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List of cetaceans

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Known whale, dolphin, and porpoise species
This article is about extant species of Cetacea. For extinct species, seeList of extinct cetaceans. For individual animals, seeList of individual cetaceans.

Cetacea is aninfraorder that comprises the 94 species ofwhales,dolphins, andporpoises. It is divided intotoothed whales (Odontoceti) andbaleen whales (Mysticeti), which diverged from each other in theEocene some 50million years ago (mya). Cetaceans are descended from land-dwelling hoofed mammals, and the now extinctarchaeocetes represent the several transitional phases from terrestrial to completely aquatic.[1] Historically, cetaceans were thought to have descended from the wolf-likemesonychians, butcladistic analyses confirm their placement witheven-toed ungulates in the order Cetartiodactyla.[2][3][4][5][6]

Whale populations were drastically reduced in the 20th century from intensivewhaling, which led to a moratorium on hunting by theInternational Whaling Commission in 1982.[7] Smaller cetaceans are at risk of accidentally getting caught by fishing vessels using, namely,seine fishing,drift netting, orgill netting operations.[8]

Mammals by population

Conventions

[edit]
IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically endangered (5 species)
 EN Endangered (11 species)
 VU Vulnerable (7 species)
 NT Near threatened (10 species)
 LC Least concern (50 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (9 species)
 NE Not evaluated (3 species)

The following is a list of currently existing (or, in the jargon of taxonomy) 'extant'species of theinfraordercetacea (for extinct cetacean species, see thelist of extinct cetaceans). The list is organizedtaxonomically intoparvorders,superfamilies when applicable,families,subfamilies when applicable,genus, and then species. In tabular form, seven descriptors are given for each species: the common name; the scientific name; the IUCN Red List status; a global population estimate; a global map with its range; its weight with an image of its shape, and its size relative to ahuman; and a photograph.

Conservation status codes listed follow theIUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v. 2014.3; data current at 20 January 2015).[9]

Where available, the global population estimate has been listed. When not cited or footnoted differently, these are from theIUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v. 2014.3; data current at 20 January 2015).[9]

Mysticeti: baleen whales

[edit]
Main article:Baleen whale

The baleen whales, also called whalebone whales or great whales, form theparvorder Mysticeti. Baleen whales are characterized by havingbaleen plates for filter feeding and two blowholes.[10]

Family Balaenidae: right whales

[edit]
See also:Balaenidae

The family Balaenidae, the right whales, contains two genera and four species. All right whales have no ventral grooves; a distinctive head shape with a strongly arched, narrowrostrum, bowed lower jaw; lower lips that enfold the sides and front of the rostrum; and long, narrow, elastic baleen plates (up to nine times longer than wide) with fine baleen fringes.[11]

GenusBalaenaLinnaeus,1758 – one species
Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List statusGlobal population estimateRangeSizePicture
Bowhead whaleBalaena mysticetus
Linnaeus,1758
LCIUCN10,000Bowhead whale rangeBowhead whale size
60 t (66 short tons)
Bowhead whale
GenusEubalaenaGray, 1864 – three species
Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List statusGlobal population estimateRangeSizePicture
North Atlantic right whaleEubalaena glacialis
Müller, 1776
CRIUCN350North Atlantic right whale rangeNorth Atlantic right whale size
40–80 t (44–88 short tons)
North Atlantic right whale
North Pacific right whaleEubalaena japonica
Lacépède, 1818
ENIUCN404–2,108[12]North Pacific right whale rangeNorth Pacific right whale size
60–80 t (66–88 short tons)
North Pacific right whale
Southern right whaleEubalaena australis
Desmoulins, 1822
LCIUCN13,600[13]Southern right whale rangeSouthern right whale size
40–80 t (44–88 short tons)
Southern right whale


Family Balaenopteridae: rorquals

[edit]
See also:Rorqual

Rorquals are the largest group of baleen whales, with eleven species in three genera. They include the largest animal that has ever lived, theblue whale. They take their name from aNorwegian word meaning "furrow whale"; all members of the family have a series of longitudinal folds of skin running from below the mouth back to thenavel (except thesei whale, which has shorter grooves). They allow the mouth to expand immensely when feeding.[14] All rorquals have these unique folds.[11]

SubfamilyBalaenopteridae – one genus, nine species
GenusBalaenoptera – nine species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Blue whaleBalaenoptera musculus
Linnaeus,1758
ENIUCN5,000–15,000Blue whale rangeBlue whale size
50–150 t (55–165 short tons)
Blue whale
Bryde's whaleBalaenoptera brydei
Olsen, 1913
LCIUCN90,000–100,000Bryde's whale rangeBryde's whale size
14–30 t (15–33 short tons)
Bryde's whale
Eden's whale[a]Balaenoptera edeni
Anderson, 1879
LCIUCNUnknownEden's whale rangeUnknownEden's whale (illustration)
Common minke whaleBalaenoptera acutorostrata
Lacépède, 1804
LCIUCN200,000Common minke whale rangeCommon minke whale size
2–4 t (2.2–4.4 short tons)
Common minke whale
Rice's whale[16]Balaenoptera ricei

