London Borough of Enfield | |
|---|---|
 A view of Enfield from Vicarage Farm | |
 Council logo | |
| Motto: By Industry Ever Stronger | |
 Enfield shown withinGreater London | |
| Coordinates:51°38′42″N0°03′36″W / 51.645°N 0.060°W /51.645; -0.060 | |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Constituent country | England |
| Region | London |
| Ceremonial county | Greater London |
| Created | 1 April 1965 |
| Admin HQ | Civic Centre,Enfield Town |
| Government | |
| • Type | London borough council |
| • Body | Enfield London Borough Council |
| • London Assembly | Joanne McCartney AM forEnfield and Haringey |
| • MPs |
|
| Area | |
• Total | 31.74 sq mi (82.20 km2) |
| • Rank | 213th(of 296) |
| Population (2022) | |
• Total | 327,224 |
| • Rank | 35th(of 296) |
| • Density | 10,000/sq mi (4,000/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC (GMT) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (BST) |
| Postcodes | |
| Area codes | 01992,020 |
| ISO 3166 code | GB-ENF |
| ONS code | 00AK |
| GSS code | E09000010 |
| Police | Metropolitan Police |
| Website | new.enfield.gov.uk |
| The main towns in the borough areEdmonton,Enfield Town, andSouthgate. | |
TheLondon Borough of Enfield (pronunciationⓘ) is aLondon borough in Greater London, England. The main communities in the borough areEdmonton,Enfield,Southgate andPalmers Green. Enfield is anOuter London borough and forms part ofNorth London, being the northernmost borough and borderingHertfordshire to the north andEssex to the northeast. The local authority isEnfield London Borough Council, based atEnfield Civic Centre. The borough's population is estimated to be 333,794.
It borders the London boroughs ofBarnet to the west,Haringey to the south, andWaltham Forest to the southeast. To the north are the districts ofHertsmere,Welwyn Hatfield andBroxbourne (inHertfordshire), and to the east isEpping Forest District in Essex.
Enfield was recorded inDomesday Book in 1086 asEnefelde, and asEinefeld in 1214,Enfeld in 1293, andEnfild in 1564: that is 'open land of a man called Ēana', or 'where lambs are reared', from theOld Englishfeld with an Old English personal name or with Old Englishēan 'lamb'. Thefeld would have been a reference to an area cleared of trees within woodland that would later become known asEnfield Chase.[1]
InRoman times, Enfield was connected toLondinium byErmine Street, the greatRoman road which stretched all the way up toYork. Artefacts found in the early 1900s reveal that there were Roman settlements in the areas that are now Edmonton and Bush Hill Park.
In 790 KingOffa of Mercia was recorded as giving the lands of Edmonton toSt AlbansAbbey. The area became strategically important asEast Anglia was taken over by theDanes. In the 890s strongholds were built by men loyal toKing Alfred the Great, in order to keep the Danes to the east of theRiver Lea.
After theNorman Conquest, both Enfield and Edmonton were mentioned inDomesday Book. Both had churches, and Enfield had 400 inhabitants, Edmonton 300. Enfield is also described as having a "parc". This parc—a heavily forested area for hunting—was key to Enfield's existence in theMiddle Ages (seeEnfield Old Park). Wealthy Londoners came to Enfield first to hunt, and then to build houses in the green, wooded surroundings. In 1303,Edward I of England granted Enfield acharter to hold a weeklymarket, which has continued up to this day. The old market cross was removed in the early 20th century to make way for a monument to the coronation of KingEdward VII, but was preserved by the horticulturalistE. A. Bowles for his garden at nearby Myddelton House, where it remains today.[2]
Enfield Grammar School with its Tudor Old Hall stands next to the Enfield Town Market Place and St. Andrew's Church, the school having been extended several times since 1586. A new hall and further additions were completed shortly before World War II.[3]
Nearby historically was the palace ofEdward VI, whereElizabeth I lived while a princess, including during the final illness ofHenry VIII. Edward was taken there to join her, so that in the company of his sister,Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford could break the news to Edward, formally announcing the death of their royal father in the presence chamber at Enfield, on his knees to make formal obeisance to the boy as King.[4] Later Elizabeth held court there when she was queen (this was remembered in the name Palace Gardens that was a street running behindPearsons department store and is still recalled in the name of Enfield's shopping centre).[5]
Enfield has a history ofarmaments manufacture—seeRoyal Small Arms Factory. TheLee–Enfield .303 rifle was standard issue for theBritish Army until 1957, although its usage carried on afterwards for some time. Other firearmsmanufactured there include theBren andSten machine guns—the "en" in both cases denoting the place of manufacture.
