 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| c. 9,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Pankisi Gorge,Kakheti andTusheti (Georgia) | |
 Georgia | 5,697 (2014)[1] |
 Russia | 707 (2010)[2] |
| Languages | |
| Chechen (Kist dialect [ru]),Georgian | |
| Religion | |
| PredominantlySunniIslam; minorityOrthodox Christianity[3] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| OtherNakh peoples | |
TheKists (Georgian:ქისტები,kist'ebi;Chechen:P'ängazxuoj;Ingush:P'engisxuoj) are aChechen sub-ethnic group inGeorgia. They primarily live in thePankisi Gorge, in theeastern Georgian region ofKakheti, where there are approximately 5,700 Kist people. The modern Kists are not to be confused with the historical termKists, an ethnonym ofGeorgian origin, which was used to refer to theNakh peoples in theMiddle Ages.
| Ethnonyms given by neighboring people to Kists: | |||||
| Sources of 19–20th centuries | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnonyms: | Term meaning | Year | Author | Work | |
| phengisxuoj | Ingush name for Kistins | 1930 | Anatoly Genko [ru] | "Iz kylturnogo proshlogo ingushey"[4] | |
| пӀенгисхой | Vainakh name for Pankisians | 1975 | Nureddin Akhriev | "Iskonnye imena chechentsev i ingushey"[5] | |
| пӀаьнгазхой | Chechen name forKistin dialect [ru] speakers | 1978 | Ibragim Aliroev [ru] | "Russko-chechenskiy slovar"[6] | |
Currently there are six Kist villages in Pankisi: Duisi, Dzibakhevi, Jokolo, Shua Khalatsani, Omalo (different from the village ofOmalo in Tusheti), and Birkiani.[7] The Kist community remains quite small and is scattered across northeast Georgia, but in the decade to 2007 the number of residents in the Pankisi area at least doubled due to an influx of refugees from neighboringChechnya.[7]
In 1989, it was calculated that Pankisi was about 43% Kist, 29% Georgian and 28% Ossetian, but many of the Ossetians later fled as a result of the more hostile situation due to the Russian-supported conflict of Ossetians against ethnic Georgians in the Samachablo region of Georgia.[8]
The Kist people's origins can be traced back to their ancestral land in lowerChechnya. In the 1830s and 1870s they migrated to the eastern GeorgianPankisi Gorge and some adjoining lands of the provinces ofTusheti andKakheti. Named "Kists" (ქისტები) inGeorgian, they are closely related culturally, linguistically and ethnically to other Nakh-speaking peoples such as Ingushes and Chechens, but their customs and traditions also share many similarities with the eastern Georgian mountaineers.
Around the same region of Georgia, there is also a related but still different community ofNakh origin calledBats.The early history of the Kist people is not well known and there are few sources mentioning their traditions, culture and history. The only historical sources available about the ethnic Kists in the area of Pankisi are found in the Georgian press, dated in the 1880s by E. Gugushvili, Zakaria Gulisashvili, Ivane Bukurauli, and Mate Albutashvili (ethnic Kist).
During theSecond World War, the Kists were the only Chechens in the Soviet Union who were notethnically cleansed by Stalin in 1944.[9]
During theSecond Chechen War, the Kists gave shelter to about 7,000 refugees fromChechnya.[10]
In the 1886 census there were 2,314 Kistins in the Tiflis province of the Russian Empire. In the 1897 census the Kistins were classified together with Chechens as a single ethnicity (Chechen) that were "Chechen or Kist speaking" and there were 2,502 of them living in the Tiflis province.[11] As per theRussian Empire Census of1897, there were 413Kistin dialect [ru] speakers present in theRussian Empire, out of which 259 were men and 154 were women.[12] In the1926 Soviet Census, there were 1,891Kists in the Georgian SSR and they were classified together with theIngush proper as single ethnicity (Ingush) whose native language was classified as Chechen.[13][14][15] In the 1939 census the Kistins were classified as Chechens and there were 2,433 of them in the Georgian SSR.[16]
The majority of Kists adhere to religion made up of syncretizedSunniMuslim beliefs with animisticfolk religion.[citation needed] Small pockets ofChristian Kists still remain in Pankisi, Tusheti and Kakheti. To this day, the Kists worship theKhevsur sacred places (jvari) and make sacrifices to theAnatori jvari near the Khevsureti village ofShatili, which is located at the Georgian-Chechen border. The Anatori jvari was also considered sacred by Chechens inMaisti andMelkhisti. Highlanders from both the northern Caucasus and Georgia participated together in religious celebrations until the borders were closed. Although today the Kists pray in themosque in the village ofDuisi, they also pray at the sites of old, now-ruined Christian sanctuaries. The Christians among them and some folk followers pray inSaint George church in the village ofJoqolo and attend the religious celebrationAlaverdoba in theAlaverdi Monastery of Kakheti. Additionally, Kists celebrateTetri Giorgoba, a local variation ofSt George's Day.
When the Kists first arrived in the valley in the early 19th century from Chechnya and Ingushetia, their religious practices included both Islam and their originalNakh religion, with some overlap with the indigenous beliefs of their highland Georgian neighbors. There were also Christian influences. In the latter half of the 19th century, the Russian government pressured the Kists to convert to Orthodox Christianity, and there were various episodes of mass baptisms and church construction. In 1902, Kists who had remained Muslim constructed a mosque in Duisi, but the Russian government refused to recognize it. The Duisi mosque was forcefully closed, along with other religious structures after the Bolshevik revolution, and not reopened until 1960. Sanikidze notes that many Kists, regardless of their designation, have a mix of Muslim, Christian and indigenous religious practices.[17]
The position of Islam strengthened among the Kists in the Soviet period, in part because "wandering"mullahs continued to proselytize and managed to persuade many to convert to Islam, a process that continued into the 1970s. In sum, over the years considerable numbers of Kists became Christian, but most of those who did later reconverted to Islam. Even so, until around 1970, a considerable part of the villagers of Jokolo, Omalo, and Birkiani were Christian, and a Christian chapel was built in Omalo in the 1960s. In the 1970s, however, many Christians in Jokolo and Omalo returned to the Islamic faith. Only Birkiani has a majority Christian population today. Birkiani has two mosques as of 2022. There is also a small community of Kists in Kakheti (a region of Georgia bordering on the Gorge), mainly in the city of Telavi, who consider themselves Orthodox Christians.[7]
The Kists retain family traditions and customs. They identify themselves as Chechen, and for official purposes declare themselves of Georgian nationality. They are typically bilingual inChechen andGeorgian. The customs and habits of the Kist people have been described in a number of ethnographic studies.[18]
Zelimkhan Khangoshvili (1979-2019) - Georgian military officer, platoon commander for theChechen Republic of Ichkeria.
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