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Kannada script

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(Redirected fromKannada alphabet)
Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family

Kannada script
ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ
Astanza fromKavirajamarga which praises the people for their literary skills, written in the Kannada script[note 1]
Script type
Time period
4th[1] century CE – present
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesKannada
Sanskrit
Tulu
Kodava
Badaga
Beary
Sanketi
Konkani
Marathi
Related scripts
Parent systems
Child systems
Goykanadi[3]
Sister systems
Telugu
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Knda(345), ​Kannada
Unicode
Unicode alias
Kannada
U+0C80–U+0CFF
 This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
This article containsIndic text. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
Brahmic scripts
TheBrahmi script and its descendants

TheKannada script (IAST:Kannaḍa lipi; obsolete:Kanarese orCanarese script in English) is anabugida of theBrahmic family,[4] used to writeKannada, one of theDravidian languages ofSouth India especially in the state ofKarnataka. It is one of theofficial scripts of the Indian Republic. Kannada script is also widely used for writingSanskrit texts in Karnataka. Several minor languages, such asTulu,Konkani,Kodava,Beary andSanketi also use alphabets based on the Kannada script.[5] The Kannada andTelugu scripts share very high mutual intellegibility with each other,[6] and are often considered to be regional variants of single script. Other scripts similar to Kannada script areSinhala script[7] (which included some elements from theKadamba script[8]), and OldPeguan script(used inBurma).[9]

The Kannada script (ಅಕ್ಷರಮಾಲೆakṣaramāle orವರ್ಣಮಾಲೆvarṇamāle) is aphonemic abugida of forty-nine letters. The character set is almost identical to that of otherBrahmic scripts or often known as Brahmi Lipi.[10] Consonantal letters imply aninherent vowel. Letters representing consonants are combined to form digraphs(ಒತ್ತಕ್ಷರottakṣara) when there is no intervening vowel. Otherwise, each letter corresponds to asyllable.

The letters are classified into three categories:ಸ್ವರsvara (vowels),ವ್ಯಂಜನvyañjana (consonants), andಯೋಗವಾಹಕyōgavāhaka (semiconsonants).

The Kannada words for a letter of the script areಅಕ್ಷರakshara,ಅಕ್ಕರakkara, andವರ್ಣvarṇa. Each letter has its own form (ಆಕಾರākāra) and sound (ಶಬ್ದśabda), providing the visible and audible representations, respectively. Kannada is written from left to right.[11]

History

[edit]

Kannada script or the earlyKadamba script evolved from the Ashokan Brahmi script,[12][13][14] which later evolved intoKannada-Telugu script, during the period ofChalukyas and laterChalukyas of Vengi.[15][16][17] The Kannada and Telugu scripts then separated by around 1300 C.E.[18][19]

The 11th-century Persian scholar and polymathAl-Biruni calls the Kannada script asKarnata alphabets used inKarnatadesa[20]

Over the centuries some changes have been made to the Kannada script. These changes consist of:

  1. Modification of existing glyphs: In the early Kannada script, no orthographic distinction was made between the short mid[e,o], and long mid[eː,oː],. However, distinct signs were employed to denote the special consonants viz. the trill[r] the retroflex lateral[ɭ] and the retroflex rhotic[ɻ], by the 5th century.[dubiousdiscuss][the transcriptions contradict themselves]

Vowels

[edit]

There are thirteen vowel letters (ಸ್ವರsvara) in modern Kannada.The Kannada script is anabugida, where when a vowel follows a consonant, it is written with a diacritic rather than as a separate letter. There are also three obsolete vowels, corresponding to vowels in Sanskrit.

Written Kannada is composed ofakshara orkagunita, corresponding to syllables. The letters for consonants combine with diacritics for vowels. The consonant letter without any diacritic, such aska, has the inherent vowela. A consonant without a vowel is marked with a 'killer' stroke, such asಕ್k. This silencing diacritic and process is known asಹಲಂತhalanta, whereas the resulting letter is called anಅರ್ಧಾಕ್ಷರardhākshara (lit.'half letter').[21]

Kannada has a phonemicvowel length distinction, so like many other Brahmic scripts, the writing system has two sets of diacritics, one for short vowels and one for long vowels. Short vowels are referred to asಹ್ರಸ್ವhrasva, while long vowels are referred to asದೀರ್ಘdīrgha.[21]

Vowels with their corresponding diacritics and akshara with ಅ
Independent
a
ā
i
ī
u
ū
e
ē
ai
o
ō
au
Diacritic template
-
a
ā
ಿ
i
ī
u
ū
e
ē
ai
o
ō
au
Diacritic with ದ
ದ +
IPA:/d̪a/
ದ + ಾ
ದಾ
IPA:/d̪aː/
ದ + ಿ
ದಿ
IPA:/d̪i/
ದ + ೀ
ದೀ
IPA:/d̪iː/
ದ + ು
ದು
IPA:/d̪u/
ದ + ೂ
ದೂ
IPA:/d̪uː/
ದ + ೃ
ದೃ
IPA:/d̪ru/
ದ + ೄ
ದೄ
IPA:/d̪ruː/
ದ + ೢ
ದೢ
IPA:/d̪ruː/
ದ + ೣ
ದೣ
IPA:/d̪ruː/
ದ + ೆ
ದೆ
IPA:/d̪e/
ದ + ೇ
ದೇ
IPA:/d̪eː/
ದ + ೈ
ದೈ
IPA:/dai/
ದ + ೊ
ದೊ
IPA:/d̪o/
ದ + ೋ
ದೋ
IPA:/d̪oː/
ದ + ೌ
ದೌ
IPA:/d̪au/
  1. ^romanised:padanaṟidu nuḍiyaluṁ nuḍiduda
    naṟiyalumārparā nāḍavargaḷ
    cadurar nijadiṁ kuritōdadeyuṁ
    kāvyaprayōga pariṇatamatigaḷ
  2. ^abcdefghiObsolete in modern Kannada.

