 .jpg) Top: Fried and unfriedlumpia Semarang fromIndonesia Bottom: Freshlumpiang ubod made withheart of palm from thePhilippines | |
| Alternative names | Loempia, loenpia, ngohyong |
|---|---|
| Course | Main course orsnack |
| Place of origin | Indonesia Philippines |
| Region or state | Indonesia, Philippines, Netherlands, Belgium, and Suriname |
| Serving temperature | hot or room temperature |
| Main ingredients | Wrapper, meat, vegetables |
| Variations | Fried or fresh |
Lumpia(in Indonesian and Filipino) are various types ofspring rolls commonly found inIndonesian[1] andFilipino cuisines.[2] Lumpia are made of thin paper-like orcrêpe-like pastry skin called "lumpia wrapper" enveloping savory or sweet fillings.[3] It is often served as anappetizer orsnack, and might be serveddeep-fried or fresh (unfried). Lumpia are Indonesian and Filipino adaptations of theFujianeselūn-piáⁿ (潤餅) andTeochewpopiah (薄餅), usually consumed duringQingming Festival.[4][5]
In Indonesia, lumpia is a favorite snack,[6] and is known as astreet hawker food in the country.[7] Lumpia was introduced byChinese settlers toIndonesia during colonial times possibly in the 19th century.[8]
In the Philippines, lumpia is one of the most common dishes served in gatherings and celebrations.[9]
In theNetherlands andBelgium, it is spelledloempia, the oldIndonesianspelling, which has also become the generic name for "spring roll" inDutch.[6]
The namelumpia(in Indonesian and Filipino), sometimes spelled aslunpia, was derived fromHokkien spelling /lun˩piã˥˧/ (潤餅,POJ: lūn-piáⁿ),lun (潤,POJ: lūn) means "wet/moist/soft", whilepia (餅,POJ: piáⁿ) means "cake/pastry", thuslun-pia means "soft cake".[10] It is referred to asrùnbǐng (潤餅) orbáobǐng, bóbǐng (薄餅) inMandarin, and also asbópíjuǎn (薄皮卷).
In neighboringMalaysia and Singapore, lumpia is known in its variant name aspopiah, from theChaoshan dialect pronounced as /poʔ˩piã˥˧/ (薄餅,Peng'im: boh⁸ bian²),[11] which means "thin wafer."
Lumpia was introduced byChinese settlers ofFujian origin to theDutch East Indies, possibly in the 19th century.[8] It was derived fromFujianeserùnbǐng, thus lumpia was derived fromHokkien dialectlunpia.
According to local tradition circulated inSemarang,Central Java, lumpia was introduced by a Chinese settler named Tjoa Thay Yoe, a migrant from China who settled in Semarang by the end of the 19th century. At that time, Tjoa was selling a variety of foods made frompork and alsobamboo shoots at Pasar Johar, Semarang. It was then that he met Wasih, a native Javanese woman food vendor who sold food made from shrimp and potato. Thay Yoe and Wasih eventually got married, and subsequently they created and sold food together by removing the pork element to cater for local consumers that mostly are Muslims. The food that was created was lumpia Semarang which is known to this day. The couple then had a daughter named Tjoa Po Nio, who continued her parents' business by selling lumpia Semarang spring rolls.[8]
Chinese influence is evident inIndonesian cuisine, such asbakmi,mie ayam,pangsit,mie goreng,kwetiau goreng,nasi goreng,bakso, and lumpia.[12] Throughout the country, spring rolls are generally called lumpia; however, sometimes an old Chinese Indonesian spelling is used:loen pia.[10]
In Indonesia lumpia is associated withChinese Indonesian cuisine and commonly found in cities where significantChinese Indonesian settles. Although some local variants exist and the filling ingredients may vary, the most popular variant isLumpia Semarang, available in fried or unfried variants. In Indonesia, lumpia variants usually named after the city where the recipe originates, withSemarang as the most famous variant. It represents creativity and the localisation of lumpia recipes according to locally available ingredients and local tastes.[10]
Unlike its Philippines counterpart, Indonesian lumpia rarely uses minced pork as a filling. This was meant to cater to the largerMuslim clientele, thus popular fillings are usually chicken, shrimp, egg and vegetables. Indonesian lumpia is commonly filled with seasoned choppedrebung (bamboo shoots) with minced chicken or prawns, served with fresh babyshallots orleeks in sweettauco (fermented soy) based sauce. In addition to being made at home, lumpia is also offered as street food sold by traveling vendor on carts, sold in foodstalls specializing onLumpia Semarang, or sold in traditional marketplaces as part ofkue (Indonesian traditional snack) orjajan pasar (market munchies). Simpler and cheaper lumpia is sold as part ofgorengan (Indonesian fritters). Indonesians are noted for their fondness of hot and spicy food, and therefore spicy hotsambal chili sauce or fresh bird's eye chili are usually added as a dipping sauce or condiment.
