected accusations that he had concealed Iran's nuclear ambitions.[14] His third and last term ended in November 2009. ElBaradei faced criticism from Washington, Israel, London, Berlin, and Paris, where officials saw his actions as attempts to block their efforts to intensify pressure on Iran regarding its nuclear program.[15][16][17]
After being appointed by the IAEAGeneral Conference in 1997, ElBaradei said in his speech that, "for international organizations to enjoy the confidence and support of their members, they have to be responsive to [members'] needs; show concrete achievements; conduct their activities in a cost-effective manner; and respect a process of equitable representation, transparency, and open dialogue."[18]
Just a couple of months before ElBaradei took office, theModel Additional Protocol was adopted, creating a new environment for IAEA verification by giving it greater authority to look for undeclared nuclear activities. When in office, ElBaradei launched a program to establish "integrated safeguards" combining the IAEA's comprehensivesafeguard agreements with the newly adopted Additional Protocol. In his statement to the General Conference in 1998, he called upon all states to conclude the Additional Protocol: "One of the main purposes of the strengthened-safeguards system can be better achieved with global adherence. I would, therefore, urge all states with outstanding-safeguards agreements to conclude them, and I would also urge all states to accelerate their consideration of the Model Additional Protocol and enter into consultations with the Agency at the earliest possible opportunity. We should work together to ensure that, by the year 2000, all states [will] have concluded outstanding-safeguards agreements and also the Additional Protocol." ElBaradei repeated this call through his years as the Director General of the IAEA. In November 2009, 93 countries had Additional Protocols in force.[19]
ElBaradei's first term ended in November 2001, just two months after theterrorist attacks of9/11. These attacks made clear that the more is needed to be done to protectnuclear material and installations from theft or a terrorist attack. Consequently, ElBaradei established a nuclear security program to combat the risk of nuclear terrorism by assisting member states to strengthen the protection of their nuclear and radioactive material and installations, theNuclear Security FundArchived 11 February 2017 at theWayback Machine.[20]
One of the major issues during ElBaradei's second term as the director general of the IAEA was the agency's inspections in Iraq. ElBaradei disputed the U.S. rationale for the2003 invasion of Iraq from the time of the 2002Iraq disarmament crisis, when he, along withHans Blix, led a team of UN weapons inspectors in Iraq. ElBaradei told theUN Security Council in March 2003 that documents purporting to show that Iraq had tried to acquireuranium fromNiger were not authentic.
In an October 2003 interview published in the Cairo Times, he said "the ultimate sense of security will be when we come to recognize that we are all part of one human race. Our primary allegiance is to the human race and not to one particular color or border. I think the sooner we renounce the sanctity of these many identities and try to identify ourselves with the human race the sooner we will get a better world and a safer world.[21]
ElBaradei described the U.S. invasion of Iraq as "a glaring example of how, in many cases, the use of force exacerbates the problem rather than [solves] it."[22] ElBaradei further stated that "we learned from Iraq that an inspection takes time, that we should be patient, that an inspection can, in fact, work,"[23] and that he had "been validated" in concluding that Saddam Hussein had not revived hisnuclear weapons program.[24]
In a 2004 op-ed piece on the dangers of nuclear proliferation, in theNew York Times (12 February 2004), ElBaradei stated that "[w]e must abandon the unworkable notion that it is morally reprehensible for some countries to pursue weapons of mass destruction, yet morally acceptable for others to rely on them for security – and indeed to continue to refine their capacities and postulate plans for their use."[25] He went on to say "If the world does not change course, we risk self-destruction."