Yōgavāha

[edit]

There are twoyōgavāha (part-vowel, part consonant) letters, known asardhavisarga, used in modern Kannada and two others used inSanskrit transcription.

yōgavāha with their corresponding diacritics and akshara with ಅ and ದ
Diacritic template
Diacritic with ಅ
ಅಂ
aṁ
ಅಃ
aḥ
ಅೱ
ಅೲ
Diacritic with ದ
ದ + ಂ
ದಂ
IPA:/d̪am̃/
ದ + ಃ
ದಃ
IPA:/d̪ah/
ದ + ೱ
ದೱ
IPA:[x]
ದ + ೲ
ದೲ
IPA:[ɸ]
  1. ^abcdNot used in modern Kannada, but used in Sanskrit transcription.
  2. ^Changes the sound of ಕ from k to kh.
  3. ^Changes the sound of ಪ from p to ph, similar to thef infan but without the lips touching the teeth.

Consonant letters

[edit]
Brahmi script,Kanheri Caves

Two categories of consonant letters (ವ್ಯಂಜನvyan̄jana) are defined in Kannada: thestructured consonants and theunstructured consonants.

Structured consonants

[edit]

The structured consonants are classified according to theirplace of articulation, that is, where the tongue touches the palate.

Structured consonants
voicelessvoiceless
aspirated
voicedvoiced
aspirated
Nasal
velar
ka
kha
ga
gha
ṅa
palatal
ca
cha
ja
jha
ña
retroflex
ṭa
ṭha
ḍa
ḍha
ṇa
dental
ta
tha
da
dha
na
labial
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma

Unstructured consonants

[edit]

The unstructured consonants are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures:

Unstructured consonants
ya
ra
ṟa
la
va
śa
ṣa
sa
ha
ḷa
ḻa
  1. ^abObsolete in modern Kannada.

Obsolete Kannada letters

[edit]
Archaic n in Kannada script .
Historical form of representingನ್ in Kannada script.

Kannada literary works employed the letters (transliterated '' or 'rh') and (transliterated '', 'lh' or 'zh'), whose manner of articulation most plausibly could be akin to those in present-dayMalayalam andTamil. The letters dropped out of use in the 12th and 18th centuries, respectively. Later Kannada works replaced 'rh' and 'lh' with (ra) and (la) respectively.[22]

It is still used to write theBadaga language and a vowel + virama + ḻ is used to transcribe its retroflex vowels.[23]

Another letter (or unclassifiedvyanjana (consonant)) that has become extinct is 'nh' or 'inn'.ನ್ Likewise, this has its equivalent inTelugu, where it is calledNakaara pollu. The usage of this consonant was observed until the 1980s in Kannada works from the mostly coastal areas of Karnataka (especially theDakshina Kannada district). Now, hardly any mainstream works use this consonant. This letter has been replaced byನ್ (consonant n).[citation needed]

Consonant conjuncts

[edit]

The Kannada script is rich in conjunct consonant clusters, with most consonants having a standard subjoined form and few true ligature clusters. A table of consonant conjuncts follows although the forms of individual conjuncts may differ according to the font.

Of special note is the sequence concerning the letter (ra). Unlike other letters, the conjunct form is written second even if it is pronounced first in the sequence.

For example, the /rnaː/ in the wordKarnāṭaka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ) is written ರ್ನಾ rather than ರ‍್ನಾ.

The nasal consonants (ṅa), (ña), (ṇa), (na), and (ma) are usually written as ananusvara when preceding another consonant rather than a consonant conjunct.

For example, the /ŋg/ in the wordBeṅgaḷūru (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is usually writtenಂಗ rather thanಙ್ಗ (ಬೆಙ್ಗಳೂರು).