Named after the capital city ofCentral Java in Indonesia,Semarang, where significantChinese Indonesian have settled,lumpia Semarang is perhaps the most popular lumpia variant in Indonesia. It has become associated with the city, and the spring rolls are often sought by the visitors in Semarang as food gift or souvenir. Originally made by Chinese immigrants, this lumpia is filled withbamboo shoots,dried shrimp, chicken, and/or prawns. It is served with a sweet chili sauce made from dried shrimp (optional), coconut sugar, red chili peppers, bird's eye chili peppers, ground white pepper, tapioca starch, water, and baby shallots. Lumpia Semarang is served either deep-fried or unfried, as the filling is already cooked.[7] Other variants oflumpia Semarang is filled with goat or crab meat.[13]
Named after Indonesian capital city,Jakarta, this lumpia is usually deep-fried and sold as agorengan fritter snack. Unlike the popular Semarang lumpia that usesrebung or bamboo shoots, Jakarta lumpia usesbengkuang or jicama, and is served with the typical Indonesiansambal kacang or spicypeanut sauce as a dipping sauce.[10]
Named afterBogor, a city in West Java, this lumpia filling is similar to the Jakarta lumpia variant; it uses jicama, as well as tofu andebi dried shrimp. Unlike in other regions, where lumpia are usually served fried, Bogor lumpia are usually grilled on a hot iron, giving it a distinctive aroma. In addition, Bogor lumpia is usually shaped in a pillow-shaped rectangle and quite large in size.[10]
Named after the city ofBandung in West Java, it is a variant oflumpia basah or fresh and wet lumpia that is not deep-fried. However, unlike the common elongated shape, lumpia Bandung is not served inspring roll form, but the lumpia skin is spread, topped with fillings, stacked and folded square just like an envelope. Unlike the Semarang style lumpia, which uses bamboo shoots and minced chicken, Bandung style lumpia uses juliennedjicama,beansprout, scallion, garlic, chili, and scrambled egg as fillings, and is served withpalm sugar sauce.[14]
Named after the city ofSurabaya in East Java, where this lumpia was originally made. It is made of mostly the same ingredients of lumpia semarang, but much less sweet in taste.[15] Lumpia Surabaya might use bamboo shoots, corn, or slices ofsausages as fillings, and is served with sambal chili sauce andtauco fermented soybean paste as dipping sauce.[16]
AlthoughYogyakarta is quite close to Semarang city, Yogyakarta also has a different type of lumpia. The typical lumpia of Yogyakarta usually contain jicama, bean sprouts, carrots, and minced chicken meat. Boiledquail eggs and glass noodles are sometimes added as fillings as well. 'Yogya lumpia' is usually served withacar pickles, chilies, and toppings made from crushed garlic and jicama. The generous use of garlic and pickles as garnish is meant to refresh and neutralize the otherwise oiliness of the deep-fried lumpia.[10]
Originating fromMedan city of North Sumatra, this lumpia version is more akin topopiah of neighboringMalaysia and Singapore. Thus, in Medan, lumpia is more commonly referred to as popiah. Medan popiah or lumpia is a large fresh unfried spring roll, consumed not as a snack, but as a main meal. This is because Medan lumpias are made in large sizes with rich fillings, including bamboo shoots, scrambled eggs, peanuts, shrimp, crabs, and more.[10]
Lumpia goreng is a simple fried spring roll filled with vegetables; the spring roll wrappers are filled with chopped carrots cut into matchstick-size, shredded cabbage, and sometimes mushrooms. Although usually filled only with vegetables, the fried spring rolls might be enriched with minced beef, chicken, or prawns.[17] There is also a common, cheap and simple variant of fried lumpia, eaten not as a single dish but as part of assortedgorengan (Indonesian fritters) snack, sold together with fried batteredtempeh, tofu,oncom, sweet potato and cassava. It is only filled withbihun (rice vermicelli) with chopped carrots and cabbages, and is usually eaten with fresh bird's eye chili pepper. The sliced lumpia goreng is also the ingredient ofsoto mie (noodlesoto).
