Martin Lister | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | (1639-04-12)12 April 1639 Radcliffe,Buckinghamshire |
| Died | 2 February 1712(1712-02-02) (aged 72) Epsom, Surrey |
| Resting place | Clapham Church |
| Citizenship | British |
| Alma mater | St John's, Cambridge |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physician and naturalist |
Martin ListerFRS (12 April 1639 – 2 February 1712) was an Englishnaturalist and physician. His daughtersAnne andSusanna were two of his illustrators and engravers.[1]
Lister was born atRadcliffe, nearBuckingham, the son ofSir Martin Lister MP for Brackley in theLong Parliament and his wifeSusanna Temple, a daughter ofSir Alexander Temple. Lister was connected to a number of well known individuals. He was the nephew of bothJames Temple, the regicide and also ofMatthew Lister, physician toAnne, queen ofJames I, and toCharles I. He was also the uncle ofSarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough who corresponded with him throughout her life.[2]
Lister was educated atMelton Mowbray, Leicestershire under Mr Barwick and matriculated atSt John's College, Cambridge in 1658. He graduated in 1658/9, and was elected a fellow in 1660.[3] In 1668 he travelled to France to study as a physician and settled atYork in 1670 to practice medicine.[4] He becameFellow of the Royal Society on 2 November 1671. He practised medicine at York until 1683, when he moved to London. In 1684 he received the degree of M.D. atOxford on the recommendation of the Chancellor.[4] In 1687 becameF.R.C.P.
Lister bought Carlton Hall in Craven in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He attended the Earl of Portland when he was ambassador to France in 1698.
He was physician to Queen Anne from 1709 until his death.[4] He died atEpsom at the age of 72 and was buried at Clapham Church.[3] He bequeathed his books and copper-plates to the University of Oxford.[5]
Lister was a prolific correspondent. More than 2,000 letters written by and to him survive in theBodleian Library, Oxford and other repositories. They are to and from a variety of people including family, friends and other scientists. Abstracts of these letters have been published online.[6]
The memorial inscription for Lister in Clapham church is now lost. It read:
Near this place is buried the body of
MARTIN LISTER,
Doctor of Physick, a Member of the
Royal Society, and one of
Queen Ann's Physicians,
who departed this life,
the second day of
February 1711–12.[7]
Lister contributed numerous articles on natural history, medicine and antiquities to thePhilosophical Transactions. He was the first arachnologist and conchologist, and provided an unprecedented picture of a seventeenth-century virtuoso. Lister is recognized for his discovery ofballooning spiders and as the father ofconchology, but it is less well known that he invented thehistogram, provided Newton with alloys, and donated the first significant natural history collections to theAshmolean Museum in Oxford. Just as Lister was the first to make a systematic study of spiders and their webs, this biography is the first to analyze the significant webs of knowledge, patronage, and familial and gender relationships that governed his life as a scientist and physician. His principal works wereHistoriae animalium Angliae tres tractatus (1678) which was the first organised, systematic publication on shells;[8]Historiae Conchyliorum (1685 1692), andConchyliorum Bivalvium (1696). As aconchologist he was held in high esteem, but while he recognised the similarity offossilmollusca to living forms, he regarded them as inorganic imitations produced in the rocks. Lister employed his daughters from an early age. His daughters,Anne Lister, andSusanna Lister were both credited as his illustrators and engravers.[1]
In 1683 he communicated to theRoyal Society (1684[9]), an ingenious proposal for a new sort of maps of countries; together with tables of sands and clays, such as are chiefly found in the north parts of England. In this essay he suggested the preparation of a soil or mineral map of the country, and thereby is justly credited with being the first to realise the importance of a geological survey.
Charles Lyell speaks of Lister in hisPrinciples of Geology as follows:
Dr. Plot, in his 'Natural History of Oxfordshire.' (1677) attributed to a 'plastic virtue latent in the earth' the origin of fossil shells and fishes; and Lister, to his accurate account of British shells, in 1678, added the fossil species, under the appellation ofturbinated and bivalve stones. 'Either,' said he, 'these were terriginous, or if otherwise, the animals they so exactly representhave become extinct. This writer appears to have been the first who was aware of the continuity over large districts of the principal groups of strata in the British series, and who proposed the construction of regular geological maps.[10]
He was a benefactor of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.[4] The ridgeDorsa Lister in theSea of Serenity on the Moon was named after him.
.png)
Before he died in 1712, Lister donated over a thousand books and manuscripts to the Ashmolean Museum,[11] most of which were medical and scientific works. In 1769 John Fothergill gifted the Ashmolean several volumes of Lister's letters and around 40 of his notebooks, which he had bought at auction.[12]
In 1858 the Trustees of the Museum offered a transfer of their written artefacts to the Bodleian, and in 1860 more than 3700 volumes were received by the Library.[11] Lister's books and manuscripts form almost a third of this initial collection, making him its second-most represented donor next to Elias Ashmole.[11] His series consists of c. 1260 volumes dating from the 16th to 18th centuries, their topics ranging through medicine, anatomy, natural philosophy, and botany, as well as into voyages and travel.[13]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lister, Martin".Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.