Complete list of consonant conjuncts

[edit]
ಕ್ಕಕ್ಖಕ್ಗಕ್ಘಕ್ಙಕ್ಚಕ್ಛಕ್ಜಕ್ಝಕ್ಞಕ್ಟಕ್ಠಕ್ಡಕ್ಢಕ್ಣಕ್ತಕ್ಥಕ್ದಕ್ಧಕ್ನಕ್ಪಕ್ಫಕ್ಬಕ್ಭಕ್ಮಕ್ಯಕ್ರಕ್ಱಕ್ಲಕ್ವಕ್ಶಕ್ಷಕ್ಸಕ್ಹಕ್ಳಕ್ೞ
ಖ್ಕಖ್ಖಖ್ಗಖ್ಘಖ್ಙಖ್ಚಖ್ಛಖ್ಜಖ್ಝಖ್ಞಖ್ಟಖ್ಠಖ್ಡಖ್ಢಖ್ಣಖ್ತಖ್ಥಖ್ದಖ್ಧಖ್ನಖ್ಪಖ್ಫಖ್ಬಖ್ಭಖ್ಮಖ್ಯಖ್ರಖ್ಱಖ್ಲಖ್ವಖ್ಶಖ್ಷಖ್ಸಖ್ಹಖ್ಳಖ್ೞ
ಗ್ಕಗ್ಖಗ್ಗಗ್ಘಗ್ಙಗ್ಚಗ್ಛಗ್ಜಗ್ಝಗ್ಞಗ್ಟಗ್ಠಗ್ಡಗ್ಢಗ್ಣಗ್ತಗ್ಥಗ್ದಗ್ಧಗ್ನಗ್ಪಗ್ಫಗ್ಬಗ್ಭಗ್ಮಗ್ಯಗ್ರಗ್ಱಗ್ಲಗ್ವಗ್ಶಗ್ಷಗ್ಸಗ್ಹಗ್ಳಗ್ೞ
ಘ್ಕಘ್ಖಘ್ಗಘ್ಘಘ್ಙಘ್ಚಘ್ಛಘ್ಜಘ್ಝಘ್ಞಘ್ಟಘ್ಠಘ್ಡಘ್ಢಘ್ಣಘ್ತಘ್ಥಘ್ದಘ್ಧಘ್ನಘ್ಪಘ್ಫಘ್ಬಘ್ಭಘ್ಮಘ್ಯಘ್ರಘ್ಱಘ್ಲಘ್ವಘ್ಶಘ್ಷಘ್ಸಘ್ಹಘ್ಳಘ್ೞ
ಙ್ಕಙ್ಖಙ್ಗಙ್ಘಙ್ಙಙ್ಚಙ್ಛಙ್ಜಙ್ಝಙ್ಞಙ್ಟಙ್ಠಙ್ಡಙ್ಢಙ್ಣಙ್ತಙ್ಥಙ್ದಙ್ಧಙ್ನಙ್ಪಙ್ಫಙ್ಬಙ್ಭಙ್ಮಙ್ಯಙ್ರಙ್ಱಙ್ಲಙ್ವಙ್ಶಙ್ಷಙ್ಸಙ್ಹಙ್ಳಙ್ೞ
ಚ್ಕಚ್ಖಚ್ಗಚ್ಘಚ್ಙಚ್ಚಚ್ಛಚ್ಜಚ್ಝಚ್ಞಚ್ಟಚ್ಠಚ್ಡಚ್ಢಚ್ಣಚ್ತಚ್ಥಚ್ದಚ್ಧಚ್ನಚ್ಪಚ್ಫಚ್ಬಚ್ಭಚ್ಮಚ್ಯಚ್ರಚ್ಱಚ್ಲಚ್ವಚ್ಶಚ್ಷಚ್ಸಚ್ಹಚ್ಳಚ್ೞ
ಛ್ಕಛ್ಖಛ್ಗಛ್ಘಛ್ಙಛ್ಚಛ್ಛಛ್ಜಛ್ಝಛ್ಞಛ್ಟಛ್ಠಛ್ಡಛ್ಢಛ್ಣಛ್ತಛ್ಥಛ್ದಛ್ಧಛ್ನಛ್ಪಛ್ಫಛ್ಬಛ್ಭಛ್ಮಛ್ಯಛ್ರಛ್ಱಛ್ಲಛ್ವಛ್ಶಛ್ಷಛ್ಸಛ್ಹಛ್ಳಛ್ೞ
ಜ್ಕಜ್ಖಜ್ಗಜ್ಘಜ್ಙಜ್ಚಜ್ಛಜ್ಜಜ್ಝಜ್ಞಜ್ಟಜ್ಠಜ್ಡಜ್ಢಜ್ಣಜ್ತಜ್ಥಜ್ದಜ್ಧಜ್ನಜ್ಪಜ್ಫಜ್ಬಜ್ಭಜ್ಮಜ್ಯಜ್ರಜ್ಱಜ್ಲಜ್ವಜ್ಶಜ್ಷಜ್ಸಜ್ಹಜ್ಳಜ್ೞ
ಝ್ಕಝ್ಖಝ್ಗಝ್ಘಝ್ಙಝ್ಚಝ್ಛಝ್ಜಝ್ಝಝ್ಞಝ್ಟಝ್ಠಝ್ಡಝ್ಢಝ್ಣಝ್ತಝ್ಥಝ್ದಝ್ಧಝ್ನಝ್ಪಝ್ಫಝ್ಬಝ್ಭಝ್ಮಝ್ಯಝ್ರಝ್ಱಝ್ಲಝ್ವಝ್ಶಝ್ಷಝ್ಸಝ್ಹಝ್ಳಝ್ೞ
