During theWar of 1812,Kentucky supplied numerous troops and supplies to the war effort. Because Kentucky did not have to commit manpower to defending fortifications, most Kentucky troops campaigned actively against the enemy. This led to Kentucky seeing more battle casualties than all other states combined.[1]
With the impending onset of hostilities, the governor of theIndiana Territory, futureUnited States PresidentWilliam Henry Harrison sought military assistance from neighboringKentucky. After being appointed brigadier general of the Kentuckymilitia on August 22, Harrison went to attain the force in order to defend the Indiana territorial government atVincennes, Indiana.[2] Harrison had resigned his military commission in December 1811, but with the help of Kentucky governorCharles Scott, he was able to recruit Kentucky citizens to help defend Indiana; citizens in Ohio and Indiana had heard of the lack of camp provisions and chose not to be burdened by such hardships.[2][3] As a result, most of Kentucky's militia during the war fought in what was the oldNorthwest Territory.[4]
Some 25,010 Kentuckians served in war, which was about five out of every six men then of military age. Fighting against both the British and their Native Americans allies, Kentucky sent a total of 36regiments, fourbattalions, and twelve independent companies to the field, an almost unbelievable accomplishment considering the state's small population at the time.[5]
John Allen, a former gubernatorial candidate and Kentucky state legislator, on June 5, 1812, was made colonel of the 1st Kentucky Rifle Regiment, first militia troops raised by the state for the war. Allen was killed while rallying his men at theBattle of the River Raisin in Michigan. He was buried inFrankfort Cemetery, and Kentucky, Indiana, andOhio would all name counties in his honor.[7] Eight other Kentucky officers died in either the battle or the massacre that followed it, and had counties named for them. The River Raisin casualties included about 400 Kentuckians killed in the fighting, plus eighty wounded prisoners who were tomahawked by the Indians as soon as the British departed. The murder of the prisoners led to the Kentuckian's rallying cry for the rest of the war -Remember the River Raisin![6]
Many Kentuckians also took part in Andrew Jackson's defeat of a British force at theBattle of New Orleans, which took place (unknown to the participants) after the peace treaty had already been signed.
Isaac Shelby, Kentucky's 1st and 5th Governor and Revolutionary War hero, helped lead the Kentucky militia in the War of 1812 in the recapture of Fort Detroit from the British when he was in his 60s, leading to its renaming asFort Shelby. Shelby also joined General Harrison in pursuing the retreating British troops led by Major-GeneralHenry Procter and the Indian leaderTecumseh into Canada, defeating them and killing Tecumseh at theBattle of the Thames.
Almost all the American soldiers at theBattle of Wild Cat Creek, fought in northern Indiana, were residents of theHopkinsville, Kentucky area in southwestern Kentucky.[8]
Kentucky helped supply the war. A major supply depot for the war was atNewport, Kentucky. DubbedNewport Barracks, the staging area would later serve as a supply depot for conflicts with Mexico later in the century.[9]Saltpeter was heavily mined inCarter County and at theGreat Saltpeter Cave inRockcastle County.[10] But the most notable mining was atMammoth Cave, whose saltpeter, considered exceptional quality, was numbered at 570,000 pounds produced during the war.[11]
The war also affected the state's economy. Due to the inability to trade with Britain during the war, "rudimentary manufacturing" was spurred during the timeframe.[12] To help pay for the war, a distilled spiritsexcise tax was levied during the war, and would not end until 1817. The next such tax would not be levied until theCivil War in 1862.[13]
The War of 1812 had a lasting effect on Kentucky. One consequence was that theShawnee never again challenged white control of the state.[14] Also, a number of Kentucky's future leaders served in the war. Counting Isaac Shelby's second term, which began just after the outbreak of hostilities, six consecutive governors of Kentucky were veterans of the war. Later governorsCharles A. Wickliffe andJohn J. Crittenden also served asaides-de-camp in the war. Twenty-two ofKentucky's one hundred twenty counties are named for participants in the War of 1812, including nine that were named after soldiers killed at the Battle of River Raisin.
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