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Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)

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Rulers of northern India (c. 1206–1290)

For the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt, seeMamluk Sultanate.

Mamluk

مملوک

1206–1290

Flag of the Delhi Sultanate according to the contemporaryCatalan Atlas (c. 1375).[1]^[2]^[3]

Territory of the Delhi Mamluk Dynasty circa 1250.^[4]

Capital

Lahore(1206–1210)
Badayun(1210–1214)
Delhi(1214–1290)

^[5]

Common languages

Turkic(main)^[6]
Persian(administration)^[7]^[8]

Religion

Government

• 1206–1210

• 1287–1290

History

• Established

1206

• Disestablished

1290

Preceded by

Succeeded by

	Chahamanas of Shakambhari
	Tomara dynasty
	Ghurid Sultanate
	Sena dynasty
	Khalji dynasty of Bengal

Khalji dynasty

Today part of

Qutb Minaret

Minaret

Base with inscriptions

TheQutb Minar, started byQutb al-Din Aibak in 1199 and completed by his son-in-lawIltutmish in 1220, an example of the Mamluk dynasty's works. It is somewhat similar to the earlierMinaret of Jam inAfghanistan.

TheMamluk dynasty (lit. 'Slave dynasty'), or theMamluk Sultanate, is the historiographical name orumbrella term used to refer to the three dynasties ofMamluk origin who ruled theGhurid territories in India and subsequently, theSultanate of Delhi, from 1206 to 1290^[9]^[10]^[11] — the Qutbi dynasty (1206–1211), the first Ilbari or Shamsi dynasty (1211–1266) and the second Ilbari dynasty (1266–1290).^[12]

Before the establishment of the Mamluk dynasty,Qutb al-Din Aibak's tenure as aGhurid dynasty administrator lasted from 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led forays into theGangetic plain and established control over some of the new areas.^[13]^[14] The last ruler,Shamsuddin Kayumars, an infant, was murdered byJalal-ud-Din Khalji, a nobleman who then established theKhalji dynasty.

History

The Mamluk dynasty was founded byQutb ud-Din Aibak, aTurkic Mamluk slave-general of theGhurid Empire fromCentral Asia.Mamluks were soldiers of slave origins who had converted toIslam. The phenomenon started in the 9th century and gradually the Mamluks became a powerful military class in various Muslim societies. Mamluks held political and military power most notably inEgypt, but also in theLevant,Iraq, andIndia.

In 1206,Muhammad of Ghor, the Sultan of theGhurid Empire, was assassinated.^[15] Since he had no male heirs, his empire split into minor sultanates led by his former Mamluk generals.Taj-ud-Din Yildoz became the ruler ofGhazni,Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji gotBengal andNasir-ud-Din Qabacha became the sultan ofMultan.Qutb ud-Din Aibak became the sultan ofDelhi, establishing the Mamluk dynasty.^[16] However, his reign as theSultan of Delhi was short-lived with his death in 1210. His successorAram Shah rose to the throne, only to be assassinated byIltutmish in 1211.

The Sultanate under Iltutmish established cordial diplomatic contact with theAbbasid Caliphate between 1228–29 and had managed to keep India unaffected by the invasions ofGenghis Khan andhis successors.^[10] Following the death of Iltutmish in 1236 a series of weak rulers remained in power and a number of the noblemen gained autonomy over the provinces of the Sultanate. Power shifted hands fromRukn ud din Firuz toRazia Sultana untilGhiyas ud din Balban rose to the throne and successfully repelled both external threats to the Sultanate from theChagatai Khanate invasions and internal threats from the rebellious sultanate nobles.^[10]^[16]

At least until the end of the 13th century when they ruled the Mamluk Sultanate in India, the Ghurid Turks maintained their ethnical characteristics, continuing to use Turkish as their main language, rather than Persian, and persisting in their rude and bellicose ways as "men of the sword", in opposition to the Persian "men of the pen".^[8]

TheKhalji dynasty came into being whenJalal ud din Firuz Khalji overthrew the last of the Slave dynasty rulers,Muiz ud din Qaiqabad, the grandson of Balban, and assumed the throne at Delhi.^[17]

Sultans

Gold coin ofGhiyath al-Din 'Iwad, Governor ofBengal (AH 614–616 AD 1217–1220). Struck in the name ofShams al-Din Iltutmish, Sultan of Dehli.