Roselet al., 2021

CRIUCN30–100
~13.9 t (15.3 short tons)
Fin whaleBalaenoptera physalus
Linnaeus,1758
VUIUCN100,000Fin whale rangeFin whale size
30–80 t (33–88 short tons)
Fin whale
Omura's whaleBalaenoptera omurai
Wada et al., 2003
DDIUCNUnknownUnknownUnknownOmura's whale
Sei whaleBalaenoptera borealis
Lesson, 1828
ENIUCN80,000[17]Sei whale rangeSei whale size
20–25 t (22–28 short tons)
Sei whales
Antarctic minke whaleBalaenoptera bonaerensis
Burmeister, 1867
NTIUCN515,000[18]Antarctic minke whale rangeAntarctic minke whale size
6–10 t (6.6–11.0 short tons)
Antarctic minke whale
GenusMegapteraGray, 1846 – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Humpback whaleMegaptera novaeangliae
Borowski, 1781
LCIUCN84,000Humpback whale rangeHumpback whale size
25–30 t (28–33 short tons)
Humpback whale
GenusEschrichtiusGray, 1864 – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Gray whaleEschrichtius robustus
Lilljeborg, 1861
LCIUCN21,000[19]Gray whale rangeGray whale size
15–40 t (17–44 short tons)
Gray whale

Family Cetotheriidae: pygmy right whale

[edit]
See also:Cetotheriidae

The pygmy right whale shares several characteristics with the right whales, with the exception of having a dorsal fin. Also, pygmy right whales' heads are no more than one quarter the size of their bodies, whereas the right whales' heads are about one-third the size of their bodies.[11] The pygmy right whale is the onlyextant member of its family.

GenusCapereaGray, 1864 – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Pygmy right whaleCaperea marginata
Gray, 1846
LCIUCNUnknownPygmy right whale rangePygmy right whale size
3–3.5 t (3.3–3.9 short tons)
Pygmy right whale

Odontoceti: toothed whales

[edit]
Main article:Toothed whale

The toothed whales (parvorder Odontoceti), as the name suggests, are characterized by having teeth (rather thanbaleen). Toothed whales are active hunters, feeding onfish,squid, and in some cases othermarine mammals.[20]

Family Delphinidae: oceanic dolphins

[edit]
See also:Delphinidae

Oceanic dolphins are the members of the family Delphinidae. As the name implies, they tend to be found in the open seas, unlike theriver dolphins, although a few species such as theIrrawaddy dolphin are coastal or riverine.

The Delphinidae are characterized by having distinctbeaks (unlike the Phocoenidae), two or more fused cervical vertebrae and 20 or more pairs of teeth in their upper jaws. None is more than 4 m long.[11]

GenusCephalorhynchusGray, 1846 – four species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Chilean dolphinCephalorhynchus eutropia
Gray, 1846
NTIUCNUnknown[b]Chilean dolphin rangeChilean dolphin size
60 kg (130 lb)
Chilean dolphin
Commerson's dolphinCephalorhynchus commersonii
Lacépède, 1804
LCIUCN22,000[21]Commerson's dolphin rangeCommerson's dolphin size
35–60 kg (77–132 lb)
Commerson's dolphin
Heaviside's dolphinCephalorhynchus heavisidii
Gray, 1828
NTIUCNUnknownHeaviside's dolphin rangeHeaviside's dolphin size
40–75 kg (88–165 lb)
Heaviside's dolphin
Hector's dolphinCephalorhynchus hectori
Van Beneden, 1881
ENIUCN (subspeciesMaui dolphinCRIUCN)7,381 (subspeciesMaui dolphin 57–75 in 2016)Hector's dolphin range (Maui dolphin in green)Hector's dolphin size
35–60 kg (77–132 lb)
Hector's dolphin
GenusDelphinus – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Common dolphinDelphinus delphis
Linnaeus,1758
LCIUCNUnknown[c]Long-beaked common dolphin size
70–150 kg (150–330 lb)
Short-beaked common dolphin
GenusFeresa – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Pygmy killer whaleFeresa attenuata
Gray, 1875
LCIUCNUnknown[d]Pygmy killer whale rangePygmy killer whale size
160–350 kg (350–770 lb)
Pygmy killer whale
GenusGlobicephala – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Long-finned pilot whaleGlobicephala melas
Traill, 1809
LCIUCNUnknown[e]Pilot whale range

(green)

Long-finned pilot whale size
1.8–3.5 t (2.0–3.9 short tons)
Long-finned pilot whale
Short-finned pilot whaleGlobicephala macrorhynchus
Gray, 1846
LCIUCNUnknown[f]Pilot whale range

(dark blue)