It literally means "wet spring roll", or often translated as "fresh spring roll" which means spring roll without frying. It is similar to theVietnamese spring roll with bean sprouts, carrots, shrimp and/or chicken, and served with sweettauco (another Hokkien word for salted soybeans) sauce.[18]
This popular appetizer in Indonesia ischicken lumpia, with fillings including shredded chicken, sliced carrot, onion and garlic; and seasoned with sugar, salt and pepper.[19] InYogyakarta, there is a popular chicken lumpia variant calledLumpia Mutiara, sold in front of Mutiara Hotel inMalioboro street.[20]
Vegetarian lumpia, usually filled withglass noodles, shredded cabbage, lettuce, julienned carrots, minced garlic and celery, seasoned with soy sauce and sweet chili sauce.[21] Most of cheaper lumpia sold as part of Indonesiangorengan (fritters) arelumpia sayur or vegetables lumpia, that contains only bits of carrots andbihun rice glass noodles.
The namelumpia mercon (lit. firecracker lumpia) implies that this lumpia is extra hot and spicy, filled with slices ofcabe rawit orbird's eye chili, a small type of chili that is very spicy and much hotter than a common jalapeño. This lumpia demonstrates the Indonesian fondness for extra hot and spicy food.[22]
This is a bite size smaller lumpia snack, a skin pastry crepe the same as with common lumpia; however, it is filled only withabon (beef floss) orebi (dried prawn floss).[23]
Lumpia duleg, also known aslumpia delanggu orsosis kecut (sour sausages) is a simple and cheap lumpia snack from Delanggu subdistrict,Klaten Regency, Central Java, a town located between Yogyakarta and Semarang. It is a small finger-sized lumpia filled withmung bean sprouts (tauge) with slightly sour flavour.[24][25]
Another vegetarian lumpia in Indonesia islumpia tahu ortofu lumpia. It is filled with tofu and diced carrot, lightly seasoned, and deep-fried. Usually, its size is smaller than common lumpia, and consumed as a snack. Sometimes beaten egg and chopped scallion might be added to the filling mixture.[26]
This simple and cheap street food is a popular snack among Indonesian school children.Lumpia telur is anegg lumpia, which is lumpia skin placed upon a hot flat pan, topped with beaten egg and chopped scallion, folded, and fried with cooking oil. Sometimes slices of sausages are added. The shape is not cylindrical like a common spring roll, but rather a flat half-circle, drizzled withkecap manis sweet soy sauce and chilisambal. It is often regarded as a hybrid between lumpia and eggmartabak.[27]
Lumpia with filling made ofjantung pisang (lit. banana's heart) which refer tobanana blossom bud, mixed with eggs, seasoned with shallot, garlic, turmeric and pepper, served in hot sambal chili sauce.[28]
Lumpia pisang or abbreviated aslumpis is asale pisang, a processed banana made by drying and smoking processes and dried in the sun, wrapped inlumpia wrapper.
Seafood lumpia, filled withshrimp, diced carrots, scallions, garlic andmayonnaise.[29] Actually, the popularity of mayonnaise-filled snack was started by another Indonesian popular snack calledrisole. Risole is quite similar to lumpia, with the difference in skin texture – in which risoles' skin is thicker, softer, andbreaded. This novelty risole recipe with mayo flavor then spin-off using lumpia skin to become a new lumpia variant.
Piscok is an abbreviation ofpisang cokelat (banana chocolate inIndonesian).[30] It is a sweet snack made of pieces of banana with chocolate syrup, wrapped inside lumpia skin and beingdeep fried.[31] Pisang cokelat is often simply described as "choco bananaspring rolls".[30] It is often regarded as a hybrid between another Indonesian favourites;pisang goreng (fried banana) and lumpia (spring roll).
The type of banana being used is similar to pisang goreng; preferablypisang uli,pisang kepok orpisang raja sereh.[32] Pisang cokelat is almost identical to Philippinesturon, except in this Indonesian version chocolate content is a must.
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The much smaller and drier lumpia with similar beef or prawn floss filling is calledsumpia. Its diameter is about the same as human finger. In Indonesia, the most common filling for sumpia isebi ordried shrimp floss, spiced withcoriander, lemon leaf, garlic andshallot.[33] These miniature lumpias aredeep fried in ample ofpalm oil until golden brown and crispy. Sumpia has a more crunchy and drier texture and is often consumed as a savorykue snack.