The first Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty wasQutb ud-Din Aibak, who had the titular name ofSultan and reigned from 1206 to 1210. He temporarily quelled the rebellions ofNasir-ud-Din Qabacha ofMultan andTajuddin Yildoz ofGhazni.^[18] MakingLahore his capital, he consolidated his control over North India through an administrative hold overDelhi. He also initiated the construction of Delhi's earliest Muslim monuments, theQuwwat-ul-Islam mosque and theQutb Minar.^[18] In 1210, he died due to injuries received from an accident while playing a game ofpolo in Lahore; his horse fell and he was impaled on the pommel of his saddle. He was buried near theAnarkali Bazaar in Lahore.^[18]

The second Sultan wasAram Shah, who had the titular name ofSultan and reigned from 1210 to 1211. An elite group of forty nobles namedChihalgani (lit. 'the Forty') conspired against Aram Shah and invited Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, then Governor ofBadaun, to replace Aram. Iltutmish defeated Aram in the plain of Jud near Delhi in 1211. It is not quite certain what became of Aram.^[18]

The third Sultan was Shams-ud-dinIltutmish, who had the titular name ofNasir Amir-ul-Mu'minin and reigned from 1211 to 1236. He shifted the capital from Lahore to Delhi and trebled the exchequer.^[18] He defeated Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha of Multan and Tajuddin Yildoz of Ghazni, who had declared themselves contenders of Delhi.^[18] TheMongols encroached into India in pursuit of the lastKhwarazmshah Jalal-ud-din Mangabarni, who was defeated at theBattle of the Indus byGenghis Khan in 1221. After Genghis Khan's death, Iltutmish consolidated his hold on northern India by retaking many of the lost territories.Bengal, which had been held by the Turko-Afghan generalBakhtiyar Khilji and his successors of theKhalji dynasty of Bengal, was finally incorporated into the Delhi Sultanate in 1227.^[15]^[19] In 1230, Iltutmish built theHauz-i-Shamsi reservoir inMehrauli, and in 1231 he builtSultan Ghari, which was the first Islamic mausoleum inDelhi.^[18]

Tomb ofIltutmish (r. 1211–1236) in theQutub Minar complex.

The fourth Sultan wasRukn-ud-din Feroze, who had the titular name ofSultan and reigned from April 1236 to November 1236. He ruled for only seven months and his mother,Shah Turkan, for all practical purposes was running the government. He abandoned himself to the pursuit of personal pleasure and debauchery, to the considerable outrage of the citizenry. On 9 November 1236, both Rukn-ud-din Feroze and his mother Shah Turkan were assassinated by the Chihalgani.

The fifth Sultana wasRazia al-Din, who had the titular name ofJalâlat-ud-dîn Raziyâ Sultana and reigned from 1236 to 1240. As the first female Muslim ruler in India, she initially managed to impress the nobles and administratively handled the Sultanate well. However, she began associating with the AfricanJamal-ud-Din Yaqut, provoking racial antagonism amongst the nobles and clergy, who were primarily Central Asian Turkic and already resented the rule of a female monarch. She was defeated by the powerful noblemanMalik Altunia whom she agreed to marry. Her half-brotherMuiz-ud-din Bahram, however, usurped the throne with the help of the Chihalgani and defeated the combined forces of the Sultana and her husband. The couple fled and reachedKaithal, where their remaining forces abandoned them. They both fell into the hands ofJats and were robbed and killed on 14 October 1240.^[18]

The sixth Sultan wasMuiz-ud-din Bahram, who had the titular name ofSultan and reigned from 1240 to 15 May 1242. During his reign, the Chihalgani became disorderly and constantly bickered among each other. It was during this period of unrest that the Mongols invaded the Punjab and sacked Lahore. Muiz-ud-din Bahram was too weak to take any action against them, and the Chihalgani besieged him in the White Fort of Delhi and put him to death in 1242.^[18]