ಞ್ಕಞ್ಖಞ್ಗಞ್ಘಞ್ಙಞ್ಚಞ್ಛಞ್ಜಞ್ಝಞ್ಞಞ್ಟಞ್ಠಞ್ಡಞ್ಢಞ್ಣಞ್ತಞ್ಥಞ್ದಞ್ಧಞ್ನಞ್ಪಞ್ಫಞ್ಬಞ್ಭಞ್ಮಞ್ಯಞ್ರಞ್ಱಞ್ಲಞ್ವಞ್ಶಞ್ಷಞ್ಸಞ್ಹಞ್ಳಞ್ೞ
ಟ್ಕಟ್ಖಟ್ಗಟ್ಘಟ್ಙಟ್ಚಟ್ಛಟ್ಜಟ್ಝಟ್ಞಟ್ಟಟ್ಠಟ್ಡಟ್ಢಟ್ಣಟ್ತಟ್ಥಟ್ದಟ್ಧಟ್ನಟ್ಪಟ್ಫಟ್ಬಟ್ಭಟ್ಮಟ್ಯಟ್ರಟ್ಱಟ್ಲಟ್ವಟ್ಶಟ್ಷಟ್ಸಟ್ಹಟ್ಳಟ್ೞ
ಠ್ಕಠ್ಖಠ್ಗಠ್ಘಠ್ಙಠ್ಚಠ್ಛಠ್ಜಠ್ಝಠ್ಞಠ್ಟಠ್ಠಠ್ಡಠ್ಢಠ್ಣಠ್ತಠ್ಥಠ್ದಠ್ಧಠ್ನಠ್ಪಠ್ಫಠ್ಬಠ್ಭಠ್ಮಠ್ಯಠ್ರಠ್ಱಠ್ಲಠ್ವಠ್ಶಠ್ಷಠ್ಸಠ್ಹಠ್ಳಠ್ೞ
ಡ್ಕಡ್ಖಡ್ಗಡ್ಘಡ್ಙಡ್ಚಡ್ಛಡ್ಜಡ್ಝಡ್ಞಡ್ಟಡ್ಠಡ್ಡಡ್ಢಡ್ಣಡ್ತಡ್ಥಡ್ದಡ್ಧಡ್ನಡ್ಪಡ್ಫಡ್ಬಡ್ಭಡ್ಮಡ್ಯಡ್ರಡ್ಱಡ್ಲಡ್ವಡ್ಶಡ್ಷಡ್ಸಡ್ಹಡ್ಳಡ್ೞ
ಢ್ಕಢ್ಖಢ್ಗಢ್ಘಢ್ಙಢ್ಚಢ್ಛಢ್ಜಢ್ಝಢ್ಞಢ್ಟಢ್ಠಢ್ಡಢ್ಢಢ್ಣಢ್ತಢ್ಥಢ್ದಢ್ಧಢ್ನಢ್ಪಢ್ಫಢ್ಬಢ್ಭಢ್ಮಢ್ಯಢ್ರಢ್ಱಢ್ಲಢ್ವಢ್ಶಢ್ಷಢ್ಸಢ್ಹಢ್ಳಢ್ೞ
ಣ್ಕಣ್ಖಣ್ಗಣ್ಘಣ್ಙಣ್ಚಣ್ಛಣ್ಜಣ್ಝಣ್ಞಣ್ಟಣ್ಠಣ್ಡಣ್ಢಣ್ಣಣ್ತಣ್ಥಣ್ದಣ್ಧಣ್ನಣ್ಪಣ್ಫಣ್ಬಣ್ಭಣ್ಮಣ್ಯಣ್ರಣ್ಱಣ್ಲಣ್ವಣ್ಶಣ್ಷಣ್ಸಣ್ಹಣ್ಳಣ್ೞ
ತ್ಕತ್ಖತ್ಗತ್ಘತ್ಙತ್ಚತ್ಛತ್ಜತ್ಝತ್ಞತ್ಟತ್ಠತ್ಡತ್ಢತ್ಣತ್ತತ್ಥತ್ದತ್ಧತ್ನತ್ಪತ್ಫತ್ಬತ್ಭತ್ಮತ್ಯತ್ರತ್ಱತ್ಲತ್ವತ್ಶತ್ಷತ್ಸತ್ಹತ್ಳತ್ೞ
ಥ್ಕಥ್ಖಥ್ಗಥ್ಘಥ್ಙಥ್ಚಥ್ಛಥ್ಜಥ್ಝಥ್ಞಥ್ಟಥ್ಠಥ್ಡಥ್ಢಥ್ಣಥ್ತಥ್ಥಥ್ದಥ್ಧಥ್ನಥ್ಪಥ್ಫಥ್ಬಥ್ಭಥ್ಮಥ್ಯಥ್ರಥ್ಱಥ್ಲಥ್ವಥ್ಶಥ್ಷಥ್ಸಥ್ಹಥ್ಳಥ್ೞ
ದ್ಕದ್ಖದ್ಗದ್ಘದ್ಙದ್ಚದ್ಛದ್ಜದ್ಝದ್ಞದ್ಟದ್ಠದ್ಡದ್ಢದ್ಣದ್ತದ್ಥದ್ದದ್ಧದ್ನದ್ಪದ್ಫದ್ಬದ್ಭದ್ಮದ್ಯದ್ರದ್ಱದ್ಲದ್ವದ್ಶದ್ಷದ್ಸದ್ಹದ್ಳದ್ೞ