The world's first solid state circuitrycolour televisions were manufactured byFerguson at their now closed plant in Enfield.
The first mass-produceddishwasher was manufactured inHotpoint's now closed Enfield plant.
TheBarclays Bank branch in Enfield was the first place in the world to have anATM or cash machine; it was officially opened in June 1967 byReg Varney, a television actor and personality most famous for his lead role in the comedy seriesOn the Buses. This historical event was marked by a silver plaque on the wall of the bank, and later by anEnglish HeritageBlue plaque.
A fine example of agrade II listedart deco factory building can be found along Southbury Road, with the formerRipaults Factory,[6] now an office building forTravis Perkins.
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The area of the modern borough broadly corresponds to the twoancient parishes of Enfield and Edmonton, and was historically part of the county ofMiddlesex. Both parishes were madelocal board districts in 1850, each with an elected board overseeing public health and responsible for the provision of infrastructure.[7] The Edmonton district was divided in 1881, when its western part was made a separate district called Southgate. Such districts were reconstituted asurban districts under theLocal Government Act 1894.[8]
Each of the three urban districts was later raised to the status of amunicipal borough:Southgate in 1933,[9]Edmonton in 1937,[10] andEnfield in 1955.[11]
The modern borough was created in 1965 under theLondon Government Act 1963, covering the combined area of the former boroughs of Enfield, Edmonton and Southgate, which were all abolished at the same time. The area was transferred from Middlesex to Greater London to become one of the 32 London Boroughs.[12]
Thearmorial bearings of these three boroughs were also merged. Theheraldic beast on the shield of theEnfield coat of arms is known inheraldry as an "Enfield" (or colloquially as the Enfield beast), and is used extensively as a logo representing Enfield, particularly by the borough council.
The borough'sCivic Centre is in Silver Street,Enfield Town, and is home to the council. Enfield Town is also home to the local credit union,North London Credit Union.
In 2007,Enfield Town centre completed a major redevelopment project under the name PalaceXchange while retaining the Palace Gardens Shopping Centre. An extension was added to the existing retail area with many new shops, and a secondmulti-storey car park was built along with a new road layout.
A major redevelopment ofEdmonton Green including the shopping centre, and adjacent municipal housing over a wide area, started in 1999. This is still on-going, and provides new housing, health facilities, a new leisure centre, a supermarket, and many other civic features.
Many local activities are located around theA10 road, on the sites of former industrial enterprises, which has a number of large retail outlets and a large multiplexCineworld cinema. The cinema also hosts Jubilee Church on a Sunday morning; whilst cinemagoers continue to watch films in the other screens, acharismatic church which draws its worshippers from a wide area, hiring several auditoria for worship.[citation needed]
The western part of Enfield is largely residential, with shopping centres inSouthgate,Palmers Green andCockfosters.
Parts of Enfield experiencedrioting in August 2011, in which a private car and a van were set alight and completely destroyed, a police car vandalised (smashed windows) and a number of shops in Enfield Town Centre as well as others in the Enfield Retail Park being broken into and looted. The Sony Distribution Centre in the Innova Business Park, near Waltham Cross, was burnt to the ground. In September 2012, a year after the attack, a rebuilt Sony Distribution Centre was opened by the prime minister, David Cameron.[13]
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The local authority is Enfield Council, based at theCivic Centre on Silver Street in Enfield. The council has been controlled by a Labour Party majority since 2010.
Since 2000, for elections to theLondon Assembly, the borough forms part of theEnfield and Haringey constituency.
