"Mormon Church" redirects here. For the overarching religious tradition, seeMormonism.
"Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" redirects here. For the original church founded by Joseph Smith, seeChurch of Christ (Latter Day Saints).
The Church of Jesus Christof Latter-day Saints
Official logo since 2020 featuring theChristus statue
Members of the church, known as Latter-day Saints or informally asMormons, believe that the churchpresident is a modern-day "prophet, seer, and revelator" and that Jesus Christ, under the direction ofGod the Father, leads the church by revealing his will and delegating hispriesthood authority to its president. The president heads a hierarchical structure descending fromareas tostakes andwards. At the local and regional levels, the church has a volunteer clergy, and wards are led bybishops. Male members may be ordained to thepriesthood, provided they are living by the standards of the church. Women are not ordained to the priesthood but occupy leadership roles in somechurch organizations. The church maintains a largemissionary program thatproselytizes and conductshumanitarian services worldwide; both men and women may serve asmissionaries. The church also funds and participates in humanitarian projects which are independent of its missionary efforts.
Joseph Smith formally organized the church as theChurch of Christ, on April 6, 1830, inwestern New York;[d] the church's name was later changed to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.[12]: 627 n. 73 Initial converts were drawn to the church in part because of the newly publishedBook of Mormon, a self-described chronicle ofIndigenous American prophets that Smith said he had translated fromgolden plates.[19]
Nauvoo grew rapidly asmissionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who flooded into Nauvoo.[35] Meanwhile, Smith introducedpolygamy to his closest associates.[36] He also establishedceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow righteous people tobecome gods in the afterlife,[k] and asecular institution to govern theMillennial kingdom.[33]: 120–122 [l] He also introduced the church to a full accounting of hisFirst Vision, in which he claimed that two heavenly "personages" appeared to him at age 14.[m] This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in human history since theresurrection of Jesus.[43]
On June 27, 1844, Smith and his brother,Hyrum, werekilled by a mob inCarthage, Illinois,[23]: 393–394 [12] while being held on charges of treason.[44] Because Hyrum was Joseph's designated successor, their deaths caused asuccession crisis,[33]: 143 [23]: 398 and Brigham Young assumed leadership over a majority of the church's membership.[12]: 556–557
Other splinter groups followed other leaders around this time. These groups have no affiliation with the LDS Church,[33]: 198–211 however they share a common heritage in their early church history. Collectively, they are called the Latter Day Saint movement. The largest of these smaller groups is theCommunity of Christ, based inIndependence, Missouri, followed bythe Church of Jesus Christ, based inMonongahela, Pennsylvania. Like the LDS Church, these faiths believe in Joseph Smith as a prophet and founder of their religion. They also accept the Book of Mormon, and most accept at least some version of theDoctrine and Covenants. However, they tend to disagree to varying degrees with the LDS Church concerning doctrine and church leadership.[45][46]
Brigham Young led the LDS Church from 1844 until his death in 1877.
For two years after Smith's death, conflicts escalated between Mormons and other Illinois residents. Brigham Young led his followers, later called theMormon pioneers, westward toNebraska and then in 1847 on to what later became theUtah Territory,[47] which at the time had been part of the lands of the Ute, Goshute, and Shoshone nations, and claimed byMexico until 1848.[50] Around 80,000 settlers arrived between 1847 and 1869,[8] who then branched out and colonized a large region now known as theMormon Corridor. Meanwhile, efforts to globalize the church began in earnest around this time, with missionaries being sent off to the Sandwich Islands (present-dayHawaii),India,Chile,Australia,China,South Africa, and all over Europe.[51]
Young incorporated the LDS Church as a legal entity, and initially governed both the church and the state as atheocratic leader. He also publicized the practice ofplural marriage in 1852. Modern research suggests that around 20 percent of Mormon families may have participated in the practice.[3]
19th-century painting ofMormon pioneers crossing the plains of Nebraska
By 1857, tensions had again escalated between Mormons and other Americans, largely as a result of accusations involving polygamy and the theocratic rule of the Utah Territory by Young.[52] TheUtah Mormon War ensued from 1857 to 1858, which resulted in the relatively peaceful invasion of Utah by theUnited States Army. The most notable instance ofMormon violence during this conflict was theMountain Meadows massacre, in which leaders of a local Mormon militia ordered the massacre of a civilian emigrant party who was traveling through Utah during the escalating military tensions.[6]: 120–123 After the massacre was discovered, the church became the target ofsignificant media criticism for it.[53]
After the Army withdrew, Young agreed to step down from power and be replaced by a non-Mormon territorial governor,Alfred Cumming. Nevertheless, the LDS Church still wielded significant political power in the Utah Territory.[54] Coterminously, tensions between Mormon settlers and Indigenous tribes continued to escalate as settlers began colonizing a growing area of tribal lands. While Mormons and Indigenous peoples made attempts at peaceful coexistence, skirmishes ensued from about 1849 to 1873 culminating in the armed conflicts ofWakara's War,[55] theBear River Massacre.[56], and theBlack Hawk War[57]
After Young's death in 1877, he was followed in the church presidency byJohn Taylor andWilford Woodruff successively, who resisted efforts by theUnited States Congress to outlaw Mormon polygamous marriages. In 1878, the United States Supreme Court, inReynolds v. United States, decreed that "religious duty" to engage in plural marriage was not a valid defense to prosecutions for violating state laws against polygamy. Conflict between Mormons and theU.S. government escalated to the point that, in 1890, Congress disincorporated the LDS Church and seized most of its assets. Soon thereafter,Woodruff issued a manifesto that officially suspended the performance of new polygamous marriages in the United States.[58] Relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890, such thatUtah was admitted as a U.S. state in 1896. Relations further improved after 1904, when church presidentJoseph F. Smith againdisavowed polygamy before the United States Congress and issued a "Second Manifesto", calling for all plural marriages in the church to cease. Eventually, the church adopted a policy ofexcommunicating its members found practicing polygamy.[59] Somefundamentalist groups with relatively small memberships have broken off and continue to practice polygamy, but the Church distances itself from them.[60][61]
Completed in 1974, theWashington D.C. Temple was the first built in the eastern half of the United States since 1846.
