Leyla-Tepe culture

Ceramic vessel from the site of Leyla-Tepe, nearQuzanlı,Aghdam District of modern day Azerbaijan
Geographical range	South Caucasus
Period	Chalcolithic
Dates	circa 4350 BCE —circa 4000 BCE
Major sites	Leyla-Tepe
Preceded by	Shulaveri–Shomu culture
Followed by	Kura–Araxes culture

TheLeyla-Tepe culture (Azerbaijani:Leylatəpə mədəniyyəti) of theSouth Caucasus belongs to theChalcolithic era. It got its name from the site in theAgdam District of modern-dayAzerbaijan. Its settlements were distributed on the southern slopes of Central Caucasus, from 3800 until 3200 B.C.

Monuments of the Leyla-Tepe were first located in the 1980s by I. G. Narimanov, a Soviet archaeologist. In the2000s, attention to the monuments was inspired by the risk of their damage due to the construction of theBaku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline and theSouth Caucasus pipeline.

The settlement of Leyla-Tepe is located on the Karabakh plain at the northwestern outskirts of the small village ofEyvazlı, Agdam, close to the town ofQuzanlı in theAghdam District of Azerbaijan. It was discovered in 1984 by I. Narimanov. It is at an altitude of 100 m above sea level. The semi-dry bed of the Khachinchay River is located 8-10 km to the north. The settlement was originally found as a round hill, 50-60 m in diameter and 2 m in height. Its surface was damaged by modern agriculture, but fragments of ancient ceramics were found on the surface. The thickness of the cultural deposits on the site is about 2 m. Research was carried out at the site, but it was suspended because of the military operations in this region.^[1]

The monument is a single period site without visible cultural changes. Four construction horizons had been identified, of which the upper one was almost completely destroyed by plowing; the lower level was not yet excavated. Few ash pits or refuse accumulations have been found.

All buildings examined at the Leilatepe settlement are rectangular in plan. They were erected without a foundation, on the levelled ground surface. The walls were made of rectangular mud bricks laid evenly in horizontal rows with the use of mortar.^[2]

In the same area of theAghdam District in theKarabakh valley, there are also some other sites belonging to Leyla-Tepe culture. They are Chinar-Tepe, Shomulu-Tepe (nearMirəşelli village), and Abdal-Aziz-Tepe.^[3] Aghdam District had been disputed in recentNagorno-Karabakh wars.

The Leyla-Tepe culture is also attested atBöyük Kəsik in the lower layers of this settlement. The inhabitants apparently buried their dead in ceramic vessels.^[4] Similar amphora burials in the South Caucasus are found in the Western GeorgianJar-burial culture, that is mostly of a much later date.Jar burials are attested in many parts of the world as early as 4500 BC.

The ancientPoylu II settlement was discovered in theAghstafa District of modern day Azerbaijan during the construction of theBaku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline. The lowermost layer dates to the early fourth millennium BC, attesting a multilayer settlement of Leyla-Tepe culture.^[5]

Among the sites associated with this culture, theSoyugbulagkurgans or barrows are of special importance.^[6] The excavation of these kurgans, located inKaspi Municipality, in central Georgia, demonstrated an unexpectedly early date of such structures on the territory of Azerbaijan. They were dated to the beginning of the 4th millennium BC.^[7]

The culture has also been linked to the northUbaid period monuments,^[8] in particular, with the settlements in theEastern Anatolia Region (Arslantepe, Coruchu-tepe, Tepechik, etc.).

The settlement is of a typical Western-Asian variety, with the dwellings packed closely together and made of mud bricks with smoke outlets.

It has been suggested that the Leyla-Tepe were the founders of theMaykop culture. According to Catherine Marro (2022), Maykop/Majkop culture "is certainly connected with the Leyla Tepe complex".^[9]

An expedition to Syria by theRussian Academy of Sciences revealed the similarity of the Maykop and Leyla-Tepe artifacts with those found in 1988–2000 while excavating the ancient city ofTel Khazneh I, dating from the 4th millennium BC.^[10]

Leyla-Tepe pottery is very similar to the 'Chaff-Faced Ware' of the northern Syria and Mesopotamia. It is especially well attested atAmuq F phase.^[11] Similar pottery is also found atKultepe, Azerbaijan.

In 2012, the important site ofGalayeri, belonging to the Leyla-Tepe archaeological culture, was investigated by Najaf Museibli. It is located in theQabala District of modern day Azerbaijan. The location is in the area of theQabala International Airport, about 20km south from the city ofQabala (Gabala).^[12]

Structures consisting of clay layers are typical; no mud-brick walls have been detected at Galayeri. Almost all findings have Eastern Anatolian Chalcolithic characteristics. The closest analogues of the Galayeri clay constructions are found at Arslantepe/Melid VII in Temple C.^[13] The site was further investigated in 2018.