Short-finned pilot whale size
1–4 t (1.1–4.4 short tons)
Short-finned pilot whale
GenusGrampus – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Risso's dolphinGrampus griseus
G. Cuvier, 1812
LCIUCNUnknown[g]Risso's dolphin rangeRisso's dolphin size
300 kg (660 lb)
Risso's dolphin
GenusLagenodelphis – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Fraser's dolphinLagenodelphis hosei
Fraser, 1956
LCIUCNUnknown[h]Fraser's dolphin rangeFraser's dolphin size
209 kg (461 lb)
Fraser's dolphin
GenusLagenorhynchusGray, 1846 – six species[i]
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
White-beaked dolphinLagenorhynchus albirostris
Gray, 1846
LCIUCN100,000[j]White-beaked dolphin rangeWhite beaked dolphin size
180 kg (400 lb)
White-beaked dolphin
Atlantic white-sided dolphinLagenorhynchus acutus
Gray, 1828
LCIUCN200,000–300,000[citation needed]Atlantic white-sided dolphin rangeAtlantic white-sided dolphin size
235 kg (518 lb)
Atlantic white-sided dolphin
Dusky dolphinLagenorhynchus obscurus
Gray, 1828
LCIUCNUnknownDusky dolphin rangeDusky dolphin size
100 kg (220 lb)
Dusky dolphin
Hourglass dolphinLagenorhynchus cruciger
Quoy &Gaimard, 1824
LCIUCN140,000Hourglass dolphin rangeHourglass dolphin size
90–120 kg (200–260 lb)
Hourglass dolphin
Pacific white-sided dolphinLagenorhynchus obliquidens
Gill, 1865
LCIUCN1,000,000Pacific white-sided dolphin rangePacific white-sided dolphin size
85–150 kg (187–331 lb)
Pacific white-sided dolphin
Peale's dolphinLagenorhynchus australis
Peale, 1848
LCIUCNUnknown[k]Peale's dolphin rangePeale's dolphin size
115 kg (254 lb)
Peale's dolphin
GenusLissodelphis – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Northern right whale dolphinLissodelphis borealis
Peale, 1848
LCIUCN400,000[l]Northern right whale dolphin rangeNorthern right whale dolphin size
115 kg (254 lb)
Northern right whale dolphin
Southern right whale dolphinLissodelphis peronii
Lacépède, 1804
LCIUCNUnknown[m]Southern right whale dolphin rangeSouthern right whale dolphin size
60–100 kg (130–220 lb)
Southern right whale dolphin
GenusOrcaellaGray, 1866 – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Australian snubfin dolphinOrcaella heinsohni
Beasley, Robertson & Arnold, 2005
VUIUCN9,000–10,000Australian snubfin dolphin rangeAustralian snubfin dolphin size
130–145 kg (287–320 lb)
Australian snubfin dolphin
Irrawaddy dolphinOrcaella brevirostris
Gray, 1866
ENIUCN78–102Irrawaddy dolphin rangeIrrawaddy dolphin size
130 kg (290 lb)
Irrawaddy dolphin
GenusOrcinus – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
OrcaOrcinus orca
Linnaeus,1758
DDIUCN100,000[n]Killer whale rangeKiller whale size
4.5 t (5.0 short tons)
Killer whale
GenusPeponocephala – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Melon-headed whalePeponocephala electra
Gray, 1846
LCIUCNUnknown[o]Melon-headed whale rangeMelon-headed whale size
225 kg (496 lb)
Melon-headed whale
GenusPseudorca – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
False killer whalePseudorca crassidens
Owen, 1846
NTIUCNUnknown[p]False killer whale rangeFalse killer whale size
1.5–2 t (1.7–2.2 short tons)
False killer whale
GenusSousa – four species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Atlantic humpback dolphinSousa teuszii
Kükenthal, 1892
CRIUCN1,500Atlantic humpback dolphin rangeAtlantic humpback dolphin size
100–150 kg (220–330 lb)
Atlantic humpback dolphin
Australian humpback dolphinSousa sahulensis
Jefferson & Rosenbaum, 2014
VUIUCN10,000Australian humpback dolphin range230–250 kg (510–550 lb)Australian humpback dolphin
Indian Ocean humpback dolphinSousa plumbea
Cuvier, 1829
ENIUCNUnknown[q]Indian humpback dolphin rangeIndian humpback dolphin sizeIndian humpback dolphin
Indo-Pacific humpback dolphinSousa chinensis
Osbeck, 1765
VUIUCNUnknownPacific humpback dolphin rangePacific humpback dolphin size
250–280 kg (550–620 lb)
Pacific humpback dolphin
GenusSotalia – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Guiana dolphinSotalia guianensis
Bénéden, 1864
NTIUCNUnknownCostero rangeCostero size
35–45 kg (77–99 lb)
Costero
TucuxiSotalia fluviatilis
Gervais & Deville, 1853
ENIUCNUnknownTucuxi rangeTucuxi size
35–45 kg (77–99 lb)
Tucuxi
GenusStenellaGray, 1866 – five species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Atlantic spotted dolphinStenella frontalis
Cuvier, 1829
LCIUCN100,000[citation needed]Atlantic spotted dolphin rangeAtlantic spotted dolphin size
100 kg
Atlantic spotted dolphin
Clymene dolphinStenella clymene
Gray, 1846
LCIUCNUnknownClymene dolphin rangeClymene dolphin size
75–80 kg (165–176 lb)
Clymene dolphin
Pantropical spotted dolphinStenella attenuata
Gray, 1846
LCIUCN3,000,000[citation needed]Pantropical spotted dolphin rangePantropical spotted dolphin size
100 kg (220 lb)
Pantropical spotted dolphin
Spinner dolphinStenella longirostris
Gray, 1828
LCIUCNUnknownSpinner dolphin rangeSpinner dolphin size
90 kg (200 lb)
Spinner dolphin
Striped dolphinStenella coeruleoalba
Meyen, 1833
LCIUCN2,000,000[citation needed]Striped dolphin rangeStriped dolphin size
100 kg (220 lb)
Striped dolphin
GenusSteno – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Rough-toothed dolphinSteno bredanensis
Lesson, 1828
LCIUCN150,000Rough-toothed dolphin rangeRough-toothed dolphin size
100–135 kg (220–298 lb)
Rough-toothed dolphin
GenusTursiops – three species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Common bottlenose dolphinTursiops truncatus
Montagu, 1821
LCIUCN600,000[22]Common bottlenose dolphin rangeCommon bottlenose dolphin size
150–650 kg (330–1,430 lb)
Common bottlenose dolphin
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphinTursiops aduncus
Ehrenberg, 1833
NTIUCNUnknown230 kg (510 lb)Indo-Pacific dolphin
Tamanend's bottlenose dolphinTursiops erebennus
Cope, 1865
NEUnknownUnknownUnknown

Family Iniidae: river dolphins

[edit]
Main article:Iniidae

This family contains one genus with two species.