During the 20th century, the church grew substantially and became an international organization. In 2000, the church reported over 60,000 missionaries and global church membership stood at just over 11 million.[62] Nominal worldwide membership surpassed 16 million in 2018. Slightly under half of church membership lives within the U.S.[63] Academics have called the denomination aRestorationist church,[64] anew religious movement,[65] and a potentialworld religion.[66]
A number of official changes have taken place to the organization during the modern era. In 1978, the churchreversed its previous policy of excluding Black men of African descent from the priesthood, which had been in place since 1852;[71]: 70 members of all races can now be ordained to the priesthood. Also, since the early 1900s, the church has instituted aPriesthood Correlation Program to centralize church operations and bring them under a hierarchy of priesthood leaders. During theGreat Depression, the church also began operating a church welfare system, and it has conducted humanitarian efforts in cooperation with other religious organizations such asCatholic Relief Services, as well as secular organizations likeCare International.[72][73] From 1913 to 2020 the church was a major sponsor ofScouting programs for boys, particularly in the United States. The LDS Church was the largestchartered organization in theBoy Scouts of America,[74][75] but in 2020, the church ended its relationship with the BSA and began an alternate, religion-centered youth program, which replaced all other youth programs.[76]
During the second half of the 20th century and early 21st, the church has responded to various challenges to its doctrine and authority. Challenges have included risingsecularization,[77][78] challenges to the correctness of the translation of theBook of Abraham,[79][80] and primary documents forged byMark Hofmann purporting to contradict important aspects of official early church history.[81]
LDS Church theology includes the belief in aGodhead composed ofGod the Father, his son, Jesus Christ, and theHoly Ghost as three separate persons who share a unity of purpose or will; however, they are viewed as three distinct beings. This is in contrast with the predominant Christian view, which holds that God is aTrinity of three distinct persons inone essence. The Latter-day Saint conception of the Godhead is similar to what contemporary Christian theologians callsocial trinitarianism.[82] The church also believes that God the Father and his son, Jesus Christ, are separate beings with bodies of flesh and bone, while the Holy Ghost lacks such a physical body.[83]
According to statements by church leaders, God sits at the head of the human family and is married to aHeavenly Mother, who is the mother of human spirits.[84] However, church leaders have also categorically discouraged prayers to her and counseled against speculation regarding her.[85]
Church members believe in Jesus Christ as the literalSon of God andMessiah,his crucifixion as a conclusion of asin offering, and his subsequentresurrection.[86][87]: 171–172 However, Latter-day Saints reject theecumenical creeds and the definition of theTrinity.[88] Jesus is also seen as the elder brother of all who live in this world.[87]: 155 The church teaches that Jesus performed asubstitutionary atonement.[89] In contrast with other Christian denominations, the church teaches this atonement began in the garden ofGethsemane and continued to his crucifixion (rather than the orthodox belief that the crucifixion alone was the physical atonement).[87]: 178, 291 The church also teaches that Jesus appeared to other peoples after his death, including spirits of the dead in the spirit world,[86][87]: 211 and Indigenous Americans.[88][86][90]
The church also teaches that Jesus is the true founder and leader of the church itself.[91] The physical establishment of the church by Smith in 1830 is seen as simply the reestablishment of the sameprimitive church that existed under Jesus and his Apostles.[92]: 37 Similarly, the church teaches that Jesus leads the church presently through its apostles and prophets,[93] especially its current president.[92]: 38
Nevertheless, the LDS Church differs from other churches within contemporary Christianity in other ways. Differences between the LDS Church and most of traditional Christianity include disagreement about the nature of God, belief in a theory ofhuman salvation that includes threeheavens, a doctrine ofexaltation which includes the ability of humans to become gods and goddesses in theafterlife,[98][99] a belief incontinuingrevelation and an open scriptural canon, and unique ceremonies performed privately in temples, such as the endowment and sealing ceremonies. A number of major Christian denominations view the LDS Church as standing apart fromcreedal Christianity.[o][105] However, church members self-identify as Christians.[106]
The faith itself views other modern Christian faiths as having departed from true Christianity by way of ageneral apostasy and maintains that it is a restoration of 1st-century Christianity and the only true and authorized Christian church.Church leaders assert it is the only true church and that other churches do not have the authority to act in Jesus' name.[p]
According to these doctrines, every human spirit is a spiritual child of a Heavenly Father and each has the potential to continue to learn, grow, and progress in the eternities, eventually achieving eternal life, which is to become one with God in the same way that Jesus Christ is one with the Father, thus allowing the children of God to become divine beings—that is, gods—themselves.[112]: 74 This view on the doctrine oftheosis is also referred to as becoming a "joint-heir with Christ".[98] The process by which this is accomplished is called exaltation, a doctrine which includes the reunification of the mortal family after theresurrection and the ability to have spirit children in the afterlife and inherit a portion of God's kingdom.[98][113]
According to LDS Church theology, men and women may be sealed to one another so that their marital bond continues into the eternities.[q] Children may also be sealed to their biological or adoptive parents to form permanent familial bonds, thus allowing all immediate and extended family relations to endure past death.[r][118][119] The most significant LDS ordinances may be performed via proxy in behalf of those who have died, such asbaptism for the dead. The church teaches that all will have the opportunity to hear and accept or reject the gospel of Jesus Christ, either in this life or the next.[120][121]
Within church cosmology, the fall ofAdam and Eve is seen positively. The church teaches that it was essential to allow humankind to experience separation from God, to exercise fullagency in making decisions for their own happiness.[122][123][124]
The LDS Church teaches that, subsequent to the death of Jesus and his original apostles, his church, along with the authority to act in Jesus Christ's name and the church's attendant spiritual gifts, werelost, due to a combination of external persecutions and internal heresies.[92]: 33 The "Restoration"—as begun by Joseph Smith and embodied in the church itself—refers to a return of the authentic priesthood power,spiritual gifts, ordinances, livingprophets and revelation of theprimitive Church of Christ.[125][126] This restoration is associated with a number of events which are understood to have been necessary to re-establish the early Christian church found in theNew Testament, and to prepare the earth for theSecond Coming of Jesus.[127]
The church is led by apresident. Within the church, he is referred to as "the Prophet." He is considered to be a "prophet, seer and revelator," and is the only person who is authorized to receive revelation from God on behalf of the whole world or entire church. As such, the church teaches that he is essentially infallible when speaking on behalf of God—although the exact circumstances when his pronouncements should be considered authoritative are debated within the church.[128][129] In any case, modern declarations with broad doctrinal implications are often issued by joint statement of theFirst Presidency; they may be joined by theQuorum of the Twelve Apostles as well.[130][131] Church members believe Joseph Smith was the first modern-day prophet.[132] Following the death of church presidentThomas S. Monson on January 2, 2018,[133] senior apostleRussell M. Nelson was announced as president on January 16.[134]
Normally, the president chooses two other ordained apostles to serve alongside him in the First Presidency, the presiding body of the church; twelve other apostles form the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.[135] When a president dies, his successor is chosen from the remaining apostles. By longstanding convention, the longest-tenured apostle becomes the next president of the church.[136] In recent years, this process has contributed to the church's leadership being of increasingly advanced age.[137][138]
New apostles are chosen by the church president after the death of an existing apostle.[139] The First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, first twoQuorums of Seventy and thePresiding Bishopric make up thegeneral authorities of the church. The general presidencies of the church-wideRelief Society,Sunday School,Young Women,Young Men, andPrimary organizations make up the general officers of the church.[140] Women serve as presidents and counselors in the presidencies of the Relief Society, Young Women, and Primary, while men serve as presidents and counselors of the Sunday School and Young Men.[140]
A couple after theirmarriage in theManti Utah Temple. The church teaches that marriages, or sealings, performed in their temples may continue after death.
The church and its members consider marriage andfamily highly important, with emphasis placed on large, nuclear families.[3] In 1995, the church's First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve issued "The Family: A Proclamation to the World", which asserts the importance of a heterosexual, nuclear family. The proclamation defined marriage as a union between one man and one woman and stated that the family unit is "central to the Creator's plan for the eternal destiny of His children." The document further says that "gender is an essential characteristic of individualpremortal, mortal, and eternal identity and purpose," that the father and mother havediffering roles as "equal partners" in raising children, that "children are entitled to birth within the bonds of matrimony", and that successful marriages and happy families are most likely established when founded upon the teachings of Jesus Christ.[143] The proclamation also promotes specific roles essential to maintaining the strength of the family unit—the traditional roles of a husband and father as the family's breadwinner and those of a wife and mother as a nurturing caregiver. It concludes by inviting its audience to "promote those measures designed to maintain and strengthen the family as the fundamental unit of society".[3] Senior church leaders have continued to emphasize conservative teachings on marriage and gender to the present time.[144]
LDS Church members are encouraged to set aside one evening each week, typically Monday, to spend together in "Family Home Evening" (FHE), which typically consists of gathering as a family to study the faith's gospel principles, and other family activities. Daily family prayer is also encouraged.[3]
The written canon of the church is referred to as itsstandard works.