The United States initially voiced opposition to his election to a third four-year term in 2005.[26] In a May 2005 interview with the staff of theU.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee,Lawrence Wilkerson,the chief of staff to formerU.S. Secretary of StateColin Powell, charged formerUndersecretary of State for Arms Control and International SecurityJohn Bolton with an underhanded campaign to unseat ElBaradei.[27] "Mr. Bolton overstepped his bounds in his moves and gyrations to try to keep [ElBaradei] from being reappointed as [IAEA] head," Wilkerson said. TheWashington Post reported in December 2004 that theBush administration had intercepted dozens of ElBaradei's phone calls with Iranian diplomats and was scrutinizing them for evidence [that] they could use to force him out.[27][28] IAEA spokesman Mark Gwozdecky said the agency worked on "the assumption that one or more entities may be listening to our conversations." "It's not how we would prefer to work, but it is the reality. At the end of the day, we have nothing to hide," he said. Iran responded to theWashington Post reports by accusing the U.S. of violating international law in intercepting the communications.[29]
The United States was the only country to oppose ElBaradei's reappointment and eventually failed to win enough support from other countries to oust ElBaradei. On 9 June 2005, after a meeting betweenU.S. Secretary of StateCondoleezza Rice and ElBaradei, the United States dropped its objections. Among countries that supported ElBaradei were China, Russia, Germany, and France. China praised his leadership and objectivity,[26] and supported him for doing "substantial fruitful work, which has maintained the agency's role and credit in international non-proliferation and promoted the development of peaceful use ofnuclear energy. His work has been universally recognized in the international community. China appreciates Mr. El Baradei's work and supports his reelection as the agency's director general."[30] France, Germany, and some developing countries, have made clear their support for ElBaradei as well.[27] Russia issued a strong statement in favor of re-electing him as soon as possible.
ElBaradei was unanimously re-appointed by the IAEA board on 13 June 2005.[31]
In 2008, ElBaradei said that he would not be seeking a fourth term as director general.[32] Moreover, he said, in an IAEA document, that he was "not available for a further term" in office.[33] In its first five rounds of voting, the IAEABoard of Governors was split in its decision regarding the next director general. ElBaradei said, "I just hope that the agency has a candidate acceptable to all—north, south, east, west—because that is what is needed."[34] After several rounds of voting, on 3 July 2009, Mr.Yukiya Amano, Japanese ambassador to the IAEA, was elected as the next IAEA director general.
ElBaradei, leader of the National Coalition for Change, has been a major voice for democratic change in Egypt since 2009 and was a significant leader during the 2011 protests.[35] However, he has a rocky history with the U.S. government and supports some policies that do not support current U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. During his tenure as Director General of the IAEA (1997–2009), for instance, ElBaradei downplayed claims of possible military dimensions to Iran's nuclear program, which undermined U.S. efforts to press Iran over its safeguards violations.[36] According to a 3 July 2003 article inTime magazine, ElBaradei also maintained that Iraq's nuclear program had not restarted before the 2003 Iraq War, contradicting claims by the Bush administration. He told the German news magazineDer Spiegel on 12 July 2010 that he wanted to open the Gaza Strip – Egypt border and accused Israel of being the biggest threat to the Middle East because of their nuclear weapons.[37]
ElBaradei has called for international criminal investigation of former Bush administration officials for their roles in planning thewar on Iraq.[38]
In an op-ed that he wrote for theEconomist in 2003, ElBaradei outlined his idea for the future of thenuclear fuel cycle. His suggestion was to "limit the processing of weapon-usable material in civilian nuclear programs, as well as the production of new material, by agreeing to restrict these operations exclusively to facilities under multinational control." Also, "nuclear-energy systems should be deployed that, by design, avoid the use of materials that may be applied directly to making nuclear weapons." He concluded by saying that "considerable advantages would be gained from international co-operation in these stages of the nuclear-fuel cycle. These initiatives would not simply add more non-proliferation controls, to limit access to weapon-usable nuclear material; they would also provide access to the benefits of nuclear technology for more people in more countries."[39]
Non-nuclear-weapon states have been reluctant to embrace these proposals due to a perception that the commercial or strategic interests of nuclear-weapon states motivate the proposals, a perception that the proposals produce a dependency on a limited number of nuclear fuel suppliers, and a concern that the proposal restricts their unalienable right to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.[40]