Mamluk dynasty (Delhi) is located in South Asia

SOOMRAS

CHUDASAMAS

PARAMARAS

CHANDELAS

NAGVANSIS

KAKATIYAS

CHODAS

South Asian polities, circa 1250 CE.^[20]

The seventh Sultan wasAla-ud-din Masud, who had the titular name ofSultan and reigned from 1242 to 1246. He was effectively a puppet for the Chihalgani and did not actually have much power or influence in the government. Instead, he became infamous for his fondness of entertainment and wine. By 1246, the chiefs had become upset with Ala-ud-din Masud's increasing hunger for more power and replaced him with his cousinNasiruddin Mahmud, who was another grandson of Iltutmish.^[18]

The eighth Sultan was Nasiruddin Mahmud, who had the titular name ofNasir-ud-din Feroze Shah and reigned from 1246 to 1266. As a ruler, Mahmud was known to be very religious, spending most of his time in prayer and was renowned for aiding the poor and the distressed. It was his Deputy Sultan,Ghiyath-ud-din Balban, who primarily dealt with state affairs.^[18]

The ninth Sultan wasGhiyath-ud-din Balban, who had the titular name ofSultan and reigned from 1266 to 1287. Balban ruled with an iron fist and broke up the Chihalgani group of noblemen. He tried to establish peace and order in India and built many outposts with garrisons of soldiers in areas where there had been disorder. Balban wanted to make sure everyone was loyal to the crown, so he established an efficient espionage system. He also fought against the Mongols and repelled many invasions by them. He lost his favourite son Prince Muhammad in theBattle of Beas River against the Mongols.^[18]

The tenth and final Sultan wasMuiz-ud-din Muhammad Qaiqabad, who had the titular name ofSultan and reigned from 1287 to 1290. Being still young at the time, he ignored all state affairs. After four years, he suffered a paralytic stroke and was later murdered in 1290 by aKhalji chief. His three-year-old son Kayumars nominally succeeded him, but the Slave dynasty had ended with the rise of the Khaljis.^[18]

Architecture

The architectural legacy of the dynasty includes:^[18]

Gandhak ki Baoli

Empty

Filled with water

TheGandhak Ki Baoli stepwell, built byIltutmish (r. 1211–1236).^[21]

Qutb ud-Din Aibak (1150–1210)

TheQutb Minar, built byQutb ud-Din Aibak, founder of the dynasty, in 1192 AD in theQutb complex inMehrauli,Delhi
TheQuwwat-ul-Islam ("Might of Islam") mosque, at theQutb complex in Delhi, started in 1193 CE byQutb-ud-din-Aibak to mark his victory over the Rajputs
The tomb of Qutb ud-Din Aybak, inAnarkali Bazaar inLahore

Iltutmish (r. 1211–1236)

TheHauz-i-Shamsi reservoir to the south of Qutb Minar, and themadrasa (school) around it, built by Iltutmish.
TheGandhak ki Baoli, astepwell for the Sufi saint,Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki.^[21]
The tomb ofIltutmish, secondSultan of Delhi (r. 1211–1236 AD), built 1235 CE, and part of theQutb Minar Complex in Mehrauli, New Delhi.
The Mausoleum of PrinceNasiru'd-Din Mahmud, eldest son ofIltumish, known asSultan Ghari nearVasant Kunj, built in 1231

Other rulers

Balban's tomb, in theMehrauli Archaeological Park.

TheQuwwat-ul-Islam ("Might of Islam") mosque, at theQutb complex in Delhi, started in 1193 CE byQutb-ud-din-Aibak to mark his victory over the Rajputs
Intricate stone carvings on thecloister columns at Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, Qutb complex, Delhi. These are recycled Hindu temple pillars displaying Hindu iconography.
TheAdhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque inAjmer was started in 1192 and completed in 1199 by Qutb al-Din Aibak.
Decoration inside the Marble Mehrab atSultan Ghari

Family tree

The first SultanQutbuddin Aibak (r. 1206-10) was succeeded by a certainAram Shah, who was then deposed byIltutmish, Aibak's son in law.