Lumpia was introduced to the Philippines by earlyHokkien immigrants fromFujian. The name is derived from Hokkien: "lun" means wet, moist, or soft, and "pia" means cake or pastry. They have been thoroughly nativized to Philippine cuisine and are found throughout the islands. They use various fillings inspired by local ingredients and dishes, and the later cuisines of Spain, China, and the United States.[34][35][36]
Filipino lumpia can be differentiated from other Asian spring roll versions in that they use a paper-thin wrapper made from just flour, water, and salt. They were also traditionally slender and long, with a shape roughly similar to that of cigars orcigarillos, though modern versions can come in various shapes and sizes. The thinness of the crêpe and the shape of the lumpia give them a relatively denser wrapping that nevertheless remains flaky and light in texture. They are also traditionally dipped inagre dulce (sweet and sour sauce), vinegar-based sauces,banana ketchup, orsweet chili sauce. Fresh lumpia, however, have wrappers that are morecrêpe-like and thicker due to the addition of eggs (though still thinner than other Asian versions). They are closer in texture to the original Chinese versions and were traditionally made with rice flour which makes them chewier. Various kinds of lumpia, fried or fresh, are ubiquitous in Filipino celebrations like fiestas orChristmas.[34][35][36]
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Filipino lumpia also have a unique and extremely popular dessert subcategory, theturón. These lumpia variants are either cooked with a glazing ofcaramelized sugar, sprinkled with granular sugar, or drizzled inlatík (coconut caramel), a syrup, or honey.Turón are traditionally filled with ripesaba bananas andjackfruit, but they can also be made with a wide variety of other sweet fillings, fromsweet potato toube.[37][36]
Another dessertlumpia,Daral (calledBalolon among theMaranao) originates from theTausūg people inMindanao. The wrapper is made from unsweetened, groundglutinous rice andcoconut milk (galapóng), and is filled with sweetened coconut meat (hinti).[38][39]
Dinamita or "dynamite lumpia" is a deep-fried variant stuffed with a wholechili pepper wrapped in a thin eggcrêpe. The stuffing is usuallyginiling (ground beef orpork), cheese, and spices, but it can also be adapted to use a wide variety of other ingredients, includingtocino,hamón,bacon, and shredded chicken. It is commonly eaten as anappetizer or as a companion to beer.[40][41]
A type of lumpia filled with shredded meat that has been cookedadobo style.[42]
Lumpiang gulay ("vegetable spring roll") usually consists of various chopped vegetables and a small amount of pork or shrimp. The types of vegetables can vary greatly, and is a fried version.[43] It is not vegetarian by default, butvegan andvegetarian versions can be made from the basic recipe.[44]
Lumpiang hubád ("naked spring roll") islumpiang sariwà (fresh lumpia) served without the crêpe wrapping. The lack of a wrapper technically does not make lumpia, but is an alternative way of serving fresh lumpia's traditional fillings.
Lumpiang isdâ ("fish lumpia") is filled primarily withfish flakes and fried. It is also known aslumpiang galunggóng (blackfin scad),lumpiang bangús (milkfish),lumpiang tulingán (yellowfin tuna), etc., depending on the type of fish used.[45][46][47][48] A common version of this combines fish flakes withmalunggay (moringa) leaves.[42]
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Lumpiang keso, more commonly known as "cheese lumpia" or "cheese sticks", is deep-fried lumpia with a slice of cheese (oftencheddar) as filling. It is usually served with a dipping sauce made ofbanana ketchup andmayonnaise.[49]
Lumpiang labóng is similar tolumpiang ubód but is made withlabóng (bamboo shoot), rather than heart of palm, making it more like the Indonesianlumpia rebung. It can be eaten fresh or fried.[50][51]
Lumpiang prito ("fried spring roll"), is the generic name for a subclass of lumpia that is fried. It usually refers tolumpiang gulay orlumpiang togue. They can come in sizes as small aslumpiang shanghai or as big aslumpiang sariwà. It is usually eaten with vinegar and chili peppers, or a mixture ofsoy sauce andcalamansi juice known astoyomansî.
_lumpiang_sariwa_(Bohol).jpg)
Lumpiang sariwà (Tagalog: "fresh spring roll") or "fresh lumpia", consists of minced vegetables and/or various pre-cooked meat or seafood andjicama (singkamás) as an extender, encased in a double wrapping of lettuce leaf and a yellowish eggcrêpe. An egg is often used as a binding agent for the wrap. The accompanying sauce is made from chicken or pork stock, astarch mixture, crushed and roasted peanuts, and fresh garlic. This variety is not fried and is usually around five centimeters in diameter and 15 centimeters in length. It is derived from the original Chinesepopiah.
