The lake is sacred inHinduism,Buddhism,Jainism andBon religion. People from India, China, Nepal and other countries in the region undertake apilgrimage to the region. The pilgrimage generally involves trekking towards Lake Manasarovar and a circumambulation of the nearby Mount Kailash.
TheSanskrit word "Manasarovar" (मानसरोवर) is a combination of two Sanskrit words,Mānas (मानस्) meaning "mind" (generally denotes the mental powers associated including intellect, perception, conscience)[3] andsarovar (सरोवर) meaning "lake or a large pond".[4] The lake is called asMapam Yumtso (Tibetan:མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ།,Wylie:ma pham g.yu mtsho,THL:ma pam yu tso;Chinese:瑪旁雍錯;pinyin:Mǎ páng yōng cuò) andTso Madröpa locally. In hisTibetan-English dictionary,Sarat Chandra Das states thatMapam Yumtso is derived fromMapam meaning unconquerable or invincible andTso Madröpa is derived fromMadropa meaning "ground heated by the Sun" both used in combination withTso, the Tibetan word for lake.[5]
Lake Manasarovar is located inNgari Prefecture,Tibet Autonomous Region of China.[6][7] It is located in the southwest region of Tibet north of the westerntripoint of the border between China, India and Nepal.[8] It is visible from the Lapcha La pass above theLimi valley in Nepal on a clear day.[9] The freshwater lake lies at 4,600 m (15,100 ft) above mean sea level on the mostly saline lake-studdedTibetan Plateau and is one of the highest freshwater lakes in Asia.[6][10][11]
Spread over a surface area of 320 km2 (120 sq mi), Lake Manasarovar is relatively round in shape with a circumference of 88 km (55 mi) and a maximum depth of 100 m (330 ft).[12] Manasarovar overflows into the salt-waterendorheic lake ofRakshastal via the naturalGanga Chhu channel.[10][13][14] The major rivers rising from the region includeYarlung Tsangpo (which becomes theBrahmaputra), theIndus, theSutlej and theKarnali, a tributary ofGanges.[15][16]
The weather is fairly dry during April to June with day time temperatures of more than 5 °C (41 °F) and night time temperatures close to 0 °C (32 °F). The temperature starts to decrease in October with January being the coldest. Winters have day time temperatures below freezing with colder nights.[17]Monsoons bring rain from late June to August with cold winds.[18]
Global warming is described as happening more rapidly on the Tibetan Plateau than anywhere else in the world.[19][20] According to locals, the land around the region has been growing warmer in recent years with winters not as cold as it used to be.[21] The retreatingglaciers and thawing of thepermafrost in the Tibet region might lead to uncertain effects on water resources of the region. These effects along with population explosion and tourism has put severe stress on the fragile ecosystem.[22][23]
In Hindu literature, Mansarovar is mentioned by name in theHindu epicsRamayana andMahabharata.[24] Though modern texts state the lake to be among the most sacred sites of Hinduism, there is no explicit mention of the lake in earlyVedic literature. TheRigveda mentions that the Indus River flows north because ofIndra, a geographical reality only in the Tibet region. According toFrits Staal, this makes it likely that some of the ancient Vedic people traced the route of the Indus river and had seen the valley near Mount Kailash.[25]
The early Hindu texts mention a mythicalMount Meru and lake Manasa. The mythical Manasa lake is described as one created through the mind ofBrahma as the preferred abode of his vahanahamsa.[26] In theRamayana,Vishvamitra tellsRama that Brahma created a lake out of his consciousness (Manas), hence the name Manas Sarovar (lake of consciousness) and a river was born out of that lake calledSarayu, which flowed through the kingdom ofAyodhya.[27]
Mount Kailash on the banks of Lake Manasarovar is believed to be the abode ofShiva. This is where the holy riverGanges was tamed by Shiva and sent to nourish the fertile valleys below theHimalayas.[10][28][29]
Lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash are central to Buddhist cosmology, and a major pilgrimage site for some Buddhist traditions.[30] Kailash is known as the mythologicalMount Meru.[31] In Buddhism, Kailash represents the father of the world and Lake Mansarovar symbolizes the mother.[10] According to mythology,Maya bathed at Manasarovar to purify herself beforeBuddha could enter her womb.[32] Numerous sites in the region are associated withPadmasambhava, who is credited with establishing Tantric Buddhism in Tibet in the 8th century CE.[33][34]Vajrayana Buddhists believe that saintMilarepa (c. 1052 – c. 1135) had a challenge with Naro Böncham, a follower ofBön religion on the banks of Manasarovar.[35][36]
For the Bon people, the region was the centre of the ancient Bon empire ofZhang Zhung and is associated with the holy place ofZhang Zhung Meri deity.[37][38] As per Tibetan beliefs, the region was the source of the mythical Lion, Horse, Peacock, and Elephant Rivers.[31] WhenTonpa Shenrab, the founder of the Bon religion, visited Tibet for the first time and bathed in the lake.[25]