The theology of the LDS Church consists of a combination of biblical doctrines with modern revelations and other commentary by LDS leaders, particularly Joseph Smith. The most authoritative sources of theology are the faith's canon of four religious texts, called the "standard works". Included in the standard works are theBible, the Book of Mormon, the D&C and thePearl of Great Price.[145]
The Book of Mormon is a foundational sacred book for the church; the terms "Mormon" and "Mormonism" come from the book itself. The LDS Church teaches that theAngel Moroni told Smith about golden plates containing the record, guided him to find them buried in theHill Cumorah, and provided him the means of translating them fromReformed Egyptian. It claims to give a history of the inhabitants from anow-extinct society living on the American continent and their distinctJudeo-Christian teachings. The Book of Mormon is very important to modern Latter-day Saints, who consider it the world's most correct text.[146]
The Bible, also part of the church's canon, is believed to be the word of God—subject to an acknowledgment that its translation may be incorrect, or that authoritative sections may have been lost over the centuries. Most often, the church uses theAuthorized King James Version.[94] Two extended portions of theJoseph Smith Translation of the Bible have been canonized and are thus considered authoritative.[s] Additionally, over 600[147] of the more doctrinally significant verses from the translation are included as excerpts in the currentLDS Church edition of the Bible.[148] Other revelations from Smith are found in the D&C, and in the Pearl of Great Price.[3]Another source of authoritative doctrine is the pronouncements of the current Apostles and members of the First Presidency. The church teaches that the First Presidency and the Quorum of Twelve Apostles are prophets[149] and that they are therefore authorized teachers of God's word.[150]
In addition to doctrine given by the church as a whole, individual members of the church believe that they can also receivepersonal revelation from God in conducting their lives,[151] and in revealing truth to them, especially about spiritual matters. Generally, this is said to occur through thoughts and feelings from theHoly Ghost, in response toprayer.[152] Similarly, the church teaches its members may receive individual guidance and counsel from God through blessings from priesthood holders. In particular,patriarchal blessings are considered special blessings that are received only once in the recipient's life, which are recorded, transcribed, and archived.[111]: 239
Baptism by immersion is considered highly important in the LDS Church. This depiction from circa 1850 shows the all-white clothing used in the ordinance.
In the church, an ordinance is a sacredrite orceremony that has spiritual and symbolic meanings, and is performed underpriesthood authority.[153] For some ordinances, the act is tied to acovenant between the ordinance recipient andGod.[154]
The ordinance of baptism is believed to bind its participant to Jesus Christ, who saves them in their imperfection if they continually keep theirpromises to him.[155] Baptism is performed by immersion, and is typically administered to children starting at age eight.[111]
Church members believe that through the ordinances of temple sealing andtemple endowment, anyone can reach the highest level of salvation in the celestial kingdom and eternally live in God's presence, continue as families,become gods, create worlds, and makespirit children over whom they will govern.[113][98][99]
The LDS Church asks its members to adhere to a dietary code called the Word of Wisdom, in which they abstain from the consumption of alcohol, coffee, tea, tobacco, and illicit or harmful substances.[159] The Word of Wisdom also encourages the consumption of herbs and grains along with the moderate consumption of meat.[3]
When Joseph Smith published the Word of Wisdom in 1833, it was considered only advice; violation did not restrict church membership. During the 1890s, though, church leaders started emphasizing the Word of Wisdom more. In 1921, church presidentHeber J. Grant made obeying the Word of Wisdom a requirement to engage in worship inside of the faith's temples. From that time, church leadership has emphasized the forbidding of coffee, tea, tobacco, and alcohol, but not the other guidelines concerning meat, grains, and herbs.[3] In 2019, the church further clarified that theusage of marijuana and opioids is prohibited except as prescribed by a competent physician for medical purposes.[160]
Church members are expected to follow amoral code called the law of chastity, which prohibitsadultery, homosexual behavior, and sexual relations before or outside of marriage.[94]: 1 As part of the law of chastity, the church strongly opposes pornography, and considers masturbation an immoral act.[161] Law of chastity violations can be grounds forchurch discipline; resulting penalties may include having access to thetemple andsacrament revoked, as well as excommunication.[162] The church discourages romantic dating until around the age of 16.[163][164]
Church members are expected to donate one-tenth of their income to support the operations of the church. After initially relying on a communal lifestyle known as thelaw of consecration throughout most of the 1830s, the church created the law of tithing in July 1838 when the membership wasconcentrated in Missouri.[165] Church members would frequently tithe by giving ten percent of their livestock and produce; nowadays donations are generally done with money.[165]
Annual donations were estimated to total $7 billion[166][167] to $33 billion[168]USD donated in 2012 (equivalent to $9.6 billion to $45.2 billion in 2024[169]). To qualify for participation in temple ordinances (which Latter-day Saints believe are necessary for their salvation), paying a full tithe is a requirement, regardless of one's temporal circumstances.[173] Members are also encouraged tofast (abstain from food and drink) on thefirst Sunday of each month for two consecutive meals. They donate at least the cost of the two skipped meals of the fast as a "fast offering", which the church uses to assist people in need and expand itshumanitarian efforts.[174]
Local leadership is not paid, and is expected to tithe as well. Full-time missionaries, however, are not expected to pay tithing as they are usually paying to be a missionary.[175]
Missionaries typically commit to 18–24 months of full-time service.
