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Liu Shaoqi | |
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刘少奇 | |
 Official portrait, 1950s | |
| 2ndChairman of the People's Republic of China | |
| In office 27 April 1959 – 31 October 1968 | |
| Premier | Zhou Enlai |
| Vice President | Dong Biwu andSoong Ching-ling |
| Leader | Mao Zedong (Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party) |
| Preceded by | Mao Zedong |
| Succeeded by | Dong Biwu andSoong Ching-ling (acting) |
| 1stChairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress | |
| In office 27 September 1954 – 27 April 1959 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Zhu De |
| Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party | |
| In office 28 September 1956 – 1 August 1966 | |
| Chairman | Mao Zedong |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Lin Biao |
| Delegate to theNational People's Congress | |
| In office 15 September 1954 – 21 October 1968 | |
| Constituency | Beijing at-large |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1898-11-24)24 November 1898 Ningxiang,Hunan,Qing China |
| Died | 12 November 1969(1969-11-12) (aged 70) Kaifeng,Henan, China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party (1921–1968) |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 9 (includingLiu Yunbin andLiu Yuan) |
| Liu Shaoqi | |||||||||||||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 刘少奇 | ||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 劉少奇 | ||||||||||||||||
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Liu Shaoqi (pronounced[ljǒʊ ʂâʊtɕʰǐ]; 24 November 1898 – 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary and politician. He was thechairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1954 to 1959, first-rankingvice chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from 1956 to 1966, and thechairman of the People's Republic of China (president of China) from 1959 to 1968. He was considered to be a possible successor toChairmanMao Zedong, but was purged during theCultural Revolution.
In his early years, Liu participated in labor movements in strikes, including theMay Thirtieth Movement. After theChinese Civil War began in 1927, he was assigned by the CCP to work in Shanghai andNortheast China, and travelled to theJiangxi Soviet in 1932. He participated in theLong March, and was appointed as the Party Secretary in North China in 1936 to lead anti-Japanese resistance efforts in the area. During theSecond Sino-Japanese War, Liu led the CCP's Central Plains Bureau. After theNew Fourth Army incident in 1941, Liu became a political commissar of theNew Fourth Army. After Liu returned toYan'an in 1943, he became a secretary of theCCP Secretariat and a vice chairman of the Central Military Commission.
After theproclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Liu became a vice chairman of theCentral People's Government. After the establishment of the National People's Congress in 1954, Liu was elected as the chairman of its Standing Committee. In 1959, he succeeded Mao Zedong as the chairman of the People's Republic of China. During his chairmanship, he implemented policies ofeconomic reconstruction in China, especially after theSeven Thousand Cadres Conference in 1962. Liu was publicly named as Mao's chosen successor in 1961. However, he was criticized and then purged by Mao soon after the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, eventually being placed under house arrest in 1967. He was forced out of public life and was labelled the "commander of China's bourgeoisie headquarters", China's foremost "capitalist-roader", and a traitor to the revolution. He died in prison in 1969 due to complications fromdiabetes. Liu was widely condemned in the years following his death until he wasposthumously rehabilitated byDeng Xiaoping's government in 1980, as part of theBoluan Fanzheng period. Deng's government granted Liu a national memorial service.