GenusInia – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Amazon river dolphinInia geoffrensis
Blainville, 1817
ENIUCNUnknownAmazon river dolphin rangeAmazon river dolphin size
150 kg (330 lb)
Amazon river dolphin
Araguaian river dolphin[r]Inia araguaiaensis
Hrbek, Da Silva, Dutra, Farias, 2014
NEUnknownAraguaian river dolphin range
Araguaian river dolphin in blue
Araguaian river dolphin size
150 kg (330 lb)
Araguaian river dolphin

Family Kogiidae: dwarf and pygmy sperm whales

[edit]
See also:Kogiidae

The dwarf and pygmy sperm whales resemble sperm whales, but are far smaller. They have blunt, squarish heads with narrow, underslung jaws; the flippers are set far forward, close to the head and their dorsal fins are set far back down the body.[23]

GenusKogia – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Dwarf sperm whaleKogia sima
Owen, 1866
LCIUCNUnknown[s]Dwarf sperm whale rangeDwarf sperm whale size
250 kg (550 lb)
Dwarf sperm whale (reconstruction)
Pygmy sperm whaleKogia breviceps
Blainville, 1838
LCIUCNUnknown[t]Pygmy sperm whale rangePygmy sperm whale size
400 kg (880 lb)
Pygmy sperm whale

Family Lipotidae: baiji

[edit]
Main article:Lipotidae

The family Lipotidae contains only thebaiji. DNA evidence suggests it separated from oceanic dolphins about 25 million years ago.[24] The species was declaredfunctionally extinct in 2006 after anexpedition to estimate the population found none.

GenusLipotes – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
BaijiLipotes vexillifer
Miller, 1918
CRIUCN0–13[u]Baiji rangeBaiji size
130 kg (290 lb)
Baiji

Family Monodontidae: narwhal and beluga

[edit]
See also:Monodontidae

The Monodontidae lack dorsal fins, which have been replaced by tough, fibrous ridges just behind the midpoints of their bodies and are probably an adaptation to swimming under ice, as both do in theirArctic habitat. Theflippers are small, rounded and tend to curl up at the ends in adulthood. All, or almost all, the cervical vertebrae are unfused, allowing their heads to be turned independently of their bodies.[11]

GenusDelphinapterus – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
BelugaDelphinapterus leucas
Pallas, 1776
LCIUCN136,000[v]Beluga whale rangeBeluga whale size
1.5 t (1.7 short tons)
Beluga whale
GenusMonodon – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
NarwhalMonodon monoceros
Linnaeus,1758
LCIUCN123,000Narwhal rangeNarwhal size
900–1,500 kg (2,000–3,300 lb)
Narwhal pod

Family Phocoenidae: porpoises

[edit]
See also:Phocoenidae

Porpoises are small cetaceans of the family Phocoenidae. They are distinct from dolphins, although the word "porpoise" has been used to refer to any small dolphin, especially by sailors and fishermen. The most obvious visible differences between the two groups are that porpoises have a less pronounced beak, and have spade-shaped teeth as opposed to conical.[25]

Porpoises, divided into seven species, live in all oceans. They span from species that live almost exclusively coastal and in rivers (finless porpoises) to species that are entirely oceanic (spectacled porpoise).

GenusNeophocaena – two or three species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Indo-Pacific finless porpoiseNeophocaena phocaenoides
Cuvier, 1829
VUIUCN[w]Unknown[x]Indo-pacific finless porpoise rangeIndo-pacific finless porpoise size
30–45 kg (66–99 lb)
Indo-pacific finless porpoise
Yangtze finless porpoiseNeophocaena asiaeorientalis
Cuvier, 1829
ENIUCN (subspeciesYangtze finless porpoiseCRIUCN)[y]Unknown (subspeciesYangtze finless porpoise 1,012 in 2018[26][27])Narrow-ridged finless porpoise range (red color)Finless porpoise size
30–45 kg (66–99 lb)
Yangtze finless porpoise
GenusPhocoena – four species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Burmeister's porpoisePhocoena spinipinnis
Burmeister, 1865
NTIUCNUnknown[z]Burmeister's porpoise rangeBurmeister's porpoise size
50–75 kg (110–165 lb)
Burmeister's porpoise
Harbour porpoisePhocoena phocoena
Linnaeus,1758
LCIUCN700,000[28]Harbour porpoise rangeHarbour porpoise size
75 kg (165 lb)
Harbour porpoise
Spectacled porpoisePhocoena dioptrica
Lahille, 1912
LCIUCNUnknown[aa]Spectacled porpoise rangeSpectacled porpoise size
60–84 kg (132–185 lb)
Subadult female spectacled porpoise
VaquitaPhocoena sinus
Norris & McFarland, 1958
CRIUCN12[29]Vaquita rangeVaquita size
50 kg (110 lb)
Vaquita
GenusPhocoenoides – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Dall's porpoisePhocoenoides dalli
True, 1885
LCIUCN1,100,000[ab]Dall's porpoise rangeDall's porpoise size
130–200 kg (290–440 lb)
Dall's porpoise

Family Physeteridae: sperm whale

[edit]
See also:Physeteridae

The sperm whale characteristically has a large, squarish head one-third the length of its body; theblowhole is slightly to the left hand side; the skin is usually wrinkled; and it has no teeth on the upper jaw.