ಧ್ಕಧ್ಖಧ್ಗಧ್ಘಧ್ಙಧ್ಚಧ್ಛಧ್ಜಧ್ಝಧ್ಞಧ್ಟಧ್ಠಧ್ಡಧ್ಢಧ್ಣಧ್ತಧ್ಥಧ್ದಧ್ಧಧ್ನಧ್ಪಧ್ಫಧ್ಬಧ್ಭಧ್ಮಧ್ಯಧ್ರಧ್ಱಧ್ಲಧ್ವಧ್ಶಧ್ಷಧ್ಸಧ್ಹಧ್ಳಧ್ೞ
ನ್ಕನ್ಖನ್ಗನ್ಘನ್ಙನ್ಚನ್ಛನ್ಜನ್ಝನ್ಞನ್ಟನ್ಠನ್ಡನ್ಢನ್ಣನ್ತನ್ಥನ್ದನ್ಧನ್ನನ್ಪನ್ಫನ್ಬನ್ಭನ್ಮನ್ಯನ್ರನ್ಱನ್ಲನ್ವನ್ಶನ್ಷನ್ಸನ್ಹನ್ಳನ್ೞ
ಪ್ಕಪ್ಖಪ್ಗಪ್ಘಪ್ಙಪ್ಚಪ್ಛಪ್ಜಪ್ಝಪ್ಞಪ್ಟಪ್ಠಪ್ಡಪ್ಢಪ್ಣಪ್ತಪ್ಥಪ್ದಪ್ಧಪ್ನಪ್ಪಪ್ಫಪ್ಬಪ್ಭಪ್ಮಪ್ಯಪ್ರಪ್ಱಪ್ಲಪ್ವಪ್ಶಪ್ಷಪ್ಸಪ್ಹಪ್ಳಪ್ೞ
ಫ್ಕಫ್ಖಫ್ಗಫ್ಘಫ್ಙಫ್ಚಫ್ಛಫ್ಜಫ್ಝಫ್ಞಫ್ಟಫ್ಠಫ್ಡಫ್ಢಫ್ಣಫ್ತಫ್ಥಫ್ದಫ್ಧಫ್ನಫ್ಪಫ್ಫಫ್ಬಫ್ಭಫ್ಮಫ್ಯಫ್ರಫ್ಱಫ್ಲಫ್ವಫ್ಶಫ್ಷಫ್ಸಫ್ಹಫ್ಳಫ್ೞ
ಬ್ಕಬ್ಖಬ್ಗಬ್ಘಬ್ಙಬ್ಚಬ್ಛಬ್ಜಬ್ಝಬ್ಞಬ್ಟಬ್ಠಬ್ಡಬ್ಢಬ್ಣಬ್ತಬ್ಥಬ್ದಬ್ಧಬ್ನಬ್ಪಬ್ಫಬ್ಬಬ್ಭಬ್ಮಬ್ಯಬ್ರಬ್ಱಬ್ಲಬ್ವಬ್ಶಬ್ಷಬ್ಸಬ್ಹಬ್ಳಬ್ೞ
ಭ್ಕಭ್ಖಭ್ಗಭ್ಘಭ್ಙಭ್ಚಭ್ಛಭ್ಜಭ್ಝಭ್ಞಭ್ಟಭ್ಠಭ್ಡಭ್ಢಭ್ಣಭ್ತಭ್ಥಭ್ದಭ್ಧಭ್ನಭ್ಪಭ್ಫಭ್ಬಭ್ಭಭ್ಮಭ್ಯಭ್ರಭ್ಱಭ್ಲಭ್ವಭ್ಶಭ್ಷಭ್ಸಭ್ಹಭ್ಳಭ್ೞ
ಮ್ಕಮ್ಖಮ್ಗಮ್ಘಮ್ಙಮ್ಚಮ್ಛಮ್ಜಮ್ಝಮ್ಞಮ್ಟಮ್ಠಮ್ಡಮ್ಢಮ್ಣಮ್ತಮ್ಥಮ್ದಮ್ಧಮ್ನಮ್ಪಮ್ಫಮ್ಬಮ್ಭಮ್ಮಮ್ಯಮ್ರಮ್ಱಮ್ಲಮ್ವಮ್ಶಮ್ಷಮ್ಸಮ್ಹಮ್ಳಮ್ೞ
ಯ್ಕಯ್ಖಯ್ಗಯ್ಘಯ್ಙಯ್ಚಯ್ಛಯ್ಜಯ್ಝಯ್ಞಯ್ಟಯ್ಠಯ್ಡಯ್ಢಯ್ಣಯ್ತಯ್ಥಯ್ದಯ್ಧಯ್ನಯ್ಪಯ್ಫಯ್ಬಯ್ಭಯ್ಮಯ್ಯಯ್ರಯ್ಱಯ್ಲಯ್ವಯ್ಶಯ್ಷಯ್ಸಯ್ಹಯ್ಳಯ್ೞ
ರ್ಕರ್ಖರ್ಗರ್ಘರ್ಙರ್ಚರ್ಛರ್ಜರ್ಝರ್ಞರ್ಟರ್ಠರ್ಡರ್ಢರ್ಣರ್ತರ್ಥರ್ದರ್ಧರ್ನರ್ಪರ್ಫರ್ಬರ್ಭರ್ಮರ್ಯರ್ರರ್ಱರ್ಲರ್ವರ್ಶರ್ಷರ್ಸರ್ಹರ್ಳರ್ೞ