Liu was born into a moderately rich peasant family in Huaminglou,[1]Ningxiang,Hunan province;[2] his ancestral hometown is located atJishui County,Jiangxi. He received a modern education,[3]: 142 attending Ningxiang Zhusheng Middle School and was recommended to attend a class inShanghai to prepare for studying inRussia. In 1920, he andRen Bishi joined a Socialist Youth Corps; the next year, Liu was recruited to study at the Comintern'sUniversity of the Toilers of the East inMoscow.[1] Liu studied at the university from 1921 to 1922, and his experiences there contributed to his later success in organizing Chinese trade unions, strikes, and underground Communist party committees.[4]: 96
He joined the newly formedChinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. The next year he returned toChina and, as secretary of the All-China Labor Syndicate, led several railway workers' strikes in the Yangzi Valley and atAnyuan on the Jiangxi-Hunan border.[1]
In 1925, Liu became a member of theGuangzhou-based All-China Federation of Labor Executive Committee. During the next two years he led numerous political campaigns and strikes inHubei and Shanghai. He worked withLi Lisan in Shanghai in 1925, organizing Communist activity following theMay Thirtieth Movement. After his work in Shanghai, Liu traveled toWuhan. He was briefly arrested inChangsha and then returned to Guangzhou to help organize the 16-month-longCanton–Hong Kong strike.[5]
He was elected to theParty's Central Committee in 1927 and was appointed to the head of its Labor Department.[6] Liu returned to work at the Party headquarters in Shanghai in 1929 and was named Secretary of theManchurian Party Committee inFengtian.[7] In 1930 and 1931 he attended the Third and Fourth Plenums of the Sixth Central Committee, and was elected to the Central Executive Committee (i.e., Politburo) of the Chinese Soviet Republic in 1931 or 1932. Later in 1932, he left Shanghai and traveled to theJiangxi Soviet.[8]
Liu became the Party Secretary ofFujian Province in 1932. He accompanied theLong March in 1934 at least as far as the crucialZunyi Conference, but was then sent to the so-called "White Areas" (areas controlled by theKuomintang) to reorganize underground activities in northern China, centered aroundBeijing andTianjin. He became Party Secretary in North China in 1936, leading the anti-Japanese movements in that area with the assistance ofPeng Zhen,An Ziwen,Bo Yibo,Ke Qingshi,Liu Lantao, andYao Yilin. In February 1937 he established, with the rest of the North China Bureau, in Beijing.[9]: 104 In the same year, he challengedZhang Wentian on the Party's historical problems, criticizing the leftist errors after 1927, thus breaching the consensus reached at the Zunyi Conference that the Party line had been essentially correct.[9]: 103 Liu ran the Central Plains Bureau in 1939; and, in 1941, the Central China Bureau.
In 1937, Liu traveled to the Communist base atYan'an; in 1941, he became a political commissar of theNew Fourth Army.[10] He was elected as one of five CCP Secretaries at the Seventh Party Congress in 1945. In a report following the 7th Congress, Liu articulated four "mass points" to be instilled in every party member: "everything for the masses; full responsibility to the masses; faith in the self-emancipation of the masses; and learning from the masses".[11]
After that Congress, he became the supreme leader of all Communist forces in Manchuria and northern China,[10] a role frequently overlooked by historians.
Liu became the Vice Chairman of the Central People's Government in 1949. In 1954 China adopted a new constitution at the firstNational People's Congress (NPC); at the Congress's first session, he was electedchairman of the Congress's Standing Committee, a position he held until the second NPC in 1959. From 1956 until his downfall in 1966, he ranked as the FirstVice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party.[10]
Liu's work focused on party organizational and theoretical affairs.[12] He drafted party regulations and oversaw the organizational development of the party consistent withMarxist–Leninist principles.[13]: 18–19 He was an orthodox Soviet-style Communist and favored state planning and the development of heavy industry. He elaborated upon his political and economic beliefs in his writings. His best known works includeHow to be a Good Communist (1939),On the Party (1945), andInternationalism and Nationalism (1952).
Liu spoke very strongly in favor of the Great Leap Forward at the Eighth CCP National Congress in May 1958. However, he later expressed concerns about the adverse effects of the campaign, particularly the widespread famine it caused. During the Lushan Conference in 1959, Liu emphasized the need for corrective measures and supported more moderate economic policies.[14] At this Congress Liu stood together withDeng Xiaoping and Peng Zhen in support of Mao's policies against those who were more critical, such asChen Yun and Zhou Enlai.