ElBaradei's work does not only concentrate on nuclear verification. Another very important aspect is development through nuclear technology. In 2004, ElBaradei sponsored a comprehensive global initiative—theProgramme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT)—to fight cancer. In one of his statements, ElBaradei said: "A silent crisis in cancer treatment persists in developing countries and is intensifying every year. At least 50 to 60 percent of cancer victims can benefit from radiotherapy, but most developing countries do not have enough radiotherapy machines or sufficient numbers of specialized doctors and other health professionals." In the first year of operation, PACT provided cancer-treatment capacity in seven member states, using the IAEA's share of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize.[41]
In his speech to the 2008 General Conference, ElBaradei said that "development activities remain central to our work. Our resources have long been insufficient to keep pace with requests for support, and we have increasingly made use of partnerships with other organizations, regional collaborations and country-to-country support. I again emphasize that technical cooperation is not a bargaining chip, part of a political 'balance' between the development and safeguards activities of the agency."[42]
ElBaradei served on the board of trustees of theInternational Crisis Group, a non-governmental organization that enjoys an annual budget of over $15 million and is bankrolled by the Carnegie, the Ford Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as George Soros' Open Society Institute. Soros himself serves as a member of the organization's executive committee.[43]
During the early days of the Egyptian Revolution, ElBaradei's speechwriter and long-time associateLaban Coblentz and other IAEA colleagues of ElBaradei contradicted the notion that ElBaradei had only recently become engaged in Egyptian politics, saying he had never relinquished his focus on human rights deficiencies in his home country. Coblentz noted that ElBaradei had first confronted Mubarak in early 2003, during the lead-up to the Iraq War, as well as on subsequent encounters.[44]
Coblentz also pointed out the role that social media played in convincing ElBaradei that the young people of Egypt were ready for change: "It was really this last 14 months, where someone I knew as not being particularly computer savvy, taught himself to use Facebook and Twitter and YouTube and started to do in virtual space what was forbidden to do by the Mubarak regime, the freedom of assembly by large groups."[45]
While speaking at theHarvard Kennedy School on 27 April 2010, ElBaradei joked that he is "looking for a job" and is seeking to be an "agent of change and an advocate for democracy" within Egyptian politics. He also made clear that his wife is not very enthusiastic about any potential run.[46]
On 27 January 2011, ElBaradei returned to Egypt amid ongoingturmoil, with the largest mass protests in 30 years, which had begun two days earlier, on 25 January 2011. ElBaradei declared himself ready to lead a transitional government if that was the will of the nation, saying that, "If [people] want me to lead the transition, I will not let them down."[47]Subsequently, "when he joined protesters Friday after noon prayers, police fired water cannons at him and his supporters. They used batons to beat some of ElBaradei's supporters, who surrounded him to protect him."[48] On 28 January 2011, ElBaradei was reported to have been placed under house arrest in Egypt.[49] However, the next day, when he was interviewed byAl Jazeera, he said that he was unaware of any such arrest.[50]
Later on, ElBaradei arrived inTahrir Square to join thousands of other protesters against the Mubarak regime and spoke directly to the people, stating that they "have taken back [their] rights" and that they cannot go back. A number of Egyptian political movements have called on ElBaradei to form a transitional government.[51] ElBaradei has also stated that "the people [of Egypt] want the regime to fall." In response to the appointment ofOmar Suleiman as the new vice president of Egypt, ElBaradei stated that it was a "hopeless, desperate attempt by Mubarak to stay in power. I think [that] it is loud and clear...that Mubarak has to leave today." Additionally, ElBaradei restated his position that, when Egypt does become a democratic nation, "there is no reason to believe that a democracy in Egypt would not lead to a better relationship with the US based on respect and equity."[52]
The Guardian reported that ElBaradei had been mandated by theMuslim Brotherhood and four other opposition groups to negotiate an interim "national salvation government."[53] However, BBC reported that the Muslim Brotherhood, the largest opposition party banned by Mubarak's regime, had not consented to the choice of ElBaradei as the representative of the opposition. "The people have not appointed Mohamed ElBaradei to become a spokesman of them. The Muslim Brotherhood is much stronger than Mohamed ElBaradei as a person. And we do not agree [that he should represent] this movement. The movement is represented by itself, and it will [appoint] a committee. . .to [delegate its representatives]."[54]
His appointment was controversial largely because of the long periods that he has spent outside the country. His appointment was seen as a recognition of the importance of various Western nations' support of the revolts.