InJainism, Lake Manasarovar is associated with its founder and the firstTirthankara,Rishabhanatha.[10][37] As per Jain scriptures, he attainednirvana on the Ashtapad Mountain.[39] It is believed by Jains that after Rishabhanatha attained nirvana, his son emperorBharata had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 tirthankaras in the region.[40][41] There are other stories related to the region relating toMahavira, Kumar and Sagar, Tapas Kher Parna,Ravana andMandodari, among many others.[42][43][44]
The lake has been mentioned in various Hindu and Buddhist religious literature.[38] It was part of one of the oldest pilgrimage routes, which has been in existence for many years.[10][46] Though modern texts state the lake to be among the most sacred sites of various religions, there is no explicit mention of the lake being a pilgrimage site in early literature. Typically, historic pilgrimage sites that were frequented by Buddhists, Hindus and Jains attracted discussion in their respective texts and the construction of infrastructure by wealthy patrons or kings. The HinduPuranas indicate various infrastructure, such astemples,dharmasalas,ashrams, and pilgrimage facilities at such sites. But at least until the 1930s, there was no evidence of such structures in the Kailash-Manasarovar region.[25] According toLuciano Petech, Tibetan records indicate that the region was considered to be their sacred geography by the late 12th-century, with reports of Buddhist monks meditating in the Go-zul cave of Kailash and circumambulating the mountain.[47] According to Alex McKay, the possible synthesis of esoteric Buddhism andShaivism may have expanded and brought Kailash and Manasarovar into the shared sacred geography for both Buddhists and Hindus. The 13th-century textMahanirvana Tantra dedicates it first chapter to Kailash and Manasarovar lake as a pilgrimage site.[25]
Due to its perceived sacredness to various religions, people undertake a pilgrimage calledyatra to the Kailash-Manasarovar.[48] Pilgrimage to the mountain increased in the 1930s but was affected later due to both China andthe British Empire claiming the region.[25] Religious pilgrimages to Mount Kailas and Manasarovar were permitted by China afterits occupation of Tibet in 1950-51. While pilgrimage from India was guaranteed by the1954 Sino-Indian Agreement, access was restricted after the subsequent1959 Tibetan uprising, and the borders were closed after theSino-Indian War in 1962.[46][49] After nearly two decades, pilgrimage from India was allowed in 1981 after an agreement between the governments ofIndia and China.[48][46] The pilgrimage was suspended for three years since 2020 due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[50] The route was re-opened in 2023 with new regulations.[51][52] Since the reopening of the pilgrimage route from India in 1981, the numbers of pilgrims going on the annual yatra has grown considerably.[53] Before the closure in 2020, several thousand pilgrims from India were going to this pilgrimage every year.[54]
Temples and stupa on the lake shore
In India, the pilgrimage is organized by the Government of India and is permitted between June and September.[48] Since 2015, aspiring pilgrims from India were required to apply in advance to theMinistry of External Affairs and specific number of passes were issued to pilgrims by computerized random selection with preference given to first timers.[55][56] Pilgrims from India travel through two routes opened for the purpose, with border crossings atLipu Lekh pass inUttarakhand and theNathu La pass inSikkim.[57] Since 2020, a motorable road is available till the Lipu Lekh pass through the Indian side of the Mahakali valley, before crossing over to China.[58] The Nathu La route was opened in 2015 and involves traveling toGangtok before crossing the Nathu La pass into China.[59]
The pilgrimage involves trekking towards Lake Mansarovar and a circumambulation of Mount Kailash. The path around Mount Kailash is 53 km (33 mi) long.[48] The circumambulation known askora, is made in a clockwise direction by Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains, while Bönpos circumambulate the mountain in a counterclockwise direction.[31][63] Pilgrims believe that bathing in the lake and circling the mountain is a spiritually beneficial practice that can bring various positive effects, such as the cleansing of one's sins.[64][48][65] For the Khas people of the nearby region ofHumla in northwest Nepal, a ritual bath in the lake is an important step in gaining their shamanic powers.[60] There are manystupas, flag poles,Buddhist monasteries and praying stations on the banks of the lake, many of which were destroyed during theCultural Revolution of China from 1966 to 1976.[10]
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