As a result, Liu gained influence within the party. In April 1959, he succeeded Mao asChairman of the People's Republic of China (Chinese President). However, Liu began to voice concern about the outcomes of the Great Leap in August 1959Lushan Conference.[14] To correct the mistakes of the Great Leap Forward, Liu and Deng Xiaoping led economic reforms that bolstered their prestige among the party apparatus and the national populace. The economic policies of Deng and Liu were notable for being more moderate than Mao's radical ideas. For example, in the period when the economic turmoil of the Great Leap Forward prompted the Party to delay the ThirdFive Year Plan, Liu led a group of high officials who worked to revive the economy through an increased role for markets, greater material incentives for workers, a lower rate of investment, a more moderate pace for developmental goals, and increased funding for consumer industries.[15]: 40 During preliminary work on the Third Five Year Plan, Liu stated:[15]: 51
In the past, the infrastructure battlefront was too long. There were too many projects. Demands were too high and rushed. Designs were done badly, and projects were hurriedly begun ... We only paid attention to increasing output and ignored quality. We set targets too highly. We must always remember these painful learning experiences.
Liu was publicly acknowledged as Mao's chosen successor in 1961; however, by 1962 his opposition to Mao's policies had led Mao to mistrust him. Liu's advocacy for pragmatic economic reforms and his criticism of the Great Leap Forward's failures highlighted the ideological rift between him and Mao.[16] After Mao succeeded in restoring his prestige during the 1960s,[17] Liu's eventual downfall became "inevitable". Liu's position as the second-most powerful leader of the CCP contributed to Mao's rivalry with him at least as much as Liu's political beliefs or factional allegiances in the 1960s,[16] especially during and after theSeven Thousand Cadres Conference, indicating that Liu's later persecution was the result of a power struggle that went beyond the goals and well-being of either China or the Party.
Liu was among the senior officials who in 1964 were initially reluctant to support Mao's proposedThird Front campaign to develop basic industry and national defense industry in China's interior to address the risk of invasion by the United States or the Soviet Union.[15]: 41 In an effort to stall, Liu proposed additional surveys and planning.[15]: 40 Academic Covell F. Meyskens writes that Liu and the high-ranking colleagues who agreed with him did not want to engage in another rapid industrialization campaign so soon after the failure of the Great Leap Forward and that instead they sought to continue the gradual approach of developing areas and increasing consumption.[15]: 41 When fears of American invasion increased after theGulf of Tonkin Incident, Liu and his colleagues changed their views and began fully supporting the Third Front construction.[15]: 7
By 1966, few senior leaders in China questioned the need for a widespread reform to combat the growing problems of corruption and bureaucratization within the Party and the government. With the goal of reforming the government to be more efficient and true to the Communist ideal, Liu himself chaired the enlarged Politburo meeting that officially began theCultural Revolution. However, Liu and his political allies quickly lost control of the Cultural Revolution soon after it was called, when Mao used the movement to progressively monopolize political power and to destroy his perceived enemies.[18]
Whatever its other causes, the Cultural Revolution, declared in 1966, was overtly pro-Maoist, and gave Mao the power and influence to purge the Party of his political enemies at the highest levels of government. Along with closing China's schools and universities, and Mao's exhortations to young Chinese to randomly destroy old buildings, temples, and art, and to attack their teachers, school administrators, party leaders, and parents,[19] the Cultural Revolution also increased Mao's prestige so much that entire villages adopted the practice of offering prayers to Mao before every meal.[20]
In both national politics and Chinese popular culture, Mao established himself as a demigod accountable to no one, purging any that he suspected of opposing him[21] and directing the masses andRed Guards "to destroy virtually all state and party institutions".[18] After the Cultural Revolution was announced, most of the most senior members of the CCP who had voiced any hesitation in following Mao's direction, including Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, were removed from their posts almost immediately and, with their families, subjected to mass criticism and humiliation.[19] Liu and Deng, along with many others, were denounced as "capitalist roaders".[22] Liu was labeled as the "commander of China's bourgeoisie headquarters", China's foremost "capitalist-roader", "the biggest capitalist roader in the Party", and a traitor to the revolution;[23] he was displaced as Vice Chairman of the CCP byLin Biao in July 1966.