ElBaradei's name was circulated by opposition groups from 2009 to 2012 as a possible candidate to succeed PresidentHosni Mubarak in Egypt's highest executive position when his name was suggested byMohamed Hassanein Heikal.[55][56][57]
ElBaradei did not make any clear statements regarding his intentions to run for the office; however, he has demanded that certain conditions be met to ensure fair elections accompanied by changes to the constitution that will allow more freedom for independent candidates before he would actually consider running for the presidency. Several opposition groups have endorsed him, considering him a neutral figure who could transition the country to greaterdemocracy.
On 24 February 2010, ElBaradei met with several opposition leaders and notable intellectuals at his home inCairo. The meeting was concluded with an announcement for the formation of a new non-party-political movement called the "National Association for Change." The movement aims for general reforms in the political scene and mainlyarticle 76 of the Egyptian constitution, which places restrictions on free presidential elections, especially when it comes to independent candidates. The banned political group, the Muslim Brotherhood, was represented at the meeting by one of its key figures; however, its stand in accepting a non-member of its group as a representative is still unclear. It is also unknown whetherAmr Moussa, the head of theArab League who met with ElBaradei a day earlier, will be part of the new movement.[58]
On 7 March 2011 it was announced that ElBaradei intended to run for the presidential elections, this intention was later clearly stated in a live interview by ElBaradei to the ON TV channel 10 March 2011.[59]On 14 January 2012 ElBaradei declared he would not run for president.[60]
On 28 April 2012, ElBaradei launched theConstitution Party (DL). This date was too late to allow him to run for the presidency.[63] The party claims itself as liberal, in order to protect and promote the principles and objectives of the25 January 2011 Revolution according to liberal ideals. ElBaradei became a prominent figure of the Egyptian opposition.[64] On 24 November, DL formed together with the secular parties theNational Salvation Front, a coalition of the primary opposition parties against PresidentMohamed Morsi's decrees. On 5 December 2012, he became the coordinator of National Salvation Front.
Mohamed ElBaradei was involved in thecoup d'état that toppled democratically elected PresidentMohamed Morsi amid mass protests against the perceived mismanagement of the country, the refusal of Morsi to form a coalition government, and the authoritarian influence of theMuslim Brotherhood on what had been asecularMuslim-majority state for decades. He was described byReuters as the "designated negotiator" for the political opposition. ElBaradei gave support to the military's plan to oust Morsi and begin implementing a "political road map" for Egypt, including the installation ofSupreme Constitutional Court Chief JusticeAdly Mansour as interimpresident of Egypt. He was present when General Sisi announced the temporary suspension of theconstitution and the removal of Morsi from power.
In the political transition following Morsi's ejection from the presidency, ElBaradei was immediately mentioned as a candidate for interim prime minister.[65] He reportedly denied interest in the position at first.[66] There were reports that ElBaradei would be named prime minister, which were retracted after objections by theNour Party, on 7 July.[67][68] He was sworn in as vice president, responsible for international relations, on 14 July 2013.[69]
On 14 August 2013, following aviolent crackdown by security forces on supporters of deposed presidentMohamed Morsi, in which at least 525 people were killed,[70] ElBaradei resigned as vice president.[71] In his resignation letter, ElBaradei stated: "...I always saw peaceful alternatives for resolving this societal wrangling. Certain solutions were proposed, which could have led to national conciliation, but things have come this far ... It has become difficult for me to continue bearing the responsibility for decisions with which I do not agree and the consequences of which I fear. I cannot bear the responsibility for a single drop of blood before God, before my own conscience or the citizens..."[72] He then left the country for Vienna, where he was previously based as Director General of The International Atomic Energy Agency.[73]
After his resignation, an Egyptian law professor atHelwan University, Sayyed Ateeq, filed lawsuit against ElBaradei, accusing him of a "betrayal of trust".[74] As Ateeq toldReuters, "Dr. ElBaradei was entrusted with this position and he had a duty to go back to those who entrusted him and ask to resign."[75] The case was heard in Cairo in October that year, and dismissed.[73][75][76]
Mohamed ElBaradei is a Member of theGlobal Leadership Foundation, an organization that works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with heads of government on governance-related issues of concern to them.
During his tenure as director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, ElBaradei received many awards for his efforts to ensure that nuclear energy is used for peaceful purposes.