The borough has three members of parliament (MPs) representing Enfield North, Edmonton and Winchmore Hill and Southgate and Wood Green constituencies. The latter is a cross-borough constituency with neighbouring Haringey.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 10,789 | — |
| 1811 | 13,249 | +22.8% |
| 1821 | 15,876 | +19.8% |
| 1831 | 16,745 | +5.5% |
| 1841 | 18,111 | +8.2% |
| 1851 | 18,854 | +4.1% |
| 1861 | 26,819 | +42.2% |
| 1871 | 34,784 | +29.7% |
| 1881 | 42,750 | +22.9% |
| 1891 | 68,557 | +60.4% |
| 1901 | 103,049 | +50.3% |
| 1911 | 154,907 | +50.3% |
| 1921 | 177,309 | +14.5% |
| 1931 | 202,969 | +14.5% |
| 1941 | 243,489 | +20.0% |
| 1951 | 292,100 | +20.0% |
| 1961 | 279,907 | −4.2% |
| 1971 | 268,239 | −4.2% |
| 1981 | 257,169 | −4.1% |
| 1991 | 263,096 | +2.3% |
| 2001 | 273,563 | +4.0% |
| 2011 | 312,466 | +14.2% |
| Source:A Vision of Britain through time, citing Census population | ||
| Ethnic Group | Year | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 estimations[15] | 1981 estimations[16] | 1991 census[16][17] | 2001 census[18] | 2011 census[19] | 2021 census[20] | |||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| White: Total | – | 94.6% | 243,578 | 92.1% | 225,590 | 85.7% | 210,949 | 77.1% | 190,640 | 61.0% | 171,884 | 52.1% |
| White:British | – | – | – | – | – | – | 167,394 | 61.2% | 126,450 | 40.5% | 103,140 | 31.3% |
| White:Irish | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,398 | 3.1% | 6,899 | 2.2% | 5,969 | 1.8% |
| White:Gypsy or Irish Traveller | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 344 | 0.1% | 374 | 0.1% |
| White: Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,121 | 0.3% |
| White:Other | – | – | – | – | – | – | 35,157 | 12.8% | 56,947 | 18.2% | 61,280 | 18.6% |
| Asian or Asian British: Total | – | – | 8,923 | 3.4% | 17,428 | 6.6% | 23,260 | 8.5% | 34,893 | 11.1% | 40,058 | 11.5% |
| Asian or Asian British:Indian | – | – | 5,244 | 2% | 9,390 | 10,887 | 4.0% | 11,648 | 3.7% | 11,870 | 3.6% | |
| Asian or Asian British:Pakistani | – | – | 638 | 1,083 | 1,717 | 0.6% | 2,594 | 0.8% | 3,674 | 1.1% | ||
| Asian or Asian British:Bangladeshi | – | – | 981 | 2,194 | 3,524 | 1.3% | 5,599 | 1.8% | 8,123 | 2.5% | ||
| Asian or Asian British:Chinese | – | – | 696 | 1,179 | 2,011 | 0.7% | 2,588 | 0.8% | 2,691 | 0.8% | ||
| Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | – | – | 1,364 | 3,582 | 5,121 | 1.9% | 12,464 | 4.0% | 11,615 | 3.5% | ||
| Black or Black British: Total | – | – | 9,778 | 3.7% | 16,488 | 6.3% | 28,591 | 10.4% | 53,687 | 17.1% | 60,512 | 18.2% |
| Black or Black British:African | – | – | 2,280 | 4,281 | 11,884 | 4.3% | 28,222 | 9.0% | 36,463 | 11.0% | ||
| Black or Black British:Caribbean | – | – | 5,854 | 2.2% | 9,730 | 3.7% | 14,590 | 5.3% | 17,334 | 5.5% | 16,990 | 5.1% |
| Black or Black British:Other Black | – | – | 1,644 | 2,477 | 2,117 | 0.8% | 8,131 | 2.6% | 7,059 | 2.1% | ||
| Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9,089 | 3.0% | 17,183 | 5.5% | 19,558 | 6% |
| Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2,303 | 1.0% | 4,852 | 1.6% | 5,165 | 1.6% |
| Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,316 | 0.4% | 2,384 | 0.8% | 2,994 | 0.9% |
| Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,911 | 0.8% | 4,189 | 1.3% | 3,818 | 1.2% |
| Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3,559 | 0.8% | 5,758 | 1.8% | 7,581 | 2.3% |
| Other: Total | – | – | 2,143 | 3,693 | 4,595 | 0.9% | 16,063 | 5.3% | 40,058 | 12.2% | ||
| Other: Arab | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,930 | 0.7% | 2,535 | 0.8% |
| Other: Any other ethnic group | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4,595 | 0.9% | 14,133 | 4.6% | 37,523 | 11.4% |
| Ethnic minority: Total | – | 5.4% | 20,844 | 7.9% | 37,609 | 14.3% | 65,535 | 22.9% | 121,826 | 39.0% | 160,186 | 47.9% |
| Total | – | 100% | 264,422 | 100% | 263,199 | 100% | 276,484 | 100.00% | 312,466 | 100.00% | 329,985 | 100% |
Two majorNHS hospitals,Chase Farm Hospital operated by the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust andNorth Middlesex Hospital operated by the North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, are located in the borough. NHS Enfield Clinical Commissioning Group is responsible for local primary health care, taking over this role fromEnfield Primary Care NHS Trust in 2013. Former hospitals in the borough includeHighlands, which closed in 1993, andGreentrees, which closed in 1988.