By 1967, Liu and his wifeWang Guangmei were placed under house arrest in Beijing.[24] Liu's major economic positions were attacked, including his "three freedoms and one guarantee" (which promoted private land plots, free markets, independent accounting for small enterprises, and household output quotas) and "four freedoms" (which permitted individuals in the countryside to lease land, lend money, hire wage laborers, and engage in trade).[25] Liu was removed from all his positions and expelled from the Party in October 1968. After his arrest, Liu disappeared from public view.
At theNinth Party Congress, Liu was denounced as a traitor and an enemy agent. Zhou Enlai read the Party verdict that Liu was "a criminal traitor, enemy agent and scab in the service of the imperialists, modern revisionists and the Kuomintang reactionaries". Liu's conditions did not improve after he was denounced in the Congress, and he died soon afterward.[26][27]
In a memoir written by Liu's principal physician, he disputed the alleged medical maltreatment of Liu during his last days. According to Dr. Gu Qihua, there was a dedicated medical team in charge of treating Liu's illness; between July 1968 and October 1969, Liu had seven total occurrences of pneumonia due to his deteriorating immune system, and there had been a total of 40 group consultations by top medical professionals regarding the treatment of this disease. Liu was closely monitored on a daily basis by a medical team, and they made the best effort given the adverse circumstances. He died in prison from complications due to diabetes at 6:45 a.m. on 12 November 1969 under a pseudonym inKaifeng, and was cremated the next day.[28][29][24]
In February 1980, two years after Deng Xiaoping came to power, the Fifth Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party issued the "Resolution on the Rehabilitation of Comrade Liu Shaoqi". The resolution fully rehabilitated Liu, declaring his ouster to be unjust and removing the labels of "renegade, traitor and scab" that had been attached to him at the time of his death.[22] It also declared him to be "a great Marxist and proletarian revolutionary" and recognized him as one of the principal leaders of the Party. Lin Biao was blamed for "concocting false evidence" against Liu, and for working with theGang of Four to subject him to "political frame-up and physical persecution". In 1980, Liu was posthumously rehabilitated by the CCP under Deng Xiaoping. This rehabilitation included a formal apology from the government, acknowledging that Liu had been wrongly persecuted and that his contributions to the Chinese Revolution and the early development of the People's Republic of China were significant and positive.[30] Following the conclusion of the rehabilitation ceremony, Liu's ashes were scattered off the coast of the city ofQingdao in accordance to wishes he made prior to his death.[31]
On 23 November 2018, the CCP'sgeneral secretaryXi Jinping delivered a speech in theGreat Hall of the People in Beijing to commemorate the 120th anniversary of the birth of Liu Shaoqi.[32]
Liu Shaoqi's legacy remains controversial in China. While his role in the Chinese Revolution and early economic reforms is acknowledged, his persecution during the Cultural Revolution and the subsequent suffering highlight the complexities of his political career. Liu's pragmatic approach to economic policy is now seen as a precursor to the reforms that transformed China in the late 20th century.[33]
Liu married five times, including to He Baozhen (何宝珍) andWang Guangmei (王光美).[34]His third wife,Xie Fei (谢飞), came fromWenchang, Hainan and was one of the few women on the 1934 Long March.[35] His wife at the time of his death in 1969, Wang Guangmei, was thrown into prison by Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution; she was subjected to harsh conditions in solitary confinement for more than a decade.[36]
His sonLiu Yunbin (Chinese: 刘允斌; pinyin: Liú Yǔnbīn) was a prominent physicist who was also singled out for abuse during the Cultural Revolution. He committed suicide in 1967 by lying on the tracks before an oncoming train. Liu Yunbin was posthumously rehabilitated and his reputation restored in 1978.
| Assembly seats | ||
|---|---|---|
| New title | Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress 1954–1959 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Chairman of the People's Republic of China 1959–1968 | Succeeded by Dong Biwu andSoong Ching-ling (acting) |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by | President of theCCPCentral Party School 1947–1953 | Succeeded by |
| New title | Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Served alongside:Zhou Enlai,Zhu De,Chen Yun,Lin Biao 1956–1966 | Succeeded by |