GenusPhyseter – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Sperm whalePhyseter macrocephalus
Linnaeus,1758
VUIUCN200,000–2,000,000[ac]Sperm whale rangeSperm whale size
25–50 t (28–55 short tons)
Sperm whale

Family Platanistidae: South Asian river dolphins

[edit]
Main article:Platanistidae

The Platanistidae were originally thought to hold only one species (the South Asian river dolphin), but, based on differences in skull structure, vertebrae and lipid composition, it was split into two separate species in the early 1970s, before being demoted back to subspecies in 1988.[30] However, more recent studies support them being distinct species.[31]

GenusPlatanista – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Ganges river dolphinPlatanista gangetica
(Lebeck, 1801)
ENIUCN3,500[32]South Asian dolphin range

(orange)

South Asian river dolphin size
200 kg (440 lb)
Indus river dolphinPlatanista minor

Owen, 1853

ENIUCN1,450[33]South Asian dolphin range

(blue)

South Asian river dolphin size
200 kg (440 lb)

Family Pontoporiidae: La Plata dolphin

[edit]
Main article:Pontoporiidae

The La Plata dolphin is the only species of the family Pontoporiidae and genusPontoporia. These dolphins are known for their long beak in relation to their relatively small body size. They have a small geographic range and are mainly found in the waters along the east coast of South America. La Plata dolphins are exclusively marine organisms, however, they are grouped with river dolphins due to the fact that they reside in the La Plata River which is a salt-water estuary. With their white or sometimes pale brown coloration, fishermen tend to call them "the white ghost", as they also tend to stray away from any human interaction.[34]

GenusPontoporia – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
La Plata dolphinPontoporia blainvillei
Gervais & d'Orbigny, 1844
VUIUCN4,000–4,500La Plata dolphin rangeLa Plata dolphin size
50 kg (110 lb)
Beached La Plata dolphin

Family Ziphiidae: beaked whales

[edit]
See also:Ziphiidae

A beaked whale is any of at least 22 species of whale in the family Ziphiidae. Several species have only been described in the last two decades. Six genera have been identified.

They possess a unique feeding mechanism among cetaceans known assuction feeding. They are characterized by having a lower jaw that extends at least to the tip of the upper jaw, a shallow or non-existent notch between the tail flukes, a dorsal fin set far backwards, three of four fused neck vertebrae, extensive skull asymmetry and two conspicuous throat grooves forming a 'V' pattern (which aid in sucking).[11]

GenusBerardius – three species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Arnoux's beaked whaleBerardius arnuxii
Duvernoy, 1851
LCIUCNUnknown[ad]Arnoux's beaked whale rangeArnoux's beaked whale size
8 t (8.8 short tons)
Arnoux's beaked whale
Baird's beaked whaleBerardius bairdii
Stejneger, 1883
LCIUCNUnknown[ae]Baird's beaked whale rangeBaird's beaked whale size
12 t (13 short tons)
Berardius bairdii
Sato's beaked whaleBerardius minimus
Yamada et al., 2019
NTIUCNUnknownNorth PacificSato's beaked whale size
Unknown
Berardius minimus illustration
GenusTasmacetus – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Shepherd's beaked whaleTasmacetus shepherdi
Oliver, 1937
DDIUCNUnknown[af]Shepherd's beaked whale rangeShepherd's beaked whale size
2–2.5 t (2.2–2.8 short tons)
Two underwater Shepherd's beaked whales
GenusZiphius – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Cuvier's beaked whaleZiphius cavirostris
G. Cuvier, 1823
LCIUCN100,000[ag]Cuvier's beaked whale rangeCuvier's beaked whale size
2–3 t (2.2–3.3 short tons)
Cuvier's beaked whale
SubfamilyHyperoodontinae – three genera, 17 species
GenusHyperoodon – two species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Northern bottlenose whaleHyperoodon ampullatus
Forster, 1770
NTIUCN10,000[ah]Northern bottlenose whale rangeNorthern bottlenose whale size
7 t (7.7 short tons)
Northern bottlenose whale
Southern bottlenose whaleHyperoodon planifrons
Flower, 1882
LCIUCN500,000Southern bottlenose rangeSouthern bottlenose whale size
6 t (6.6 short tons)
Two southern bottlenose whales surfacing
GenusIndopacetus – one species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Tropical bottlenose whaleIndopacetus pacificus
Longman, 1926
LCIUCNUnknown[ai]Tropical bottlenose whale rangeTropical bottlenose whale size
3.5–4 t (3.9–4.4 short tons)
Tropical bottlenose whale illustration
GenusMesoplodonGervais, 1850 – 15 species
Common nameScientific nameStatusPopulationDistributionSizePicture
Andrews' beaked whaleMesoplodon bowdoini
Andrews, 1908
DDIUCNUnknownAndrew's beaked whale rangeAndrew's beaked whale size
1 t (1.1 short tons)
Andrew's beaked whale (illustration)
Blainville's beaked whaleMesoplodon densirostris
Blainville, 1817
LCIUCNUnknownBlainville's beaked whale rangeBlainville's beaked whale sizeBlainville's beaked whale
Deraniyagala's beaked whaleMesoplodon hotaula
P. E. P. Deraniyagala, 1963
DDIUCNUnknownIndian and South Pacific4–5 m (13–16 ft)[cetacean needed]
Gervais' beaked whaleMesoplodon europaeus
Gervais, 1855
LCIUCNUnknownGervais' beaked whale rangeGervais' beaked whale
1.2 t (1.3 short tons)
Gervais’ beaked whale
Ginkgo-toothed beaked whaleMesoplodon ginkgodens
Nishiwaki & Kamiya, 1958
DDIUCNUnknownGinkgo-toothed beaked whale rangeGinkgo-toothed beaked whale size
1.5 t (1.7 short tons)
Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale (illustration)
Gray's beaked whaleMesoplodon grayi
von Haast, 1876
LCIUCNUnknownGray's beaked whale rangeGray's beaked whale size
1.5 t (1.7 short tons)
Gray's beaked whale
Hector's beaked whaleMesoplodon hectori
Gray, 1871
DDIUCNUnknownHector's beaked whale rangeHector's beaked whale size
1 t (1.1 short tons)
Hector's beaked whale (illustration)
Hubbs' beaked whaleMesoplodon carlhubbsi
Moore, 1963
DDIUCNUnknownHubb's beaked whale rangeHubb's beaked whale size
1.4 t (1.5 short tons)
Hubbs' beaked whale (illustration)
Perrin's beaked whaleMesoplodon perrini
Dalebout, Mead, Baker, Baker, & van Helding, 2002
ENIUCN500–1,164North PacificPerrin's beaked whale size
1.3–1.5 t (1.4–1.7 short tons)
Mesoplodon perrini, oil on paper
Pygmy beaked whaleMesoplodon peruvianus
Reyes, Mead, and Van Waerebeek, 1991
LCIUCNUnknownPygmy beaked whale rangePygmy beaked whale size
800 kg (1,800 lb)
Mesoplodon peruvianus, oil on paper
Ramari's beaked whaleMesoplodon eueu
Carrollet al, 2021
DDIUCNUnknownRamari's beaked whale range

