This article is about sexual reproduction. For the mating of mechanical components, seeEngineering fit. For the 1991 American novel, seeMating (novel).
The termmating is also applied to related processes in bacteria,archaea and viruses. Mating in these cases involves the pairing of individuals, accompanied by the pairing of theirhomologous chromosomes and then exchange of genomic information leading to formation ofrecombinant progeny (seemating systems).
In someterrestrialarthropods, including insects representingbasal (primitive)phylogenetic clades, the male depositsspermatozoa on the substrate, sometimes stored within a special structure.Courtship involves inducing the female to take up the sperm package into her genital opening without actual copulation. Courtship is often facilitated through forming groups, calledleks, in flies and many other insects. For example, maleTokunagayusurika akamusi forms swarms dancing in the air to attract females. In groups such asdragonflies and many spiders, males extrude sperm into secondary copulatory structures removed from their genital opening, which are then used to inseminate the female (in dragonflies, it is a set of modifiedsternites on the second abdominal segment; in spiders, it is the malepedipalps). In advanced groups of insects, the male uses itsaedeagus, a structure formed from the terminal segments of the abdomen, to deposit sperm directly (though sometimes in a capsule called a "spermatophore") into the female's reproductive tract.
Other animals reproduce sexually with external fertilization, including manybasalvertebrates. Vertebrates reproduce with internal fertilization throughcloacal copulation (in reptiles, some fish, and most birds)[3] orpenile-vaginal penetration andejaculation ofsemen (inmammals).[4][5][3]
In domesticated animals, there are various type of mating methods being employed to mate animals like pen mating (when female is moved to the desired male into a pen) or paddock mating (where one male is let loose in the paddock with several females).
Like in animals, mating in other Eukaryotes, such as plants andfungi, denotessexual conjugation[clarify]. However, in vascular plants this is mostly achieved without physical contact between mating individuals (seepollination), and in some cases, e.g., in fungi no distinguishable male or female organs exist (seeisogamy); however,mating types in some fungal species are somewhat analogous tosexual dimorphism in animals, and determine whether or not two individual isolates can mate.Yeasts areeukaryoticmicroorganisms classified in thekingdomFungi, with 1,500species currently described.[6] In general, under high stress conditions likenutrient starvation,haploid cells will die; under the same conditions, however,diploid cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae can undergo sporulation, entering sexual reproduction (meiosis) and produce a variety of haploidspores, which can go on tomate (conjugate) and reform thediploid.[7]
Protists are a large group of diverseeukaryoticmicroorganisms, mainlyunicellular animals and plants, that do not formtissues.[8] The earliest eukaryotes were likely protists. Mating and sexual reproduction are widespread among extant eukaryotes including protists such asParamecium andChlamydomonas. In many eukaryotic species, mating is promoted bysex pheromones including the protistBlepharisma japonicum. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, Dacks and Roger[9] proposed that facultative sex was present in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
However, to many biologists it seemed unlikely until recently, that mating and sex could be a primordial and fundamental characteristic of eukaryotes. A principal reason for this view was that mating and sex appeared to be lacking in certainpathogenic protists whose ancestors branched off early from the eukaryotic family tree. However, several of these protists are now known to be capable of, or to recently have had, the capability formeiosis and hence mating. To cite one example, the common intestinal parasiteGiardia intestinalis was once considered to be a descendant of a protist lineage that predated the emergence of meiosis and sex. However,G. intestinalis was recently found to have a core set of genes that function in meiosis and that are widely present among sexual eukaryotes.[10] These results suggested thatG. intestinalis is capable of meiosis and thus mating and sexual reproduction. Furthermore, direct evidence for meiotic recombination, indicative of mating and sexual reproduction, was also found inG. intestinalis.[11] Other protists for which evidence of mating and sexual reproduction has recently been described are parasitic protozoa of the genusLeishmania,[12]Trichomonas vaginalis,[13] andacanthamoeba.[14]
Protists generally reproduce asexually under favorable environmental conditions, but tend to reproduce sexually under stressful conditions, such as starvation or heat shock.[15]
^Fowler, Samantha; Roush, Rebecca; Wise, James (2013). "Chapter 13: Diversity of Microbes, Fungi, and Protists".Concepts of Biology. OpenStax. Archived fromthe original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved13 November 2020.
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