The archaeological material of the Galayeri settlement is very similar to the finds at the settlements ofBöyük Kəsik I, andPoylu II, as well as the Leyla Tepe site. Especially the ceramics are similar at all these sites.^[14]

Small metal tools finds indicate the production of metal here 6 thousand years ago. Also the remains of a very early potter's wheel have been found.^[15]

Radiocarbon dating indicates that Galayeri settlement goes back to the beginning of the 4th millennium BC, which is also supported by the archaeological artifacts found at the settlement.^[14]

The development of Leyla-Tepe culture in the Caucasus marked the early appearance of extractive copper metallurgy. According to research published in 2017, this development that occurred in the second half of the 5th millennium BC preceded the appearance of metallurgy in Mesopotamia.^[9][16]

In recent past, the development of copper metallurgy in the Caucasus was attributed to migrants fromUruk arriving around 4500 BCE,^[17] or perhaps rather to the pre-Uruk traditions, such as the lateUbaid period, and Ubaid-Uruk phases.^[18]

Leyla-Tepe metalwork tradition was seen as very sophisticated right from the beginning, and it featured many bronze items. Later, the quality of metallurgy declined somewhat with the advent of theKura–Araxes culture. Only during the latter stages of Kura–Araxes culture, there was again an improvement in quality.^[19]

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History ofAzerbaijan
Prehistory Stone Age  • Bronze Age  • Iron Age Shulaveri–Shomu culture c.6000–c.4000 BC Chalcolithic culture of Nakhchivan c.4945–c.3800 BC Leyla-Tepe culture c.4350–c.4000 BC Kura–Araxes culture c.3400–c.2000 BC Nakhchivan culture c.3000–c.2000 BC Talish–Mughan culture c.1400–c.700 BC Khojaly–Gadabay culture c.1300–c.700 BC
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Modern history Transcaucasian Commissariat 1917–1918       • March Days 1918 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1918 Baku Commune 1918 Centrocaspian Dictatorship 1918 Republic of Aras 1918–1919 Mughan Soviet Republic 1919 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918 - 1920       • Armenian–Azerbaijani War 1918–1920           • Battle of Baku 1918       • Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 1920 Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic 1920–1922       • Treaty of Kars 1921 Soviet Union 1922–1991       • Transcaucasian SFSR 1922–1936           • Azerbaijan SSR 1922–1936       • Azerbaijan SSR 1936–1991           • World War II 1941–1945           • Black January 1990       • Republic of Azerbaijan 1991
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v t e

• Kura–Araxes culture
• Yarim Tepe, Iraq

• Р. М. Мунчаев, Н. Я. Мерперт, Ш. Н. Амиров ТЕЛЛЬ-ХАЗНА I. Культово-административный центр IV–III тыс. до н. э. в Северо-восточной Сирии. Издательство «Палеограф». Москва 2004.ISBN 5-89526-012-8
• Najaf Museyibly,Archeological Excavations Along the Route of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan Crude Oil Pipeline and the South Caucasus Gas Pipeline, 2002–2005
• Veli Bakhshaliyev 2021,Archaeological investigations at Nakhchivan Tepe. in Catherine Marro and Thomas Stöllner, eds.Marro, Catherine; Stöllner, Thomas, eds. (2021).On salt, copper and gold: The origins of early mining and metallurgy in the Caucasus. MOM Éditions.doi:10.4000/books.momeditions.12257.ISBN 978-2-35668-074-7.

• Museibli, Nadžaf (2020). "Die Leilatepe-Kultur im Südkaukasus an der Kreuzung der Traditionen Vorderasiens und Südosteuropas / Лейлатепинская культура Южного Кавказа на перекрестке традиций Передней Азии и Юго-Восточной Европы" [The Leilatepe culture in the South Caucasus at the crossroads of the traditions of the Near East and Southeast Europe]. In: Kašuba, Maya T.; Reinhold, Sabine; Piotrovskij, Jurij Ju. (eds).Der Kaukasus zwischen Osteuropa und Vorderem Orient in der Bronze- und Eisenzeit: Dialog der Kulturen, Kultur des Dialoges. Кавказ между Восточной Европой и Передним Востоком в бронзовом и железном веке: диалог культур, культура диалога. Berlin: Reimer,ISBN 978-3-496-01642-7, pp. 55–81 (in German and Russian).

• 1980s archaeological discoveries
• Archaeological cultures of the Caucasus
• Chalcolithic cultures of Asia
• Archaeological cultures in Georgia (country)
• Leyla-Tepe culture

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