The London Borough of Enfield is the education authority for the district. Education is provided in a mix ofcommunity,voluntary aided andstate schools.[21] A number of private schools are also located in the borough.
The borough is home to the well-renownedEnfield Grammar School, founded in 1558, which still uses itsTudor building which is now often referred to as the Old Hall. Enfield Grammar School is based in the centre of Enfield Town.St Ignatius' College is the borough's largest Catholic school and one of the best-performing non-selective schools in the borough, at bothGCSE andA-Level.[22]Bishop Stopford's School is Enfield's largest school, andThe College of Haringey, Enfield and North East London also has a campus in the borough.
In 2007 a new school namedOasis Academy Enfield was opened, following the takeover of Albany by the Oasis Company asOasis Academy Hadley.The Latymer School is another Grammar school in the borough, and is based in the Edmonton area.
Enfield County School is an all girls comprehensive school which sits opposite Enfield Grammar Boys school in Enfield town. It is a split site school with the lower years situated towards the area of Forty Hall.[citation needed]
Middlesex University, the former polytechnic, used to have two campuses in Enfield: Cat Hill andTrent Park. These sites both closed in 2011 and courses were relocated to the Hendon campus.
Oak Hill Theological College, an associate college of Middlesex University, is located in the borough.
Capel Manor College also offers various courses.
The London Borough of Enfield has three fire stations; Edmonton, Enfield and Southgate. However, if an incident requires a higher attendance, appliances from throughout London can be mobilised to meet the needs of the area if required.[23]
The three fire stations operate a total of five pumping appliances, one rescue tender, a command unit and a USAR unit.[24]
Of the three fire stations within the borough, Enfield is mobilised to the most incidents and has the largest station ground (the area of which Enfield is the first appliance to attend).[25]
The borough's museums includeForty Hall and the garden exhibitions atCapel Manor,Myddleton House (part of theLee Valley Park) and the Whitewebbs Museum of Transport.
The Borough's own museum is based in Thomas Hardy House, 39 London Road.
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Scouting andGuiding have many groups within Enfield. The annual St George's Day Parade has around a thousand young people marching through Enfield Town, led by the Enfield District Scout Band.
The Boys' and Girls' Brigade are also quite active within the borough, participating in various ceremonies and events throughout the year, including the Enfield Town Show, St Georges Day Parade and on Remembrance Day Parade.
The Air Training Corps has three units in the area, No.85 (Enfield & Southgate) Squadron based in Winchmore Hill and Enfield Town, No.1159 (Edmonton) Squadron based in Edmonton, No.1571 (Ayleward) Squadron based in Aylward School and No.2473 (Highlands & Southgate) Squadron in Highlands School, Southgate.
The Red Room music and film project ran from 2008 – 2014 based in Ponders End, aimed at 13 – 19 year olds supported and funded by Enfield Council.
Enfield Dispatch[26] andEnfield Independent provide local news.
Enfield'sKing George's Field, named in memory ofKing George V, includes theQueen Elizabeth II athletics stadium, the Enfield Ignatians Rugby Club and numerousfootball,rugby and baseball diamonds. The playing fields were used as aPOW camp for Italians duringWorld War II.
The second largest playing fields are at Firs Farm on Firs Lane. There are a handful of rugby pitches along with more than a dozen football pitches. These are used by local amateur football clubs includingWinchmore Hill Football Club,[27] Mayfield Athletic FC and Southgate County FC. The pitches drain reasonably well[according to whom?] but are generally in poor condition with old, rusted goalposts. The changing facilities are also very dilapidated, with some changing rooms being no more than concrete sheds with corrugated roofs.