Descendents of Iltutumish

Iltutmish
(3)
r. 1211–1236

Nasiruddin Mahmud
(heir apparent, died
before his father)

Razia
(5)
r. 1236–1240

Firuz I
(4)
r. 1236

Bahram
(6)
r. 1240–1242

Mahmud I
(8)
r. 1246–1266

Masud Shah
(8)
r. 1242–1246

Iltutmish's descendents ruled until 1266, when Mahmud I's father-in-law and vizier,Ghiyasuddin Balban usurped the throne.

Descendents of Balban

Balban (9) r. 1266–1287



Bughra Khan (Sultan of Bengal)



Qaiqabad (10) r. 1287–1290



Kayumars (11) r. 1290

References

^Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to theCatalan Atlas ofc. 1375: inthe depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas
^Kadoi, Yuka (2010)."On the Timurid flag".Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie.2: 148.doi:10.29091/9783954909537/009.S2CID 263250872....helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555).
^Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the blackAbbasid flag, and the redGhurid flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion. "Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning the sultans had only two colours : on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left they carried their own colour, red, which was derived from Ghor. Qutb-u'd-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon." inQurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian (1942).The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi. Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143., also inJha, Sadan (8 January 2016).Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag. Cambridge University Press. p. 36.ISBN 978-1-107-11887-4., also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." inThapliyal, Uma Prasad (1938).The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 94.ISBN 978-81-7018-092-0.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (h).ISBN 0226742210.
^Vincent A Smith,The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911 atGoogle Books, Chapter 2, Oxford University Press
^Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019).India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. Penguin UK. pp. 48–49.ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7.
^"Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies – Archaeological Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Archived fromthe original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved14 November 2010.
^^a ^bEaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019).India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. Penguin UK. pp. 48–49.ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7.The ethnicity of Turkish slaves, the earliest generation of whom dated to the Ghurid invasions of India, survived well into the thirteenth century. For a time, even Persian-speaking secretaries had to master Turkish in order to function. There persisted, more-over, deep cultural tensions between native Persian-speakers – whether from Iran, Khurasan or Central Asia – and ethnic Turks. Nizam al-Din Auliya (d. 1325), Delhi's renowned Sufi shaikh, characterized Turks as rude, bellicose and vain, reflecting a view, prevalent among many native Persians of the day, that Turks were uncultured boors who had illegitimately monopolized power and privilege. Such animosities were amplified by the asymmetrical power relations between ethnic Turks and Persians, often depicted in the literature as 'men of the sword' and 'men of the pen' respectively.
^Walsh, pp. 68-70
^^a ^b ^cAnzalone, p. 100
^Sen, Sailendra (2013).A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 72–80.ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
^Jaswant Lal Mehta (1979).Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. p. 87.ISBN 978-81-207-0617-0.they actually belonged to three distinct ruling houses-the Qutbi dynasty (1206-11) founded by Qutubuddin Aibek, the first ilbari or shamsi dynasty (1211-66), known after Shamsuddin Iltutmish, and the second Ilbari dynasty (1266-90), founded by Ghiasuddin Balban.
^Sisirkumar Mitra 1977, pp. 123–126.
^Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019).India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. Penguin UK. pp. 39–45.ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7.
^^a ^bNafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003).Islam at War: A History. Praeger Publishers. p. 56.ISBN 9780275981013.
^^a ^bWalsh, p. 70
^Anzalone, p. 101
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿEaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019).India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. Penguin UK. pp. 45–57.ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7.
^Satish Chandra (2004).Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 43–44.ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
^Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147.ISBN 0226742210.
^^a ^bSmith, Ronald Vivian (2005).The Delhi that No-one Knows. Orient Blackswan. p. 12.ISBN 978-81-8028-020-7.

Sources

Anzalone, Christopher (2008). "Delhi Sultanate". In Ackermann, M. E. etc (ed.).Encyclopedia of World History. Vol. 2. Facts on File. pp. 100–101.ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4.
Walsh, J. E. (2006).A Brief History of India. Facts on File.ISBN 0-8160-5658-7.
Dynastic Chart The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 2,p. 368.
Sisirkumar Mitra (1977).The Early Rulers of Khajurāho. Motilal Banarsidass.ISBN 9788120819979.