(red circle)

UnknownRamari's beaked whale
Sowerby's beaked whaleMesoplodon bidens
Sowerby, 1804
LCIUCNUnknownSowerby's beaked whale rangeSowerby's beaked whale size
1–1.3 t (1.1–1.4 short tons)
Sowerby's beaked whale
Spade-toothed whaleMesoplodon traversii,syn.Mesoplodon bahamondi
Gray, 1874
DDIUCNUnknownSpade-toothed whale rangeSpade-toothed whale size
1.2 t (1.3 short tons)
Stejneger's beaked whaleMesoplodon stejnegeri
True, 1885
NTIUCNUnknownStejneger's beaked whale rangeStejneger's beaked whale size
1.5 t (1.7 short tons)
Stejneger's beaked whale (illustration)
Strap-toothed whaleMesoplodon layardii
Gray, 1865
LCIUCNUnknownStrap-toothed whale rangeStrap-toothed whale size
2 t (2.2 short tons)
True's beaked whaleMesoplodon mirus
True, 1913
LCIUCNUnknownTrue's beaked whale range

(North Atlantic only; map includes range ofM. eueu in Indian Ocean)

True's beaked whale size
1.4 t (1.5 short tons)

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^TheSociety for Marine Mammalogy considers Eden's whale a smaller morph of the more widespread Bryde's whale based on current research.[15]
  2. ^Population estimated to be in the low thousands at the highest.
  3. ^There are estimated to be at least several million common dolphins worldwide, but several large portions of its range have not been surveyed.
  4. ^The only population estimate is of 38,900 individuals in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
  5. ^Total population is not known. There are estimated to be in excess of 200,000 in the Southern Ocean. The North Atlantic population is not known.
  6. ^Total population not known. There are 150,000 individuals in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. There are estimated to be more than 30,000 animals in the western Pacific, off the coast of Japan.
  7. ^The population around the continental shelf of the United States has been recorded to be in excess of 60,000. In the Pacific, a census recorded 175,000 individuals in eastern tropical waters and 85,000 in the west. No global estimate of population exists
  8. ^There are estimated to be at least 320,000 Fraser's dolphins worldwide, but several large portions of its range have not been surveyed
  9. ^The genusLagenorhynchus is under revision and likely to be split into several different genera
  10. ^Estimates of various stocks throughout the North Atlantic give an overall value into the high tens or low hundreds of thousands
  11. ^Total population unknown but thought to be locally common – it is the most common dolphin found around the Falkland Islands
  12. ^Varying population estimates for areas around California and the North Pacific give a total of up to 400,000
  13. ^Surveys suggest this is the most common dolphin off of Chilean waters
  14. ^Local estimates include 70–80,000 in the Antarctic, 8,000 in the tropical Pacific (although tropical waters are not the orca's preferred environment, the sheer size of this area — 19 million square kilometres — means there are thousands of orcas), up to 2,000 off Japan, 1,500 off the cooler northeast Pacific and 1,500 off Norway
  15. ^Estimates for eastern tropical Pacific are 45,000 and another recent survey estimates population to be 1,200 for the eastern Sulu Sea, no global estimate is known
  16. ^The total population is unknown. The eastern Pacific was estimated to have in excess of 40,000 individuals and is probably the home of the largest grouping
  17. ^Population estimated to be in the low tens of thousands
  18. ^As of November 2021, the Araguaian river dolphin is not recognized by theSociety for Marine Mammalogy, which cites small sample size[15]
  19. ^No global population estimates have been made. One survey estimated a population of about 11,000 in the eastern Pacific
  20. ^No global population estimates have been made. One survey estimated a population of about 11,000 in the eastern Pacific
  21. ^A survey from November–December 2006 failed to find any individuals. Another survey, from 1997, counted only 13 individuals. In 1986, surveys estimated the number to be at about 300
  22. ^There are estimated to be 40,000 individuals in theBeaufort Sea, 25,000 inHudson Bay, 18,000 in theBering Sea and 28,000 in the Canadian High Arctic. The population in the St. Lawrence estuary is estimated to be around1000
  23. ^There is not enough data to place finless porpoises on the endangered species list
  24. ^There are no good estimates of the animals' abundance. However a comparison of two surveys, one from the late 1970s and the other from 1999/2000 shows a decline in population and distribution.
  25. ^In China, they are endangered. Their propensity for staying close to shore places them in great danger from fishing.
  26. ^There are no quantitative data on abundance.
  27. ^Nothing is known of the abundance of this porpoise. It was the most commonly encountered species during preliminary beach surveys undertaken onTierra del Fuego.
  28. ^The most recent estimate for the North Pacific and Bering Sea is 1,186,000.
  29. ^The total number of sperm whales throughout the world is unknown. Crude estimates, obtained by surveying small areas and extrapolating the result to all the world's oceans, range from 200,000 to 2,000,000 individuals
  30. ^Arnoux's beaked whales seem to be relatively abundant in Cook Strait during summer
  31. ^Virtually nothing is known about the abundance of Baird's beaked whales, except they are not rare as was formerly thought
  32. ^Nothing is known about the relative abundance of this species or its population composition
  33. ^Because of the difficulty of identifying the species the total global population is unknown
  34. ^Total population is unknown but likely to be of the order of 10,000
  35. ^A 2002 survey estimates there are 766 animals aroundHawaii. No other population estimates exist for other locales