ಱ್ಕಱ್ಖಱ್ಗಱ್ಘಱ್ಙಱ್ಚಱ್ಛಱ್ಜಱ್ಝಱ್ಞಱ್ಟಱ್ಠಱ್ಡಱ್ಢಱ್ಣಱ್ತಱ್ಥಱ್ದಱ್ಧಱ್ನಱ್ಪಱ್ಫಱ್ಬಱ್ಭಱ್ಮಱ್ಯಱ್ರಱ್ಱಱ್ಲಱ್ವಱ್ಶಱ್ಷಱ್ಸಱ್ಹಱ್ಳಱ್ೞ
ಲ್ಕಲ್ಖಲ್ಗಲ್ಘಲ್ಙಲ್ಚಲ್ಛಲ್ಜಲ್ಝಲ್ಞಲ್ಟಲ್ಠಲ್ಡಲ್ಢಲ್ಣಲ್ತಲ್ಥಲ್ದಲ್ಧಲ್ನಲ್ಪಲ್ಫಲ್ಬಲ್ಭಲ್ಮಲ್ಯಲ್ರಲ್ಱಲ್ಲಲ್ವಲ್ಶಲ್ಷಲ್ಸಲ್ಹಲ್ಳಲ್ೞ
ವ್ಕವ್ಖವ್ಗವ್ಘವ್ಙವ್ಚವ್ಛವ್ಜವ್ಝವ್ಞವ್ಟವ್ಠವ್ಡವ್ಢವ್ಣವ್ತವ್ಥವ್ದವ್ಧವ್ನವ್ಪವ್ಫವ್ಬವ್ಭವ್ಮವ್ಯವ್ರವ್ಱವ್ಲವ್ವವ್ಶವ್ಷವ್ಸವ್ಹವ್ಳವ್ೞ
ಶ್ಕಶ್ಖಶ್ಗಶ್ಘಶ್ಙಶ್ಚಶ್ಛಶ್ಜಶ್ಝಶ್ಞಶ್ಟಶ್ಠಶ್ಡಶ್ಢಶ್ಣಶ್ತಶ್ಥಶ್ದಶ್ಧಶ್ನಶ್ಪಶ್ಫಶ್ಬಶ್ಭಶ್ಮಶ್ಯಶ್ರಶ್ಱಶ್ಲಶ್ವಶ್ಶಶ್ಷಶ್ಸಶ್ಹಶ್ಳಶ್ೞ
ಷ್ಕಷ್ಖಷ್ಗಷ್ಘಷ್ಙಷ್ಚಷ್ಛಷ್ಜಷ್ಝಷ್ಞಷ್ಟಷ್ಠಷ್ಡಷ್ಢಷ್ಣಷ್ತಷ್ಥಷ್ದಷ್ಧಷ್ನಷ್ಪಷ್ಫಷ್ಬಷ್ಭಷ್ಮಷ್ಯಷ್ರಷ್ಱಷ್ಲಷ್ವಷ್ಶಷ್ಷಷ್ಸಷ್ಹಷ್ಳಷ್ೞ
ಸ್ಕಸ್ಖಸ್ಗಸ್ಘಸ್ಙಸ್ಚಸ್ಛಸ್ಜಸ್ಝಸ್ಞಸ್ಟಸ್ಠಸ್ಡಸ್ಢಸ್ಣಸ್ತಸ್ಥಸ್ದಸ್ಧಸ್ನಸ್ಪಸ್ಫಸ್ಬಸ್ಭಸ್ಮಸ್ಯಸ್ರಸ್ಱಸ್ಲಸ್ವಸ್ಶಸ್ಷಸ್ಸಸ್ಹಸ್ಳಸ್ೞ
ಹ್ಕಹ್ಖಹ್ಗಹ್ಘಹ್ಙಹ್ಚಹ್ಛಹ್ಜಹ್ಝಹ್ಞಹ್ಟಹ್ಠಹ್ಡಹ್ಢಹ್ಣಹ್ತಹ್ಥಹ್ದಹ್ಧಹ್ನಹ್ಪಹ್ಫಹ್ಬಹ್ಭಹ್ಮಹ್ಯಹ್ರಹ್ಱಹ್ಲಹ್ವಹ್ಶಹ್ಷಹ್ಸಹ್ಹಹ್ಳಹ್ೞ
ಳ್ಕಳ್ಖಳ್ಗಳ್ಘಳ್ಙಳ್ಚಳ್ಛಳ್ಜಳ್ಝಳ್ಞಳ್ಟಳ್ಠಳ್ಡಳ್ಢಳ್ಣಳ್ತಳ್ಥಳ್ದಳ್ಧಳ್ನಳ್ಪಳ್ಫಳ್ಬಳ್ಭಳ್ಮಳ್ಯಳ್ರಳ್ಱಳ್ಲಳ್ವಳ್ಶಳ್ಷಳ್ಸಳ್ಹಳ್ಳಳ್ೞ
ೞ್ಕೞ್ಖೞ್ಗೞ್ಘೞ್ಙೞ್ಚೞ್ಛೞ್ಜೞ್ಝೞ್ಞೞ್ಟೞ್ಠೞ್ಡೞ್ಢೞ್ಣೞ್ತೞ್ಥೞ್ದೞ್ಧೞ್ನೞ್ಪೞ್ಫೞ್ಬೞ್ಭೞ್ಮೞ್ಯೞ್ರೞ್ಱೞ್ಲೞ್ವೞ್ಶೞ್ಷೞ್ಸೞ್ಹೞ್ಳೞ್ೞ