All able-bodied LDS young men are expected to serve a two-year, full-time proselytizing mission.[176][177][178] Missionaries do not choose where they serve or the language in which they will proselytize, and are expected to fund their missions themselves or with the aid of their families.[3] Prospective male missionaries must be between the ages of 18 and 25 and have completed secondary school.[179] All proselytizing missionaries are organized geographically into administrative areas calledmissions. The efforts in each mission are directed by an older adult malemission president. As of July 2024[update], there are450 missions of the LDS church.[180]
Although missionary service is expected for men, it is not compulsory and is not a requirement for retaining church membership.[181][182][183] Unmarried women between the ages of 19 and 29 may also serve as missionaries,[176][184] generally for a term of 18 months. Retired couples are also encouraged to serve missions, with terms ranging from six to 23 months.[185] Unlike younger missionaries, these senior missionaries may serve in non-proselytizing capacities such ashumanitarian aid workers orfamily history specialists.[185] Other men and women who wish to serve a mission but are unable to perform full-time service in another state or country due to health issues, may serve in a non-proselytizing mission. They might assist atTemple Square in Salt Lake City or aid in theseminary system in schools.[186]
Church members are expected to set aside Sundays as a day of rest and worship. Typically, weekly worship meetings occur solely on Sundays. Shopping and recreation are discouraged on Sundays as well.[5]: 456
Interior view of a typical weekly Sunday sacrament meeting inProvo, Utah
Meetings for worship and study are held atmeetinghouses, which are typically utilitarian in character.[3] The main focus of Sunday worship is the Sacrament meeting, where thesacrament is passed to church members; sacrament meetings also include prayers, the singing ofhymns by the congregation or choir, and impromptu or plannedsermons by church members.[187] Also included in weekly meetings are times forSunday School, or separate instructional meetings based on age and gender, including theRelief Society for women.[188]
Church congregations are organized geographically.[5]: 150 Members are generally expected to attend the congregation within their assigned geographical area; however, some geographical areas also provide separate congregations for young single adults, older single adults, or for speakers of alternate languages.[5]: 151 For Sunday services, the church is grouped into either larger congregations known aswards, or smaller congregations known as branches.[5]: 152 Regional church organizations, encompassing multiple congregations, includestakes,[5]: 175 missions,districts andareas.[189]
In LDS theology, a temple is considered to be a holy building, dedicated as a "House of the Lord" and held as more sacred than a typical meetinghouse or chapel. In temples, church members participate in ceremonies that are considered the most sacred in the church, includingmarriage, and an endowment ceremony that includes awashing and anointing, receiving atemple garment, and making covenants with God.Baptisms for the dead—as well as other temple ordinances on behalf of the dead—are performed in the temples as well.[3]
Temples are considered by church members to be the most sacred structures on earth, and as such, operating temples are not open to the public.[190] Then after the temple isdedicated, permission to enter is reserved only for church members who passperiodic interviews with ecclesiastical leaders and receive a special recommendation card, called a temple recommend, that they present upon entry.[3] Church members are instructed not to share details about temple ordinances with non-members or even converse about them outside the temple itself.[3]
To perform ordinances in temples on behalf of deceased family members, the church emphasizes genealogical research, and encourages its lay members to participate in genealogy.[195]It operatesFamilySearch, the largest genealogical organization in the world.[196]
Twice each year (the first weekend of April and October), general authorities and general officers address the worldwide church throughgeneral conference. General conference sessions are translated into as many as 80 languages and are broadcast from the 21,000-seat[197]Conference Center in Salt Lake City. During this conference, church membersformally acknowledge, or "sustain", the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles as prophets, seers, and revelators.[198]
The church teaches that it is a continuation of the Church of Christ restored in 1830 by Joseph Smith. This original church underwent several name changes during the 1830s, being changed to "The Church of the Latter Day Saints",[200] "The Church of Jesus Christ",[201] "The Church of God",[11] "The Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints"[200] and "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" (by an 1838 revelation).[200][13]: 160 Finally, after Smith died, Brigham Young and the largest body of Smith's followers incorporated the church in 1851 by legislation of theUtah Territory[t] under the name "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", which included a hyphenated "Latter-day" and aBritish-style lower-cased.[202]
Common informal names for the church include the LDS Church, the Mormon Church, and the Latter-day Saints Church.[205] The church requests that the official name be used when possible or, if necessary, shortened to "the Church" or "the Church of Jesus Christ".[201] In August 2018, church president Russell M. Nelson asked members of the church and others to cease using the terms "LDS", "Mormon" and "Mormonism" to refer to the church, its membership, or its belief system and instead to call the church by its full and official name.[206][207][u] Subsequent to this announcement, the church's premier vocal ensemble, theMormon Tabernacle Choir, was officially renamed and became the "Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square".[209] Reaction to the name change policy has been mixed.[210]
Legally, the church currently functions as acorporation sole, incorporated in Utah.[211]
Intellectual Reserve is a nonprofit corporation wholly owned by the church, which holds the church's intellectual property, such as copyrights, trademarks, and other media.[212]
Utah Property Management Associates (UPMA), formerly Zions Securities Corporation (ZSC), is a subsidiary of Property Reserve Inc.,[213] which manages property owned by the Corporation of the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints mostly in Salt Lake City, Utah.[214][215] They manage major corporate, residential, and retail spaces along with parking lots and plazas.[216]
The LDS Church is organized in a hierarchical priesthood structure administered by its male members. Members of the church-wide leadership are called general authorities. They exercise bothecclesiastical and administrative leadership over the church and direct the efforts of regional leaders down to the local level. General authorities, general officers and mission presidents work full-time for the church, and typically receive stipends from church funds or investments.[217] As well as speaking in general conference, general authorities and general officers speak to church members in local congregations throughout the world; they also speak to youth[218] and young adults[219] in broadcasts and at theChurch Educational System (CES) schools, such asBrigham Young University (BYU).[220] Local congregations are typically led bybishops, who perform similar functions topastors in the Protestant tradition, orparish priests in the Roman Catholic Church.[221]
All males who are living the standards of the church are generally considered for the priesthood and are ordained to the priesthood as early as age 11.[222] Ordination occurs by a ceremony wherehands are laid on the head of the one ordained. The priesthood is divided into an order for young men aged 11 years and older (called theAaronic priesthood) and an order for men 18 years of age and older (called theMelchizedek priesthood).[3][5]: 26
Some church leaders and scholars have spoken of women holding or exercising priesthood power.[223] However, women are not formally ordained to the priesthood, and they do not participate in public functions administered by the priesthood—such as passing the Sacrament, giving priesthood blessings, or holding leadership positions over mixed-gender congregations. Since 2013, theOrdain Women organization has sought formal priesthood ordination for women.[224] In 2019, church leadership authorized LDS women to serve as witnesses for baptisms, a ceremonial role previously reserved for male priesthood holders.[225]
Each active church member is expected to receive acalling, or position of assigned responsibility within the church. Church members are expected to neither ask for specific callings, nor decline callings that are extended to them by their leaders. Leadership positions in the church's various congregations are filled through the calling system, and the vast majority of callings are filled on a volunteer basis.[v][w] Members volunteer general custodial work for local church facilities.[229]
The church operates several programs and organizations in the fields of proselytizing, education, and church welfare such as LDS Humanitarian Services. Many of these organizations and programs are coordinated by the Priesthood Correlation Program, which is designed to provide a systematic approach to maintain worldwide consistency, orthodoxy, and control of the church's ordinances, doctrines, organizations, meetings, materials, and other programs and activities.[230][6]: 184–215
The church also operates CES, which includesBYU,BYU–Idaho,BYU–Hawaii, andEnsign College. The church also operatesInstitutes of Religion near the campuses of many colleges and universities. For high-school aged youth, the church operates a four-yearSeminary program, which provides religious classes for students to supplement their secular education.[3] The church also sponsors a low-interest educational loan program known as thePerpetual Education Fund, which provides educational opportunities to students fromdeveloping nations.[231][232]