References

[edit]
  1. ^Jamieson, Barrie G. M. (2016-04-19). Miller, Debra L. (ed.).Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetaceans. Vol. 7. CRC Press. p. 111.ISBN 978-1-4398-4257-7.
  2. ^Agnarsson, I.; May-Collado, LJ. (2008). "The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: the importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies".Mol Phylogenet Evol.48 (3):964–985.Bibcode:2008MolPE..48..964A.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.046.PMID 18590827.
  3. ^Price, SA.; Bininda-Emonds, OR.; Gittleman, JL. (2005). "A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals – Cetartiodactyla".Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc.80 (3):445–473.doi:10.1017/s1464793105006743.PMID 16094808.S2CID 45056197.
  4. ^Montgelard, C.; Catzeflis, FM.; Douzery, E. (1997)."Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S RNA mitochondrial sequences".Molecular Biology and Evolution.14 (5):550–559.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025792.PMID 9159933.
  5. ^Spaulding, M.; O'Leary, MA.; Gatesy, J. (2009)."Relationships of Cetacea -Artiodactyla- Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution".PLOS ONE.4 (9): e7062.Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7062S.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062.PMC 2740860.PMID 19774069.
  6. ^"Cetacean Species and Taxonomy".IUCN-SSC: Cetacean Specialist Group. RetrievedDecember 14, 2015.
  7. ^Beckman, Daniel (2013)."Conservation of Cetaceans".Marine Environmental Biology and Conservation. Jones and Bartlett Learning. p. 328.ISBN 978-0-7637-7350-2.Open access icon
  8. ^Clover, Charles (2008).The End of the Line: How Overfishing is Changing the World and what We Eat. University of California Press.ISBN 978-0-520-25505-0.
  9. ^ab"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved20 January 2015.
  10. ^Karlsen, K. (1962). "Development of tooth germs and adjacent structures in the whalebone whale (Balaenoptera physalus)".Hvalrådets Skrifter: Scientific Results of Marine Biological Research.45:1–56.
  11. ^abcdefMartin, Dr. Anthony R. (1991).Whales and Dolphins. London: Salamander Books.ISBN 978-0-8160-3922-7.
  12. ^Miyashita, T; Kato, H (1998). Recent data on the status of right whales in the NW Pacific Ocean.International Whaling Commission (Report). Cambridge, UK.
  13. ^"Migratory secrets of recovering whale species".British Antarctic Survey.
  14. ^Goldbogen, Jeremy A. (2010)."The Ultimate Mouthful: Lunge Feeding in Rorqual Whales".American Scientist.98 (2):124–131.doi:10.1511/2010.83.124. Archived fromthe original on 2016-10-28. Retrieved2015-11-14.
  15. ^ab"List of Marine Mammal Species and Subspecies".MarineMammalScience.org.Society for Marine Mammalogy. May 2022.
  16. ^Rosel, Patricia E.; Wilcox, Lynsey A.; Yamada, Tadasu K.; Mullin, Keith D. (2021)."A new species of baleen whale (Balaenoptera) from the Gulf of Mexico, with a review of its geographic distribution".Marine Mammal Science.37 (2):577–610.Bibcode:2021MMamS..37..577R.doi:10.1111/mms.12776.ISSN 1748-7692.S2CID 234256521.
  17. ^"Sei Whale".oceanwide-expeditions.com. Retrieved2021-10-11.
  18. ^International Whaling Commission. (2013). "Report of the Scientific Committee".Journal of Cetacean Research and Management14 (Supplement): 1–86.
  19. ^Stewart, Joshua D.; Weller, David W. (January 2021)."ABUNDANCE OF EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC GRAY WHALES 2019/2020".NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS.doi:10.25923/bmam-pe91. Retrieved3 February 2022.
  20. ^Klinowska, M.; Cooke, J. (1991).Dolphins, Porpoises, and Whales of the World: the IUCN Red Data Book(PDF). Columbia University Press, NY: IUCN Publications.ISBN 978-2-88032-936-5.
  21. ^Dellabianca, Natalia A. (26 October 2016)."Spatial Models of Abundance and Habitat Preferences of Commerson's and Peale's Dolphin in Southern Patagonian Waters".PLOS ONE.11 (10): e0163441.Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1163441D.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163441.PMC 5082685.PMID 27783627. Retrieved21 January 2022.