On 7 October 2005, ElBaradei and theIAEA were announced as joint recipients of theNobel Peace Prize for their "efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy, for peaceful purposes, is used in the safest possible way." ElBaradei donated all of his winnings to buildingorphanages inCairo. The IAEA's winnings are being spent to train scientists from developing countries to use nuclear techniques in combating cancer and malnutrition. ElBaradei is the fourth Egyptian to receive the Nobel Prize, followingAnwar Sadat (1978 in Peace),Naguib Mahfouz (1988 in Literature), andAhmed Zewail (1999 in Chemistry).
Inhis Nobel lecture, ElBaradei said that the changing landscape of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament may be defined by the emergence of an extensive black market in nuclear material and equipment, the proliferation of nuclear weapons and sensitive nuclear technology, and the stagnation innuclear disarmament. To combat proliferation, ElBaradei has suggested keeping nuclear and radiological material out of the hands of extremist groups, tightening control over the operations for producing the nuclear material that could be used in weapons, and accelerating disarmament efforts.[78] ElBaradei also stated that only one percent of the money spent to develop new weapons would be enough to feed the entire world and that, if we hope to escape self-destruction, nuclear weapons should have no place in our collective conscience and no role in our security.
UN Secretary GeneralKofi Annan said that he was delighted that the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize had been awarded to the UN nuclear watchdog and its head, ElBaradei. "The secretary general congratulates him and the entire staff of the agency, past and present, on their contributions to global peace," a spokesman for Annan said.[79]
Egypt Post on 8 October 2005 commemorated this award by issuing a set of two postage stamps.[80] On 1 June 2009, to commemorate 4th Extraordinary Session ofPAPU Plenipotentiary Conference held in Cairo between 1 and 9 June,[81] Egypt Post issued a set of 16 stamps bearing African winners of Nobel Prizes, among which one is of ElBaradei[82]
Pratibha Devisingh Patil giving away the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development-2008 to D.G., IAEA, Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei for his impassioned opposition to the use of Nuclear Energy for Military purpose
ElBaradei has received many awards for his work as director of the IAEA:
Golden Doves for Peace journalistic prize awarded by the Italian Research Institute Archive Disarmo in 2007[92]
Grand Cordon of theOrder of the Nile, the highest Egyptian civilian decoration, awarded by the Government ofEgypt[90]
Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Peaceful Worldwide Use of Nuclear Technology, awarded by TheWorld Nuclear Association in September 2007[93]
ElBaradei is the author or editor of several books:
El Baradei, Mohamed.The Age of Deception: Nuclear Diplomacy in Treacherous Times. New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt and Co, 2011.ISBN9780805093506 According to WorldCat, the book is held in 915 libraries[101]
Translated into Polish, German, Dutch, and Arabic
El Baradei, Mohamed, E. I. Nwogugu, and John M. Rames., editors.The International Law of Nuclear Energy: Basic Documents. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1993.2 v.ISBN9780792317470
El Baradei, Mohamed. Atoms for Peace: A Pictorial History of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 1957-2007.Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2007.ISBN9789201038074
^"U.S. eyes ouster of U.N. nuclear chief".NBC News.The Bush administration has dozens of intercepts of Mohamed ElBaradei's phone calls with Iranian diplomats and is scrutinizing them in search of ammunition to oust him as director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, according to three U.S. government officials.
^"Special report - Has Mohamed ElBaradei's time arrived?".Reuters."ElBaradei also has critics in Washington, Israel, London, Berlin and Paris who have not forgotten their frustration at what they describe as his attempts to undermine their drive to ratchet up the pressure on Iran over a nuclear program they fear is intended to develop weapons capability but Tehran says is for peaceful energy purposes only.
^Hibbs, Marc (1 September 2009)."The ElBaradei Legacy".Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.65 (5):10–23.Bibcode:2009BuAtS..65e..10H.doi:10.2968/065005002.U.S. officials complained that carefully worded IAEA reports to the Board of Governors and public statements by the director-general suggested that the agency had concluded Tehran didn't have a nuclear weapons program, at a time when France, Israel, Britain, and the United States believed the opposite.