The church's welfare system, initiated in 1930 during the Great Depression, provides aid to the poor. Leaders ask members to fast once a month and donate the money they would have spent on those meals to help the needy, in what is called a fast offering.[3] Money from the program is used to operateBishop's storehouses, which package and store food at low cost. Distribution of funds and food is administered by localbishops. The church also distributes money through itsPhilanthropies division to disaster victims worldwide.[233]
Since 1941, the church has been classified by theIRS as a501(c)(3) organization and is therefore tax-exempt. Donations are tax-deductible in the United States.[240] The church has not released church-wide financial statements since 1959.[241] In the absence of official statements, people interested in knowing the church's financial status and behavior, including both members of the church and people outside the church, have attempted to estimate or guess.[242]
In 1997,Time magazine called the LDS Church one of the world's wealthiest churches per capita.[243] The church has stated that its for-profit, non-profit, and educational subsidiary entities are all audited by professionals independent from other church entities.[244]
The church receives significant funds from tithes and fast offerings. It has been estimated that during the 2010s its net worth increased by about $15 billion per year ($19.9 billion in 2024[169]),[168] and by $22 billion during the COVID-19 pandemic.[245] According to a 2020 estimate byThe Wall Street Journal, the LDS Church's investment fund had a net worth of around $100 billion.[246][247]
The church's assets are held in a variety of holding companies, subsidiary corporations, and for-profit companies including:Bonneville International,KSL,Deseret Book Company, and holding companies for cattle ranches and farms in at least twelve U.S. States, Canada, New Zealand, and Argentina. Also included are banks and insurance companies, hotels and restaurants, real estate development, forestry and mining operations, and transportation and railway companies.[248][249] Investigative journalism from theTruth & Transparency Foundation in 2022 suggests the church may be the owner of the most valuable real estate portfolio in the United States, with a minimum market value of $15.7 billion.[248] The church has also invested in for-profit business and real estate ventures such asCity Creek Center.[249] In 2020, the church-owned investment firmEnsign Peak Advisors publicly reported management of $37.8 billion of financial securities.[211] By summer 2023 assets including "international shares as well as bonds, hybrid investments, real estate and major stakes in private equity" were estimated to exceed $163 billion.[250]
Due to the differences in lifestyle promoted by church doctrine and history, members of the church have developed a distinct culture. It is primarily concentrated in theMormon corridor of theIntermountain West.[251]
Many of the church's more distinctive practices follow from their adherence to the Word of Wisdom—which includes abstinence from tobacco, alcohol, coffee, and tea—and their observance of Sabbath-day restrictions on recreation and shopping.Common, distinctive cuisine includesfuneral potatoes andJello salad.[252] Cultural taboos exist on piercings[x] and tattoos[111] and the church counsels against the use of crosses as symbols of worship.[253]
LDS-themed media includescinema,fiction, websites, and graphical art such as photography and paintings. The church owns a chain of bookstores calledDeseret Book.[254] The church also producesseveral pageants annually depicting various events of the primitive and modern-day church. ItsEaster pageantJesus the Christ has been identified as the "largest annual outdoor Easter pageant in the world".[255] The church encourages entertainment without violence, sexual content, or vulgar language; many church members specifically avoid rated-R movies.[256]
The LDS Church states it generally takes no partisan role in politics,[262] but encourages its members to play an active role as responsible citizens in their communities, including becoming informed about issues and voting.[263] The church maintains that the faith's values can be found among many political parties.[263][262] It also generally does not take sides in global conflicts.[264]
A 2012Pew Center on Religion and Public Life survey indicated that 74 percent of U.S. members lean towards theRepublican Party.[265] Some liberal members say they feel that they have to defend their worthiness due to political differences.[266] Democrats and those who lean Democrat made up 18 percent of church members surveyed in the 2014Pew Research Center's Religious Landscape Survey.[267][268]
The church sometimes involves itself in politics when it believes the issues at hand to have moral implications or that they "directly affect [its] mission, teachings or operations."[262] The church played an important role in defeating same-sex marriage legalization in Hawaii, Alaska, Nebraska, Nevada, California, and Utah.[269][270] It supported a gay rights bill in Salt Lake City which bans discrimination against homosexual persons in housing and employment,[271][272] opposed gambling,[68] opposed storage of nuclear waste in Utah,[273] and supported an approach to U.S. immigration policy as outlined in theUtah Compact.[274] It also opposeda ballot initiative legalizing medicinal marijuana in Utah,[275] but supported a possible alternative to it.[276] In 2019 and 2021, the church stated its opposition to theEquality Act, which would prohibit discrimination in the United States on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, but supported alternate legislation that it said would protect both LGBTQ rights and religious freedom.[277] In 2022, the church stated its support for theRespect for Marriage Act—which codified same-sex marriage as legal in the United States—due to the "protections for religious freedom" it included.[278]
The church reports a worldwide membership of 17 million,[283][4] of whichover 6.8 million live in the U.S.[284] The church's definition of "membership" includes all persons who were ever baptized, or whose parents were members while the person was under the age of eight (called "members of record"),[285]: 145–146 who have neither been excommunicated nor asked to have their names removed from church records.[285]: 116, 148–149 As of September 2019[update], approximately 9.6 million members reside outside the United States.[y]
According to its statistics, the church is the fourth largest religious body in the United States.[289][290] Although the church does not publish attendance figures, researchers estimate that attendance at weekly LDS worship services globally is around 4 million.[291] Members living in the U.S. and Canada constitute 46 percent of membership, Latin America 38 percent, and members in the rest of the world 16 percent.[4] The 2012 Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey, conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International, found that approximately 2 percent of the U.S. adult population self-identified as Mormon.[282]
Membership is concentrated geographically in the Intermountain West, in a specific region sometimes known as theMormon corridor.[292] Church members and some others from the U.S. colonized this region in the mid-to-late 1800s, dispossessing several Indigenous tribes.[293]
The church saw prodigious numerical growth in the latter half of the 20th century, but the growth has since leveled off.
The church experienced rapid numerical growth in the 20th century, especially in the 1980s and 1990s.[294]: 1 In the 21st century, however, church membership growth has slowed.[295][296] In 2022, eight of the top ten nations with the highest LDS membership growth rate were in Africa,[297] and Latino people are one of the fastest growing ethnic groups with millions of LDS adherents inLatin American countries.[298]
In the United States, church members tend to be more highly educated than the general population.[299] The racial and ethnic composition of membership in the United States is one of the least diverse in the country.[300]Black membership is significantly lower than the general U.S. population.[287]
The LDS Church does not release official statistics on church activity, but it is likely that only approximately 40 percent of its recorded membership in the U.S. and 30 percent worldwide regularly attend weekly Sunday worship services.[301][z] A 2016 survey found a majority (54%) of millennials raised in the church had disaffiliated.[303] Activity rates vary with age, and disengagement occurs most frequently between age 16 and 25. Young single adults are more likely to become inactive than their married counterparts,[304] and women tend to be more active than men.[112]: 55
The LDS Church is widely known for providing worldwidehumanitarian service.[305][306][233] The church's welfare and humanitarian efforts are coordinated by Philanthropies, a church department under the direction of thePresiding Bishopric.[233] Welfare efforts, originally initiated during the Great Depression, provide aid for the poor, financed by donations from church members. Donations are also used to operatebishop's storehouses, which package and store food for lower-income people at low cost.[307][308] In 2016, the church reported that it had spent a total of $1.2 billion on humanitarian aid over the previous 30 years.[233]
Church humanitarian aid includes organizing food security, clean water, mobility, and healthcare projects, operatingDeseret Industries thrift stores, and funding other organizations. The church reports that the value of all charitable donations in 2021 was $906 million.[309] Independent reporting has found that the Church's charity organization, LDS Charities, gave a total of $177 million from 2008 to 2020.[310]
The church also distributes money and aid to disaster victims worldwide.[311] In 2017, the church partnered with Catholic Relief Services and other organizations to provide aid to several African and Middle Eastern nations.[72] In 2010, it partnered withIslamic Relief to help victims of flooding in Pakistan.[312] Latter-day Saint Charities increased the conversion of stockpiled raw foods into finished food products during theCOVID-19 pandemic and donated healthcare supplies to 16 countries affected by the crisis.[313][314][315] The church has donated $4 million to aid refugees fleeing from the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[316] In 2022, the church gave $32 million to the United Nations World Food Programme, in its largest known one-time donation to a humanitarian organization so far.[317]
