Medaurus was theIllyrian guardian deity of the city ofRisinium, and possibly a war god.
Medaurus is depicted as riding on horseback and carrying a javelin.[1][2] As the protector of Risinium, it is possible that Medaurus was regarded as a war god.[1][3] Dyczek et al. indeed note that a rise in religiosity has been later observed in theDanubian regions threatened byGermanic tribes during theMigration Period (375–568), especially the cult ofJupiter Depulsor repelling the enemies. Medaurus could have had a similar function among Illyrian soldiers fighting far from their home around the Romanlimes.[4]
TheLambaesis dedication also indicates that an equestrian statue of Medaurus had been erected in Lambaesis (North Africa), likely the replica of a monumental statue located inRisinium.[5] Archaeological research in the 2010s in Risinium suggested that the statue of Medaurus was placed on a base of at least 15x20m, and situated on theacropolis where it dominated the city.[1]
Medaurus is mentioned in a dedication carved inLambaesis by a Romanlegatus native ofRisinium (present-dayRisan,Montenegro) and more scarcely in two other inscriptions found in Risinium andSanta Maria di Leuca (Lecce).[2][4] The Lambaesis inscriptions are today lost, and the only remaining copies were made in the 19th century by the PolishLégion Étrangère soldier Joseph Konarzewski and the French historianLéon Renier.[5]
The temple of Medaurus was located near the temples ofAsclepius andSalus, erected ca. 161–162. The Lambaesis inscription was however not found in the temple of Asclepius, as it was initially thought due to imprecise indications given by Renier. The hypothesis of Medaurus as a god of medicine, often encountered in 20th-century studies, is therefore less certain.[6] A fourth mention in aVandal text from Africa, that could accredit the thesis of the medical god, is also unlikely, as it probably refers instead to the city ofMadauros inNumidia.[4]
The author of the Lambaesis dedication is an unknownlegatus from theLegio III Augusta (in service from 178? to 180) who participated in theMarcomannic Wars with the Roman emperorMarcus Aurelius, and was eventually nominatedConsul. The dedication was engraved in two different times, as the author claims to have obtained the Consulship in the last 4 lines. The lacunas in the text are likely due to adamnatio memoriae, his name removed from the inscription as a punishment for a fault.[7]
| Lambaesis inscription[5] | English translation[8] |
|---|---|
| Moenia qui Risinni Aeacia, qui colis arcem Delmatiae, nostri publice Lar populi, Sancte Medaure domi et sancte hic iam, templa quoque ista Vise, precor, parua magnus in effigia, Succussus laeua sonipes cui surgit in auras, Altera dum telum librat ab aure manus. Talem te consul iam designatus in ista Sede locat uenerans ille tuus[lacuna] Notus Gradiuo belli uetus ac tibi, Caesar Marce, in primore rarus ubique acie. | You who live in the Aeacian city ofRisinium, in the Citadel ofDalmatia, you, common god of our people, Medaurus, sacred at home and sacred here, visit also These temples, I pray to you, great in a small image, With your left hand urging on the horse, which rises into the air, While your other hand hurls death from beside the ear. You − so great − the already designated consul, your [lacuna] Put, worshipping, in this location, Long known to theMars of war and even to you Caesar Marcus, famous everywhere in the first line of battle. |
| Adepto consulatu[lacuna] Tibi respirantem faciem patrii numinis, Hastam eminus quae iaculat refreno ex equo, Tuus, Medaure, dedicat Medaurius. | Having obtained the consulship [lacuna] To you, the breathing appearance of home divinity, Who from a distance throws a spear from the held-back horse, To you Medaurus, your Medaurian dedicates this spear. |
| Other inscriptions[9] | Notes | |
|---|---|---|
| Second Lambaesis inscription | Medauro Aug(usto) sacrum | Likely a fragment from an altar.[9] |
| Risinium inscription | Μεδαύρου | A dedication engraved by thePeripolarchoi, the border guards of the city.[9] |
| Santa Maria di Leuca inscription | I(oui) O(ptimo) M(aximo) C(aius) Cordius Aqu(i)llinus uot(um) sol(uit) cum pleroma(t)e Rhedo[n]is et Med[d]auri. | A dedication engraved by Caius Cordius Aquillinus, where Medaurus is the divine name given to a merchant ship.[9] |