Full list of consonant + vowel combinations

[edit]
ಅಂಅಃ
ಕಾಕಿಕೀಕುಕೂಕೃಕೄಕೆಕೇಕೈಕೊಕೋಕೌಕಂಕಃಕ್
ಖಾಖಿಖೀಖುಖೂಖೃಖೄಖೆಖೇಖೈಖೊಖೋಖೌಖಂಖಃಖ್
ಗಾಗಿಗೀಗುಗೂಗೃಗೄಗೆಗೇಗೈಗೊಗೋಗೌಗಂಗಃಗ್
ಘಾಘಿಘೀಘುಘೂಘೃಘೄಘೆಘೇಘೈಘೊಘೋಘೌಘಂಘಃಘ್
ಙಾಙಿಙೀಙುಙೂಙೃಙೄಙೆಙೇಙೈಙೊಙೋಙೌಙಂಙಃಙ್
ಚಾಚಿಚೀಚುಚೂಚೃಚೄಚೆಚೇಚೈಚೊಚೋಚೌಚಂಚಃಚ್
ಛಾಛಿಛೀಛುಛೂಛೃಛೄಛೆಛೇಛೈಛೊಛೋಛೌಛಂಛಃಛ್
ಜಾಜಿಜೀಜುಜೂಜೃಜೄಜೆಜೇಜೈಜೊಜೋಜೌಜಂಜಃಜ್
ಝಾಝಿಝೀಝುಝೂಝೃಝೄಝೆಝೇಝೈಝೊಝೋಝೌಝಂಝಃಝ್
ಞಾಞಿಞೀಞುಞೂಞೃಞೄಞೆಞೇಞೈಞೊಞೋಞೌಞಂಞಃಞ್
ಟಾಟಿಟೀಟುಟೂಟೃಟೄಟೆಟೇಟೈಟೊಟೋಟೌಟಂಟಃಟ್
ಠಾಠಿಠೀಠುಠೂಠೃಠೄಠೆಠೇಠೈಠೊಠೋಠೌಠಂಠಃಠ್
ಡಾಡಿಡೀಡುಡೂಡೃಡೄಡೆಡೇಡೈಡೊಡೋಡೌಡಂಡಃಡ್
ಢಾಢಿಢೀಢುಢೂಢೃಢೄಢೆಢೇಢೈಢೊಢೋಢೌಢಂಢಃಢ್
ಣಾಣಿಣೀಣುಣೂಣೃಣೄಣೆಣೇಣೈಣೊಣೋಣೌಣಂಣಃಣ್
ತಾತಿತೀತುತೂತೃತೄತೆತೇತೈತೊತೋತೌತಂತಃತ್
ಥಾಥಿಥೀಥುಥೂಥೃಥೄಥೆಥೇಥೈಥೊಥೋಥೌಥಂಥಃಥ್
ದಾದಿದೀದುದೂದೃದೄದೆದೇದೈದೊದೋದೌದಂದಃದ್
ಧಾಧಿಧೀಧುಧೂಧೃಧೄಧೆಧೇಧೈಧೊಧೋಧೌಧಂಧಃಧ್
ನಾನಿನೀನುನೂನೃನೄನೆನೇನೈನೊನೋನೌನಂನಃನ್
ಪಾಪಿಪೀಪುಪೂಪೃಪೄಪೆಪೇಪೈಪೊಪೋಪೌಪಂಪಃಪ್
ಫಾಫಿಫೀಫುಫೂಫೃಫೄಫೆಫೇಫೈಫೊಫೋಫೌಫಂಫಃಫ್
ಬಾಬಿಬೀಬುಬೂಬೃಬೄಬೆಬೇಬೈಬೊಬೋಬೌಬಂಬಃಬ್
ಭಾಭಿಭೀಭುಭೂಭೃಭೄಭೆಭೇಭೈಭೊಭೋಭೌಭಂಭಃಭ್
ಮಾಮಿಮೀಮುಮೂಮೃಮೄಮೆಮೇಮೈಮೊಮೋಮೌಮಂಮಃಮ್
ಯಾಯಿಯೀಯುಯೂಯೃಯೄಯೆಯೇಯೈಯೊಯೋಯೌಯಂಯಃಯ್
ರಾರಿರೀರುರೂರೃರೄರೆರೇರೈರೊರೋರೌರಂರಃರ್
ಱಾಱಿಱೀಱುಱೂಱೃಱೄಱೆಱೇಱೈಱೊಱೋಱೌಱಂಱಃಱ್
ಲಾಲಿಲೀಲುಲೂಲೃಲೄಲೆಲೇಲೈಲೊಲೋಲೌಲಂಲಃಲ್
ವಾವಿವೀವುವೂವೃವೄವೆವೇವೈವೊವೋವೌವಂವಃವ್
ಶಾಶಿಶೀಶುಶೂಶೃಶೄಶೆಶೇಶೈಶೊಶೋಶೌಶಂಶಃಶ್
ಷಾಷಿಷೀಷುಷೂಷೃಷೄಷೆಷೇಷೈಷೊಷೋಷೌಷಂಷಃಷ್
ಸಾಸಿಸೀಸುಸೂಸೃಸೄಸೆಸೇಸೈಸೊಸೋಸೌಸಂಸಃಸ್
ಹಾಹಿಹೀಹುಹೂಹೃಹೄಹೆಹೇಹೈಹೊಹೋಹೌಹಂಹಃಹ್
ಳಾಳಿಳೀಳುಳೂಳೃಳೄಳೆಳೇಳೈಳೊಳೋಳೌಳಂಳಃಳ್
ೞಾೞಿೞೀೞುೞೂೞೃೞೄೞೆೞೇೞೈೞೊೞೋೞೌೞಂೞಃೞ್

The formations shownboldface above are seldom used.