The church has been criticized for a number of abuses allegedly perpetrated or covered up by local church leadership; several cases have been settled out of court.[328][329][330] In other cases, church leaders have been criticized for: allegedly failing to report abuse to law enforcement;[331] improperly invokingclergy–penitent privilege in so doing;[329] and failing to keep records of sexual abuse claims which were reported through its Helpline phone number.[329]
In the late 1820s, criticism centered on the claim by Joseph Smith to have been led to a set of gold plates from which the Book of Mormon was reputedly translated.[332]
Mainstream archaeological, historical, and scientific communities have discovered little to support the existence of the civilizations described in the Book of Mormon, and do not consider it to be an actual record of historical events.[17]: xv Scholars have pointed out a number ofanachronisms within the text. They argue that no evidence of a reformed Egyptian language has ever been discovered;[333]: 91 [aa] the Book of Mormon explicitly says it was written in aReformed Egyptian text.[335] Also, general archaeological and genetic evidence has not supported the book's statements about any known Indigenous peoples of the Americas.[336][337]
Since its publication in 1842, the Book of Abraham (currently published as part of the canonical Pearl of Great Price) has also been a major source of controversy. Numerous non-Mormon Egyptologists, beginning in the late 19th century,[338]: 61 have disagreed with Joseph Smith's explanations of the book's facsimiles. Translations of the original papyri—by both Mormon and non-Mormon Egyptologists—do not match the text of the Book of Abraham as purportedly translated by Joseph Smith.[339]: 61 Indeed, the transliterated text from the recovered papyri and facsimiles published in the Book of Abraham contain no direct references to Abraham.[342] Scholars have also asserted that damaged portions of the papyri were reconstructed incorrectly by Smith or his associates.[339]: 25
Mormon polygamists in prison at the Utah Penitentiary,c. 1889
Polygamy (called plural marriage within the church) was practiced by church leaders for more than half of the 19th century,[343] and practiced publicly from 1852 to 1890 by between 20 and 30 percent of Latter-day Saint families.[344][59] It was instituted privately in the 1830s by founder Joseph Smith and announced publicly in 1852 at the direction of Brigham Young.[59]
For over 60 years, thechurch and the United States were at odds over the issue: at one point, the Republican platform referenced "the twin relics of barbarism—polygamy and slavery."[345] The church defended the practice as a matter of religious freedom, while the federal government aggressively sought to eradicate it;in 1862, the United States Congress passed theMorrill Anti-Bigamy Act, which prohibited plural marriage in the territories.[59]
In 1890, church president Wilford Woodruffissued a manifesto that officially terminated the practice in the U.S.,[58] though it did not dissolve existing polygamous marriages.[343] Some church members continued to enter into polygamous marriages in Canada and Mexico, but these eventually stopped in 1904 when church president Joseph F. Smith disavowed polygamy before Congress and issued a "Second Manifesto", calling for all plural marriages in the church to cease. Several small fundamentalist groups, seeking to continue the practice, split from the LDS Church, but the mainline church now excommunicates members found practicing polygamy and distances itself from those fundamentalist groups.[112]: 91 [346] The church does allow divorced orwidowed men to be sealed to other women without cancelling any existing sealings.[347]
Green Flake, an enslaved Black man, was reported to have driven the first wagon of LDS pioneers to theSalt Lake Valley in 1847.[348]
The teachings, attitudes, and practices of top LDS Church leaders towards Black people have changed significantly from its founding years to the modern times, and the church has faced criticism and controversy on these topics.[352]Joseph Smith allowed several Black men to be ordained as priests during his presidency, but also taught that the dark skin of people of Black African ancestry was a sign of a curse from God.[353]: 213 [354]: 27 Both Smith and Brigham Youngtaught that Black people were subject to the Biblicalcurse of Ham,[355]: 126 [356] andcurse of Cain.[354][355]: 256 Both made statements insupport of Black enslavement,[349]: 22 and Young legalized Black slavery while acting as Utah territory's governor.[360]
Artistic depiction of Joseph Smith preaching to Native Americans in Illinois
Over the past two centuries, the relationship between Native American people and the LDS Church has included friendly ties, displacement, battles,massacres,slavery, education placement programs, official and unofficial discrimination, and criticism.[377][378] Church leadership and publications taught that Native Americans are descendants ofLamanites, a dark-skinned and cursed people from the Book of Mormon.[379]: 196 [378] More recently, LDS researchers and publications generally favor asmaller geographic footprint ofLamanite descendants.[ac][381] There is no direct support amongst mainstream historians and archaeologists for thehistoricity of the Book of Mormon or Middle Eastern origins for Native American peoples.[383]
Soon after Mormons colonized the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, Native American child slaves became a vital source of labor.[384]: 273–274 The settlers initially had some peaceful relations, but because resources were scarce in the desert, hostilities broke out with the local Native Americans.[385] According to LDSChurch HistorianMarlin K. Jensen as more LDS immigrants arrived and took over the land of Native nations, "Resources the Indians had relied on for generations diminished, and in time they felt forced to resist and fight for their own survival ... the land and cultural birthright Indians once possessed in the Great Basin were largely taken from them."[385] Within 50 years of Mormon settlement, the population of Utah's Native Americans was reduced by almost 90 percent.[384]: 273
The church ran anIndian Placement Program between the 1950s and the 1990s, wherein Indigenous children would live in the homes of church members during one or more school years. Criticism resulted during and after the program, including claims of improper assimilation and even abuse.[386][321] However, many of the involved students and families praised the program.[387]: 194–195 Church leaders taught for decades that Native Americans'darker skin would be made lighter due to their righteousness.[388][365][353]: 64
Those consideringgender-affirming surgery are not allowed to be baptized, and those who have already had one need special clearance from theFirst Presidency before baptism.[409][410]: 145 Undergoing a "trans-sexual [sic] operation," includingfeminizing surgery ormasculinizing surgery likechest reconstruction (i.e. top surgery)[411] may imperil the membership of a current member.[412][413] Ordinances after baptism such as receiving the priesthood andtemple endowments are only done according to birth sex.[414] Members that gender express through clothing or pronouns differing from the sex assigned at their birth will receive membership restrictions and a notation on their membership records.[414]
In the 1830s, the church was heavily criticized for Smith's handling of abanking failure in Kirtland, Ohio.[415] After the Mormons migrated west, there was fear and suspicion about the LDS Church's political and military power in Missouri,[ad] culminating in the1838 Mormon War and the Mormon Extermination Order by Governor Lilburn Boggs. In the 1840s, criticism of the church included itstheocratic aspirations in Nauvoo, Illinois. Criticism of the practice ofplural marriage and other doctrines Smith taught were published in theNauvoo Expositor in 1844.[12]: 539 [ae] After Smith took a leading role in having the paper's printing press destroyed, he was charged with treason and jailed. While he awaited trial, an angry mob stormed the jailhouse and shot him fatally.[416]
In modern popular opinion, non-Mormons in the U.S. generally consider Smith a "charlatan, scoundrel, and heretic."[417]The Book of Mormon musical mocks his account of the golden plates.[418] In 2007,Christopher Hitchens, writing inSlate, lambasted Smith as a mountebank, charlatan, and fraud (and the church itself as a "ridiculous cult" and a "racket" that became a religion).[419]
The church has fought to keep its internal financial information out of the public record.[420][421] The church's failure to make its finances public has drawn criticism.[425]
In December 2019, a whistleblower alleged the church held over $100 billion in investment funds through its investment management company,Ensign Peak Advisors (EP); that it used these funds in for-profit ventures rather than charity; and that it misled contributors and the public about the usage and extent of those funds.[426][427] The church's First Presidency stated that "the Church complies with all applicable law governing our donations, investments, taxes, and reserves," and that "a portion" of funds received by the church are "methodically safeguarded through wise financial management and the building of a prudent reserve".[428] The church has not directly addressed the fund's size to the public, but third parties have treated the disclosures as legitimate.[246][247] The disclosure has led to criticism that the church's wealth may be excessive.[429]
The church has transferred more than a billion dollars of tithing collected in Canada, tax-free, to church universities over a 15-year period.[430] In October 2022,The Sydney Morning Herald announced that while the church publicly claimed to have donated US$1.35 billion to charity between 2008 and 2020, its private financial reports showed that it donated only US$0.177 billion.[431][af]
In February 2023, theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued a$5 million penalty to the church and its investment company, EP. The SEC alleged that the church concealed its investments and their management in multipleShell companies from 1997 to 2019; the SEC believes these shell companies were approved by senior church leadership to avoid public transparency.[421] The church released a statement that in 2000 EP "received and relied upon legal counsel regarding how to comply with its reporting obligations while attempting to maintain the privacy of the portfolio." After initial SEC concern in June 2019, the church stated that EP "adjusted its approach and began filing a single aggregated report."[433]
^The church president is often referred to as "the Prophet".