Many sports teams and clubs are located in Enfield;Winchmore Hill Sports Club,Winchmore Hill Football Club,[27]Enfield Town F.C.,Enfield 1893 F.C.,Cockfosters F.C.,Enfield Borough F.C. and Futsal Club Enfield are the most prominent. The once successful football club, Enfield FC, were forced into a nomadic existence after the sale of their Southbury Road ground and became defunct at the end of the 2006/2007 season after years of ground sharing at many Hertfordshire based clubs. Enfield 1893 were formed after Enfield FC's demise and have spent time groundsharing atWare FC and Broxbourne Borough FC. They finally found a ground in the borough when they merged withBrimsdown Rovers for the start of the 2011/2012 season.Saracens Rugby Football Club used to play in Enfield and still train at Bramley Road sports ground nearCockfosters.[citation needed]
The principal cricket clubs in the area are Enfield,[28]Winchmore Hill Cricket Club,[29] Edmonton and Southgate, with many others playing cricket in and around the borough such as, Enfield Invicta, Mayfield CC, Myddleton House,North Enfield CC, Botany Bay and Holtwhites Trinibis CC. Many clubs play in either the Middlesex Cricket League or the Hertfordshire League. Enfield, Southgate, and Winchmore Hill have long been the area's most successful cricket clubs, regularly competing in the Middlesex Premier League. Enfield (in 1988) and Southgate (in 1977) are both past winners of theECB National Club Cricket Championship
The main swimming club in the borough is Enfield Swim Squad, which was created from an amalgamation of Edmonton Phoenix S.C. and Griffins S.C. of Enfield.[citation needed]
Futsal is also played in the area with Futsal Club Enfield who were founded in 2007 playing in theNational Futsal League Premiership South Division for 2019/20.[citation needed]
Gaelic Football is also played in the area. The clubNorth London Shamrocks play at Tottenhall Playing FIelds.[citation needed]
Enfield Phoenix is the local basketball club with teams playing in the National League and the Central London League. The team play at the Edmonton Leisure Centre,Edmonton Green with seating for 400 spectators.[citation needed]
Theatre goers are catered for by theIntimate Theatre, theMillfield Theatre, the Dugdale Centre[30][31] and theChickenshed Theatre Company, with amateur and professional shows, dance pieces, musicals and live music on show. Amateur dramatic companies include Saint Monica's Players, The Capel Players and The London Pantomimers.[32] Talkies Community Cinema screens British Independent and specialist films in a range of venues across the borough.
Tottenham Hotspur Football Club's new training ground is located in Enfield atBulls Cross.[33]
Enfield is the home to the annual Livestock Music Festival.[34] It is also home to Cheerleading squads- Sapphire Elite Cheerleaders, North London Wildcats and Enfield Blaze All-star Cheerleaders.[citation needed]
Croquet is played atEnfield Croquet Club in Bush Hill Park.[35]
The first international branch of theWWE Performance Center was opened in Enfield's Great Cambridge Industrial Estate on 11 January 2019. The center is used by theWWE as aprofessional wrestling school to train potential future wrestlers from across the globe, as well as atraining centre for current WWE wrestlers.[36]
In 1840 the first section of theNorthern and Eastern Railway was opened fromStratford toBroxbourne, with stations at Water Lane (Angel Road) andPonders End. Further stations were added in 1855 atEnfield Lock (Royal Small Arms Factory) and 1884 atBrimsdown. A branch line from Water Lane toEnfield Town was opened in 1849 servingEdmonton Low Level and Enfield Town. A further station was added in 1880 atBush Hill Park. Thedirect line from London to Enfield Town was opened in 1872 with stations at Silver Street and Lower Edmonton (now called Edmonton Green). In 1891, a loop from Edmonton servingSouthbury (Churchbury) andTurkey Street (Forty Hill) toCheshunt on the main line was added. The Cheshunt and Enfield Town services are currently served byLondon Overground.
In 1871 theGreat Northern Railway openedits station on Windmill Hill. This was later replaced in 1910 when the line was extended toCuffley. This section of railway is now part of the line commonly known as theHertford Loop.
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Enfield is served by thePiccadilly line of theLondon Underground with stations atArnos Grove,Southgate,Oakwood (named as Enfield West when it first opened) andCockfosters (where the line terminates). SuburbanLondon Overground andNational RailGreat Northern services also run within the borough.
There are numerous bus services throughout the borough run byTransport for London.
The main roads running through the borough include theNorth Circular Road, theM25,Green Lanes, theA10 and the oldHertford Road (A1010).
In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: driving a car or van, 26.1% of all residents aged 16–74; underground, metro, light rail, tram, 8.2%; bus, minibus or coach, 8.2%; train, 7.3%; on foot, 4.0%; work mainly at or from home, 2.7%; passenger in a car or van, 1.6%.[37]
Enfield istwinned with:
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