Numerals

[edit]
Clock inMysore with Kannada numerals. Note that the rotation of digits is not uniform along the outer ring: numerals 3 (left), 6 (bottom), 9 (right) and 12 (top) are upright, numbers 1, 2, 4, 7 and 8 are slightly rotated to the right, numbers 5, 10 and 11 are slightly rotated to the left, so they are all readable as if they were all upright (with numbers 10, 11 and 12 read normally from left to right, ignoring the slight rotations).

The decimal numerals in the script are:

Kannada numerals
0
sonne
1
ondu
2
eraḍu
3
mūru
4
nālku
5
aidu
6
āru
7
ēḷu
8
enṭu
9
oṃbattu

Transliteration

[edit]

Severaltransliteration schemes/tools are used to type Kannada characters using a standard keyboard. These includeBaraha[24] (based onITRANS),Pada Software[25] and several internet tools like Google transliteration, Quillpad[26] (predictive transliterator).Nudi, the Government of Karnataka's standard for Kannada Input, is a phonetic layout loosely based on transliteration.

In popular culture

[edit]

Due to its resemblance to an eye and an eyebrow, the Kannada letterṭha is used in the "look of disapproval" (displayed as "ಠ_ಠ"), a popularemoticon used to convey disapproval or contempt.[27] Similarly, the aksharaರೃrr̥a has been used in emoticons to represent a monocle, whiletha has been used to represent a tearing eye.

Unicode

[edit]
Main article:Kannada (Unicode block)

Kannada script was added to theUnicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Kannada is U+0C80–U+0CFF:

Kannada[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+0C8x
U+0C9x
U+0CAx
U+0CBxಿ
U+0CCx
U+0CDx
U+0CEx
U+0CFx ೱ  ೲ 
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Shivamogga engraving shows Kannada was in use 7 decades earlier than known". 29 August 2017.
  2. ^"Kannada Language". 12 March 2017.
  3. ^Ghantkar, Gajanana (1993).History of Goa through Gõykanadi script (in English, Konkani, Marathi, and Kannada). pp. Page x.
  4. ^Campbell, George L. (6 November 1997).Handbook of scripts and alphabets (1st ed.).Routledge,New York. pp. 84–5.ISBN 978-0-415-13715-7.OCLC 34473667.
  5. ^Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (2007).The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 804, 805.ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
  6. ^Hebbi, Chandravva; Mamatha, H. R.; Sahana, Y. S.; Dhage, Sagar; Somayaji, Shriram (2020). Singh, Pradeep Kumar; Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan; Suryadevara, Nagender Kumar; Sharma, Sudhir Kumar; Singh, Amit Prakash (eds.)."A Convolution Neural Networks Based Character and Word Recognition System for Similar Script Languages Kannada and Telugu".Proceedings of ICETIT 2019. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing:306–317.doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30577-2_26.ISBN 978-3-030-30577-2.
  7. ^"Romanization, Sinhala (Sinhalese) Script"(PDF). KAMALAKAR. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 18 September 2010. Retrieved7 May 2009.
  8. ^"Ancient scripts, hala". Retrieved7 May 2009.
  9. ^"Telugu & Sinhalese script similarities". Archived fromthe original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved7 May 2009.
  10. ^"Kannada Language - 56.9 Million Speakers | Amazing Facts". 21 April 2022. Retrieved12 September 2024.
  11. ^A Grammar of the Kannada Language. F. Kittel (1993), p. 5
  12. ^Thakur, Aksheev (28 October 2017)."How king Ashoka scripted Kannada to glory".
  13. ^Language Atlas of India 2011. April 2022.
  14. ^"History of the Kannada Script and Language".
  15. ^New Delhi, All India Radio (15 August 1965).AKASHVANI Vol. XXX, No. 33 ( 15 AUGUST, 1965 ).
  16. ^"Encyclopedia Britannica".
  17. ^Diringer, David (1948).Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 381.
  18. ^Indian Epigraphy: a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages, by Richard Solomon, Oxford University Press, 1998, p.41,ISBN 0-19-509984-2
  19. ^R, Narasimhacharya (1934).History of Kannada Language. p. 50.
  20. ^Ahmad, Qeyamuddin (1983).India by Al-Biruni. p. 30.
  21. ^abSrinatha Sastry, C. V."UNICODE for Kannada, General Information & Description"(PDF).UNICODE. Retrieved31 July 2024.
  22. ^Rice, Edward. P (1921), "A History of Kannada Literature", Oxford University Press, 1921: 14–15
  23. ^"12.8 Kannada".The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0(PDF). Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc. September 2022.
  24. ^"Baraha – Free Indian Language Software". baraha.com.
  25. ^"Pada Software – For Indic Scripts". pada.pro.
  26. ^"QuillPad – Typing in Kannada has never been easier". Quillpad.in. Archived fromthe original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved7 November 2008.
  27. ^"Browser Extension of the Week: Look of Disapproval".Pcgamer. Maximum PC. Retrieved24 April 2013.

External links

[edit]
Kannada at Wikipedia'ssister projects
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