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TheMessinian is in thegeologic timescale the lastage or uppermoststage of theMiocene. It spans the time between 7.246 ± 0.005Ma and 5.333 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago). It follows theTortonian and is followed by theZanclean, the first age of thePliocene.

The Messinian overlaps theTurolian European Land Mammal Mega Zone (more precisely MN 12 and 13) and thePontian Central EuropeanParatethys Stage. It also overlaps the lateHuayquerian and earlyMontehermosan South American Land Mammal Ages, and falls inside the more extensiveHemphillian North American Land Mammal Age.

During the Messinian, around 6 million years ago, theMessinian salinity crisis took place, which brought about repeated desiccations of theMediterranean Sea.

Definition

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Messiniangypsum andclay deposits in theSorbas basin nearSorbas, southernSpain. Evaporite deposits of Messinian age are common throughout theMediterranean.

The Messinian was introduced bySwiss stratigrapher Karl Mayer-Eymar in 1867.^[6] Its name comes from the Italian city ofMessina onSicily, where theMessinian evaporite deposit is of the same age.

The base of the Messinian is at the first appearance of theplanktonic foram speciesGloborotalia conomiozea and is stratigraphically in the middle of magnetic chronozone C3Br.1r. TheGlobal Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Messinian is located in a section at Oued Akrech, near theMoroccan capitalRabat.^[7]

The top of the Messinian (the base of the Zanclean Stage and Pliocene Series) lies with the top of magnetic chronozone Cr3 (about 100,000 years before the Thvera normal subchronozone C3n.4n). The top is also close to theextinction level of the calcareousnanoplankton speciesTriquetrorhabdulus rugosus (the base ofbiozone CN10b) and the first appearance of nanoplanktonCeratolithus acutus.^{[citation needed]}

References

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^Krijgsman, W.; Garcés, M.; Langereis, C. G.; Daams, R.; Van Dam, J.; Van Der Meulen, A. J.; Agustí, J.; Cabrera, L. (1996). "A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain".Earth and Planetary Science Letters.142 (3–4):367–380.Bibcode:1996E&PSL.142..367K.doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4.
^Retallack, G. J. (1997)."Neogene Expansion of the North American Prairie".PALAIOS.12 (4):380–390.doi:10.2307/3515337.JSTOR 3515337. Retrieved2008-02-11.
^"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"(PDF).International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. RetrievedDecember 16, 2024.
^Hilgen, F. J.; S. Iaccarino; W. Krijgsman; G. Villa; C. G. Langereis; W. J. Zachariasse (2000)."The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Messinian Stage (uppermost Miocene)"(PDF).Episodes.23 (3):172–178.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/004.
^Van Couvering, John; Castradori, Davide; Cita, Maria; Hilgen, Frederik; Rio, Domenico (September 2000)."The base of the Zanclean Stage and of the Pliocene Series"(PDF).Episodes.23 (3):179–187.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/005.S2CID 10836910.
^Mayer-Eymar, Karl (1867)Catalogue systématique et descriptif des fossiles des terrains tertiaires qui se trouvent du Musée fédéral de Zürich (Zürich, Switzerland: Librairie Schabelitz, 1867),page 13. From page 13:"Dans ces circonstances, je crois qu'il m'est permis comme créateur d'une classification conséquente et logique de proposer pour l'étage en question un nom qui lui convient en tous points. Ce nom est celui d'Etage messinien." ("In these circumstances, I think that I am permitted as the creator of a consistent and logical classification to propose for the stage in question a name that suits it in every way. That name is that of the Messinian stage.")
^This GSSP was established by Hilgenet al. (2000)

Sources

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Gradstein, F.M.; J.G. Ogg; A.G. Smith (2004).A Geologic Time Scale 2004.Cambridge University Press.
Hilgen, F.J.; S. Iaccarino; W. Krijgsman; G. Villa; C.G. Langereis; W.J. Zachariasse (2000).The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Messinian Stage (uppermost Miocene). pp. 172–178.
Hsü, K.J. (1983).The Mediterranean Was a Desert.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Mayer-Eymar, Karl (1867).Catalogue systématique et descriptif des fossiles des terrains tertiaires qui se trouvent du Musée fédéral de Zürich (in French). Zürich.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toMessinian.

Wikisource has original works on the topic:Cenozoic#Neogene

GeoWhen Database - Messinian
Messinian online - living in an evaporitic world - Mediterranean area
Neogene timescale, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
Neogene timescale at the website of the Norwegian network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy

Geological history of Earth

Cenozoic Era
(present–66.0 Ma)

Quaternary(present–2.58 Ma)	Holocene (present–11.7 ka) Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
Neogene(2.58–23.0 Ma)	Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
Paleogene(23.0–66.0 Ma)	Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)

Mesozoic Era
(66.0–252 Ma)

Cretaceous(66.0–145 Ma)	Late (66.0–100 Ma) Early (100–145 Ma)
Jurassic(145–201 Ma)	Late (145–164 Ma) Middle (164–174 Ma) Early (174–201 Ma)
Triassic(201–252 Ma)	Late (201–237 Ma) Middle (237–247 Ma) Early (247–252 Ma)

Paleozoic Era
(252–539 Ma)

Permian(252–299 Ma)	Lopingian (252–260 Ma) Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
Carboniferous(299–359 Ma)	Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
Devonian(359–419 Ma)	Late (359–383 Ma) Middle (383–393 Ma) Early (393–419 Ma)
Silurian(419–444 Ma)	Pridoli (419–423 Ma) Ludlow (423–427 Ma) Wenlock (427–433 Ma) Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
Ordovician(444–485 Ma)	Late (444–458 Ma) Middle (458–470 Ma) Early (470–485 Ma)
Cambrian(485–539 Ma)	Furongian (485–497 Ma) Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) Series 2 (509–521 Ma) Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)

Proterozoic Eon
(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)

Neoproterozoic(539 Ma–1 Ga)	Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
Mesoproterozoic(1–1.6 Ga)	Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
Paleoproterozoic(1.6–2.5 Ga)	Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)