^Missionaries are divided into three subgroups: 74,127 Full-time teaching missionaries, 31,120 Senior service missionaries, and 4,192 Young service missionaries (2024).[4]
^Scholars and eyewitnesses disagree whether the church was organized inManchester, New York at the Smith log home, or inFayette at the home ofPeter Whitmer;[12]: 109 Marquardt states that organization in Manchester is most consistent with eye-witness statements.[13]: 223 [14] The LDS Church officially favors organization in Fayette.[15]
^In 1834, Smith designated Kirtland as one of the "stakes" of Zion, referring to the tent–stakes metaphor ofIsaiah.[5]: 175 [22]
^Smith said in 1831 that God intended the Mormons to "retain a strong hold in the land of Kirtland, for the space of five years".[24]
^Brodie stated that the brutality of the Jackson Countians aroused sympathy for the Mormons and was almost universally deplored by the media.[23]: 137
^By summer of 1835, there were 1500 to 2000 Saints in Kirtland, and from 1831 to 1838, church membership grew from 680 to 17,881.
^Smith referred to the Far West church as the "church in Zion".[11]: 24 His statement calling Far West "Zion" had the effect of "implying that Far West was to take the place of Independence".[12]: 345
^Boggs' executive order stated that the Mormon community had "made war upon the people of this State" and that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace".[12]: 367 In 1976,Missouri issued a formal apology for this unconstitutional order.[12]: 398
^Thesecond anointing ordinance provides a guarantee that recipients will be exalted.[37]: 189, 191[38][39] Authors have stated that Smith's words were similar to those of Paul that faithful saints may become co-heirs with Jesus.[40][41][11]: 502–503
^Bushman described the Council of Fifty noting that Smith prophesied "the entire overthrow of this nation in a few years", at which time the Kingdom of God would be prepared to lead.[12]: 519–521
^In this account, the personages in question are inferred—though never expressly stated—to beGod the Father and his Son,Jesus Christ.[42]
^However, theCatholic Church considers doctrinal differences between the two groups to be so great that it will not accept a prior LDS baptism as evidence of Christian initiation, as it will baptism by other Christian groups, such as theEastern Orthodox andProtestant churches.[95][96] The LDS Church, in its turn, does not accept baptisms performed in any other churches, as it teaches that baptism is only valid when it is conducted through proper priesthood authority.[97][37]: 41
^According toJoseph Smith, Jesus told him that the other churches claiming to be Christian creeds "were an abomination in the Lords sight; that those professors [of religion] were all corrupt".[107][108]
^A man may be sealed to more than one wife if his previous wives are either dead or legally divorced from him; a living woman, however, may only be sealed to one husband.[114] Thus, there is a common view within the LDS Church that though prohibited by the LDS Church in mortality, polygamy or "plural marriage" will exist in the afterlife.[114][115] "In the case of a man marrying a wife in the everlasting covenant who dies while he continues in the flesh and marries another by the same divine law, each wife will come forth in her order and enter with him into his glory."[115]Joseph Fielding Smith, then anapostle, stated in 1939 "my wives will be mine in eternity" in reference to his two deceased and one living partners.[116]
^Children born to biological parents who have been sealed to each other are considered "born in the covenant" and need not be sealed to their parents.[117]
^The initial legislation was made by the non-existentState of Deseret, thus was not legally valid,[202] but was soon ratified by the Utah Territory in 1851[203] and 1855.[204]
^During the Church's October 2018 General Conference, Nelson declared that the use of nicknames such asMormon represented "a major victory for Satan."[208][201]
^The only paid positions in the Church are general authorities, general officers and mission presidents.[217][226]
^For a time, the church had a paid local clergy (e.g. stake presidents, bishops, patriarchs). However, that practice was discontinued in the early 1900s.[227][228]
^Leaders state women should only have a maximum of one piercing in each ear, and men should not have any.[111]
^Subtracting U.S. membership of 6,681,829 from total worldwide membership of 16,313,735, results in 9,631,906 members outside the U.S. (September 24, 2019).[286]
^Reporting on a presentation given by the church's chief information officer, aDeseret News article indicated that one of Maxfield's statistics was that "about 36% [of church members] attend weekly sacrament meetings". The article was retracted with following disclaimer: "some of the statistics originally reported in this article have been removed because they have not been verified by the LDS Church. The information was removed at the request of the speaker."[302]
^Standard language references such as Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, eds.,The World's Writing Systems (New York:Oxford University Press, 1996) (990 pages); David Crystal,The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (Cambridge University Press, 1997); and Roger D. Woodard, ed.,The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages (Cambridge University Press, 2004) (1162 pages) contain no reference to "reformed Egyptian." "Reformed Egyptian" is also ignored in Andrew Robinson,Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered Scripts (New York:McGraw Hill, 2002). Smith's discussion of it is mentioned inFantastic Archaeology.[334]
During the late 1960s and 1970s, Black athletes at some universities refused to compete against teams from church ownedBrigham Young University as a form of protest.[374]
A protest in 1974 was in response to the exclusion of Black scouts to become leaders in church sponsoredBoy Scout troops.[358]: 185
^Prior to 2006, the introduction to church-published editions of the Book of Mormon stated Lamanites form the "principal ancestors of the American Indians." Since the 2006 edition, the same passage now reads they are "among the ancestors of the American Indians."[380][16]
^Bushman noted that inDaviess County, Missouri, non-Mormons "watched local government fall into the hands of people they saw as deluded fanatics".[12]: 357
^Historian Fawn Brodie argued that given its authors' intentions to reform the church, the paper was "extraordinarily restrained" given the explosive allegations it could have raised.[23]: 374 A prospectus for the newspaper was published on May 10, and referred to Smith as a "self-constituted monarch".[33]: 138
^The Widow's Mite Report, an anonymous 3rd-party focused on analysis of church finances, evaluated SMH's claims and concluded they "offer only a partial picture" of the church's humanitarian giving during the period in question.[432]
^Lewis, Paul W.; Mittelstadt, Martin William (2016).What's So Liberal about the Liberal Arts?: Integrated Approaches to Christian Formation. Wipf & Stock.ISBN978-1-4982-3145-9.The Second Great Awakening (1790–1840) spurred a renewed interest in primitive Christianity. What is known as the Restoration Movement of the nineteenth century gave birth to an array of groups: Mormons (The Latter Day Saint Movement), the Churches of Christ, Adventists, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Though these groups demonstrate a breathtaking diversity on the continuum of Christianity they share an intense restorationist impulse.
^"American Prophet: Joseph Smith".PBS Utah.Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. RetrievedMay 26, 2021.On April 6, 1830, Joseph Smith organized The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and became its first president
^D&C 84:4 "[T]he city New Jerusalem shall be built by the gathering of the saints, beginning at [Jackson County, Missouri], even the place of the temple, which temple shall be reared in this generation".