Lumpiang Shanghai is regarded as the most widespread type of lumpia and the most commonly served in Filipino gatherings. It is characteristically filled with sautéed ground pork, minced onion, carrots, and spices, with the mixture sometimes held together bybeaten egg. It has numerous variants that contain other ingredients likegreen peas,kintsáy (Chinese parsley) or raisins.Lumpiang Shanghai is commonly served withagre dulce, butketchup (tomato orbanana) and vinegar are popular alternatives. This variant is typically smaller than other lumpia. Despite the name, it did not originate from Shanghai or China.[52][53][54]
Lumpiang singkamás is similar tolumpiang ubod, but it is made primarily withjulienned strips ofjicama rather than heart of palm. It can be eaten fresh or fried.[55]
This version oflumpiang gulay is filled primarily withbean sprouts (togue) and various other vegetables such as string beans and carrots. Small morsels of meat, seafood, or tofu may be added. Though it is the least expensive of the variants, the preparation the cutting of vegetables and meats into small pieces and pre-cooking these can be taxing and labor-intensive. It is a fried version.[56]
Lumpiang ubód is a variation made ofjuliennedubód (heart of the coconut tree) as the main ingredient. They can be fried or served aslumpiang sariwà. It originates fromSilay,Negros Occidental, where a variant,lumpiang Silay, is still popular.
A type of lumpia where the filling consists ofpancit, a popular Filipino noodle dish. Most likely created from theturo-turo orkarinderias that have leftover pancit, often thesótanghon (mung bean noodle) orbihon (rice noodle varieties, as fillers within the lumpia.[57]
Ngohiong is a variant of lumpia distinctively seasoned withfive-spice powder. It is derived from theHokkien dishngo hiang (kikiám in the Philippines, a type ofChinese sausage) and originated inCebu City.[58]
Turón, also known aslumpiang saging, bananalumpia, or banana rolls, is a golden-brown snack that is usually made of slicedsaba bananas and jackfruit or cheese in a lumpia wrapper, sprinkled with brown sugar, and deep-fried. It is sometimes paired with ice cream or pancake syrup.[59] This snack is sold in the streets of most cities in the country alongsidemaruya,banana cue, andcamote cue. Different variants have emerged using different ingredients: such asmanggáng turón (mango),kamote turon (sweet potato),turón de maní (peanut), chocolateturón, andube turon orturón halayá (mashed purple yam).[60][61]
In the Netherlands, lumpia is calledloempia, an old Indonesian spelling. It was introduced to the Netherlands through itsformer colonization of Indonesia. In the Netherlands,loempia is described as a large Indonesian version of Chinese spring rolls, stuffed with minced meat, bean sprouts, and cabbage leaves, and flavored with soy sauce, garlic, and green onion.[6] Loempia is one of the popular snacks sold in the Dutch snack bars oreetcafé.
Filipino lumpia wrappers generally come in two variants. The most common variant used mostly for fried lumpia is made from just flour, water, salt, and optionallycornstarch. This type of wrapper is characteristically paper-thin, much thinner than other spring roll wrappers. The ingredients are mixed into a wet dough, then left to sit for a few hours before cooking. A ball of dough is taken with one hand and smeared into a heated large flat metal plate greased with oil until a very thin circular film of it adheres to the pan and fries. It is cooked for a few seconds then quickly taken out and left to dry.[62][63]
For "fresh" (non-fried) lumpia, the wrappers are usually made with egg in addition to the other basic ingredients (and it may userice flour). This essentially turns it into a thin eggcrêpe. It is still thinner than other spring roll variants, but much thicker and softer than variants made from just flour and water.[62]
In modern mass production, Filipino lumpia wrappers are generally made by automated assembly-line machines similar to those used to make spring roll wrappers, differing only in the recipe and the thickness of the wrapper. It uses a revolving drum.[64]
Vegan versions of the wrapper exclude eggs, and is instead just made with flour, salt, and water, which results in a thinner translucent wrap. These are also sealed with water, not an egg wash.[65][66]
Lumpia have such enduring popularity that one can see at least one variant in almost any set of Filipino or Indonesian festivities. Despite being an adaptation of a Chinese dish, in the United States, lumpia is associated with Filipino cuisine, while in Europe, especially in theNetherlands, it is associated with Indonesian cuisine, owed to their shared colonial links. The distinct taste and ease of preparation (the Shanghai variant at least) have caused lumpia to be one of the staple food products on the menus of many Filipino restaurants in the United States and around the world.[67]
Lumpia Indonesian spring rolls.
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