TheUnited Photoplay Service Company (traditional Chinese:聯華影業公司;simplified Chinese:联华影业公司;pinyin:Liánhuá yǐngyè gōngsī;lit. 'United China Film Company') was one of the three dominantproduction companies based inShanghai, China during the 1930s, the other two being theMingxing Film Company and theTianyi Film Company, the forerunner of the Hong Kong–basedShaw Brothers Studio.
The original name of the company wasLianhua Productions. It is also known by a large number of translated names, notablyChina Film Company,United China Film Company andUnited Photoplay Service. The full name of the limited company later on was called "Lianhua Film Production and Processing Company, Ltd."
Lianhua was formally registered in March 1930 in Hong Kong byLuo Mingyou (Law Ming-yau) and his partner, directorLi Minwei (Lai Man-Wai). In order to resist the invasion of American films that dominated the box office in Shanghai and other cities, Luo realized he would have to produce films that were equally attractive artistically and equally rigorous in the business of production and distribution. The Company put advertisements in movie trade journals that proclaimed it was a modern company that aimed to create a Chinese Hollywood. Luo's plan was to build studios in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, to open a school to give up to date training for both technicians and actors, and to integrate the management of all these elements into a vertical organization on the Hollywood model.[1]
1931, the entire enterprise transferred operations to the bustling city of Shanghai. That same year theBright Moonlight Song and Dance Troupe, founded byLi Jinhui, would integrate with the film company.[2] It is the first time aChinese popular music group of any sort becomes part of the movie industry. The company would later prove to be instrumental in the rise of the first generation ofshidaiqu music. Among the company's leading stars were the actressesWang Renmei,Li Lili, andChen Yen-yen, who appeared in many box office successes.[1]
The studio itself consisted of four branches studios:China Sun (which was also founded by Li Minwei),Dazhonghua Baihe,Shanghai Yingxi, andXianggong Yingye; all four had been independent studios during the 1920s before being co-opted by Luo in the early 1930s.
By the mid-1930s, however, Lianhua's fortunes had declined, as thewar with the Japanese took its toll on both the company and the city. Japanese bombardment destroyed numerous Lianhua holdings including its Studio No. 4, and soon the company was losing money with each film produced. By 1936, Luo had left Lianhua's management, and Li Minwei had reformed Minxin as an independent studio using Lianhua's Studio No. 1. When the Nationalist forces withdrew from Shanghai in late 1937, it signaled the final collapse of the company. By the end of the war, Lianhua had generally been supplanted by other film companies, notably theXinhua Film Company.
With the end of the war, several of Lianhua's directors returned to Shanghai from Chongqing, Hong Kong, and other cities. Most notably wasCai Chusheng, who returned in 1946 and set about to revive the Lianhua name. Thus, theLianhua Film Society was formed. Eventually, this new Lianhua would turn into theKunlun Film Company (崑崙影片公司), which would go on to produce many of the most significant films of the 1940s, includingThe Spring River Flows East (Dir. Cai Chusheng, Zheng Junli, 1947), andCrows and Sparrows (Dir. Zheng Junli 1949).
Like its competition, Lianhua employed directors who were part of the leftist film movement, and while in existence, produced and premiered many of the most significant films of the period; these included:
Lianhua, like other early studios had an in-house talent pool of directors, actors, actresses, and screenwriters. Many, in fact, had been talent under contract with one of the four branch studios while they were still independent (such as Ruan Lingyu who was with Dazhonghua Baihe). The following is an incomplete list of such talent.