^Buerger, David J. (2002). "Joseph Smith's Ritual".The Mysteries of Godliness: A History of Mormon Temple Worship.Signature Books. p. 89.ISBN978-1-56085-176-9.Brother Brigham Young, I [Heber Kimball] pour this holy consecrated oil upon your head and anoint thee a king and a priest of the most high God ... And I seal thee up unto eternal life, that thou shalt ... attain unto the eternal Godhead and receive a fulness of joy, and glory, and power; and that thou mayest do all things ... even if it be to create worlds and redeem them.
^"Community of Christ".Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.).Columbia University Press.Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. RetrievedJuly 3, 2021.The doctrines of the church are derived from the Bible, the Book of Mormon, and the Doctrine and Covenants (recognized revelations to church leaders). Brigham Young and his position on polygamy are rejected; there are other beliefs and practices they do not share with the Mormons, including the ordination of women.
^Chryssides, George D. (2012). "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints".Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements. Scarecrow Press. pp. 90–91.ISBN978-0-8108-6194-7.
^Stark, Rodney (2001). "The Basis of Mormon Success: A Theoretical Application". In Eliason, Eric A. (ed.).Mormons and Mormonism: An Introduction to an American World Religion.University of Illinois Press. pp. 207–242.ISBN0-252-02609-8.
^abcdCarter, K. Codell (1992)."Godhood". InLudlow, Daniel H. (ed.).Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York:Macmillan Publishers. pp. 553, 555.ISBN978-0-02-904040-9 – viaBYU.They [resurrected and perfected mortals] will dwell again with God the Father, and live and act like him in endless worlds of happiness ... above all they will have the power of procreating endless lives. ... Those who become like him will likewise contribute to this eternal process by adding further spirit offspring to the eternal family.
^abGospel Fundamentals(PDF). Salt Lake City:LDS Church. 2002. p. 201.They [the people who will live in the celestial kingdom] will receive everything our Father in Heaven has and will become like Him. They will even be able to have spirit children and make new worlds for them to live on, and do all the things our Father in Heaven has done.
^abHales, Brian (Fall 2012). "'A Continuation of the Seeds': Joseph Smith and Spirit Birth".Journal of Mormon History.38 (4).University of Illinois Press:105–130.doi:10.2307/23292634.JSTOR23292634.S2CID254493140.Today, an accepted doctrine of the [LDS Church] interprets verses in Doctrine and Covenants 132 as references to the birth of spirit offspring by exalted married couples in the celestial kingdom
^"Why Ordinances and Covenants Matter". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. RetrievedMarch 31, 2025.With each essential ordinance, we enter into solemn commitments with the Lord. The commitments we make when we receive an ordinance are called covenants.
^Hill, Victoria (January 23, 2023)."Plans announced to rebuild, relocate Anchorage Alaska Temple".KUTV. RetrievedJuly 6, 2024. (The Anchorage Alaska Temple is being relocated and resized. While the new temple is under construction, the existing temple is open and will be decommissioned and demolished after the new one is dedicated).
^Brunson, Samuel (Spring 2015)."The Present, Past, and Future of LDS Financial Transparency"(PDF).Dialogue.8 (1):1–44.doi:10.5406/dialjmormthou.48.1.0001.S2CID181493367.Archived(PDF) from the original on June 4, 2021.In 1915, though, and continuing until 1959, the church made an annual public disclosure of its finances. As part of the annual April General Conference, somebody—often the president of the LDS Church or one of his counselors—would inform the assembled congregation of how much money the Church had spent in a variety of categories. In 1959, in the wake of significant deficit spending by the church and of massive investment losses, it ended its detailed public financial disclosure, and instead limited its financial disclosure to the Auditing Department report. As a result of its silence about the details of its finances, members, critics, and the interested public have been left to guess at the Church's wealth and the scope of its charitable spending, among other things.
^Van Biema, David (August 4, 1997)."Kingdom Come".Time.Archived from the original on May 25, 2023. RetrievedJune 23, 2023.
^Moskin, Julia (January 24, 2012)."Not Just for Sundays After Church: A New Generation Redefines Mormon Cuisine".The New York Times.The basic dinner was meat in cream-of-something soup on mashed something... No one comes to Utah for the food... 'Mormon food' should be seen as part of a larger Western tradition of hearty meals, seasonal eating and food preservation that is in keeping with modern farm-to-table ideals .... As the church becomes more international, that Utah Mormon food is no longer the standard... Mormon home cooks are unusually adept in the kitchen by modern standards .... In the 1960s, Mormon women (like most Americans) enthusiastically embraced inexpensive convenience foods like canned fruit, instant potatoes and, of course, Jell-O. For some reason, the Utah Mormons took longer to come out of that phase... Powdered milk and eggs; dried beans; canned vegetables, fruit, and even canned meat and cheese are staples of many kitchens. (This may have something to do with the stereotypical blandness of traditional Mormon food.) ... For most Mormons over 40, two standard dishes sum up the tradition: green Jell-O and funeral potatoes.
^White, O. Kendall Jr. (March 1995). "Integrating Religious and Racial Identities: An Analysis of LDS African American Explanations of the Priesthood Ban".Review of Religious Research.36 (3):296–297.doi:10.2307/3511536.JSTOR3511536.'Celestial' or 'temple' marriage is a necessary condition for 'exaltation' ... Without the priesthood, Black men and women ... were denied complete exaltation, the ultimate goal of Mormonism.
^Fish, Jessica N.; Russell, Stephen T. (August 2020)."Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Change Efforts are Unethical and Harmful".American Journal of Public Health.110 (8):1113–1114.doi:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305765.PMC7349462.PMID32639919.With substantial evidence of serious harms associated with exposure to [sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts (SOGICE)] particularly for minors, 21 states (and multiple cities and counties) have passed bipartisan laws or regulations prohibiting SOGICE. ... Furthermore, compared with LGBTQ youths with no exposure, those exposed to SOGICE showed 1.76 times greater odds of seriously considering suicide, 2.23 times greater odds of having attempted suicide, and 2.54 times greater odds of multiple suicide attempts in the previous year.
^Galliher, Renee; Bradshaw, William; Dehlin, John; Crowelle, Katherine (April 25, 2014)."Psychosocial Correlates of Religious Approaches to Same-Sex Attraction: A Mormon Perspective".Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health.18 (3): 301, 304.doi:10.1080/19359705.2014.912970.S2CID144153586 – viaResearchGate.The major findings from the study are that non-biologically based views regarding the etiology of SSA [same-sex attraction], remaining active in the LDS Church, remaining single, and engaging in mixed-orientation marriages were all associated with higher reported levels of internalized homophobia, sexual identity distress, and depression, and lower levels of self-esteem and quality of life. ... This study does affirm and extend the existing literature by suggesting that psychosocially based beliefs about SSA etiology active participation in non-LGBT-affirming churches, being single and celibate, and mixed-orientation marriage—all of which are common beliefs and/or practices within modern, active LDS culture—are associated with poorer psychosocial health, well-being, and quality of life for LGBT Mormons. Conversely, biological beliefs about SSA etiology, complete disaffiliation from the LDS Church, legal same-sex marriage, and sexual activity are all associated with higher levels of psychosocial health, well-being, and quality of life for LGBT Mormons.
^Handbook 1: Stake Presidents and Bishops. Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church. 2010. Archived fromthe original on November 15, 2017.The mission president must conduct an interview and receive authorization from the First Presidency before a prospective convert may be baptized and confirmed if the person ... Has undergone an elective transsexual operation. ... A person who is considering an elective transsexual operation may not be baptized or confirmed. ... However, [persons who have already undergone an elective transsexual operation] may not receive the priesthood or a temple recommend.
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