  22. ^"Common Bottlenose Dolphin".WWF. Retrieved2019-05-13.
  23. ^Huggenberger, S.; Leidenberger, S.; Oelschläger, H. H. A. (December 13, 2016). "Asymmetry of the nasofacial skull in toothed whales (Odontoceit)".Journal of Zoology.302 (1):15–23.doi:10.1111/jzo.12425.
  24. ^Zhou, X.; Sun, F.; Xu, S.; et al. (2013)."Baiji genomes reveal low genetic variability and new insights into secondary aquatic adaptations".Nature Communications.4 (2708): 2708.Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2708Z.doi:10.1038/ncomms3708.PMC 3826649.PMID 24169659.
  25. ^"What's the difference between dolphins and porpoises?".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved5 December 2019.
  26. ^长江江豚减少 仅剩约1012头.The Beijing News (in Chinese). 25 July 2018. Retrieved28 August 2021.
  27. ^农业农村部:长江江豚减少 仅剩约1012头.The Beijing News (in Chinese).Xinhua News Agency. 25 July 2018. Retrieved28 August 2021.
  28. ^Bjorge, Arne; A Tolley, Krystal (2008). "Harbor porpoisePhocoena phocoena". In William F. Perrin; Bernd Wursig; J. G.M. Thewissen (eds.).Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. pp. 530–532.
  29. ^Hoffner, Erik (2018-03-08)."Only 12 vaquita porpoises remain, watchdog group reports".Mongabay. Retrieved19 April 2018.
  30. ^Rice, DW (1998).Marine mammals of the world: Systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy. pp. 92–95.ISBN 978-1-891276-03-3.
  31. ^Braulik, G. T.; Archer, F. I.; Khan, U.; Imran, M.; Sinha, R. K.; Jefferson, T. A.; Donovan, C.; Graves, J. A. (2021)."Taxonomic revision of the South Asian River dolphins (Platanista): Indus and Ganges River dolphins are separate species".Marine Mammal Science.37 (3):1022–1059.Bibcode:2021MMamS..37.1022B.doi:10.1111/mms.12801.hdl:10023/21691.
  32. ^Sinha, Ravindra K.; Kannan, Kurunthachalam (2014-12-01)."Ganges River Dolphin: An Overview of Biology, Ecology, and Conservation Status in India".Ambio.43 (8):1029–1046.Bibcode:2014Ambio..43.1029S.doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0534-7.ISSN 1654-7209.PMC 4235892.PMID 24924188.
  33. ^Braulik, Gill T.; Noureen, Uzma; Arshad, Masood; Reeves, Randall R. (2015-12-01)."Review of status, threats, and conservation management options for the endangered Indus River blind dolphin".Biological Conservation.192:30–41.Bibcode:2015BCons.192...30B.doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.09.008.ISSN 0006-3207.
  34. ^"National Marine Mammal Laboratory - La Plata Dolphins".Alaska Fisheries Science Center - NOAA Fisheries. NOAA Fisheries. Retrieved18 March 2019.

Further reading

[edit]

External links

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toCetacea.
Wikispecies has information related toCetacea.
The WikibookDichotomous Key has a page on the topic of:Cetacea
ExtantCetacea species
Balaenidae
Balaena
Eubalaena
(Right whales)
Balaenopteridae
(Rorquals)
Balaenoptera
Eschrichtius
Megaptera
Cetotheriidae
Caperea
Delphinidae
(Oceanic dolphins)
Cephalorhynchus
Delphinus
Feresa
Globicephala
(Pilot whales)
Grampus
Lagenodelphis
Lagenorhynchus
Lissodelphis
(Right whale dolphins)
Orcaella
Orcinus
Peponocephala
Pseudorca
Sotalia
Sousa
(Humpback dolphins)
Stenella
Steno
Tursiops
(Bottlenose dolphins)
Monodontidae
Delphinapterus
Monodon
Phocoenidae
(Porpoises)
Neophocoena
(Finless porpoises)
Phocoena
Phocoenoides
Physeteridae
Physeter
Kogiidae
Kogia
Iniidae
Inia
Lipotidae
Lipotes
Platanistidae
Platanista
Pontoporiidae
Pontoporia
Ziphiidae
(Beaked whales)
Berardius
Hyperoodon
(Bottlenose whales)
Indopacetus
Mesoplodon
(Mesoplodont whales)
Tasmacetus
Ziphius
Lists ofmammal species
Monotremes
and marsupials
Diprotodonts
(kangaroos and possums)
Placental mammals
Artiodactyls
(even-toed ungulates)
Carnivorans
(carnivores)
Chiropterans
(bats)
Eulipotyphlans
(moles and shrews)
Lagomorphs
(rabbits and pikas)
Primates
Rodents

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