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Originally known asKamianec, its name was changed to the current following thepartitions of Poland and occupation by theRussian Empire in 1795.
The first part of the city's dual name originates fromkamin' (Ukrainian:камiнь) orkamen, meaning 'stone' inOld Slavic. The second part of its name relates to the historic region ofPodilia (Ukrainian:Подíлля), of which Kamianets-Podilskyi is considered to be the historic capital. Therefore, the town name literally means 'The Stones of Podilia'.
TheSmotrych River, a tributary of theDniester, flows through the city. The total area of the city comprises 27.84 square kilometers (10.7 sq mi).[6] Among other notable neighboring cities, Kamianets-Podilskyi is located about 101 kilometres (62.8 mi) from the oblast's administrative center,Khmelnytskyi[6] and acrossDniester in southwestern direction 88 kilometres (54.7 mi) fromChernivtsi, an administrative center of the neighboringChernivtsi Oblast.
Several historians consider that a city on this spot was founded by the ancientDacians, who lived in what is now modernRomania,Moldova, and portions of Ukraine.[7] Historians write that the founders named the settlementPetridava orKlepidava, which originate from theGreek wordpetra orLatinlapis 'stone' andDaciandava 'city'.[7][8]
Galician-Volhynian Principality (1323—1340), includes Kamianets-Podilskyi
Modern Kamianets-Podilskyi was first mentioned in 1062, when it belonged to smaller principality ofTerebovlia, thenHalych principality[9] andKingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Around 1230, the Galician princeLev Danilovich invitedArmenians to join his army to defend the eastern border of his state. In gratitude for their good military service, the prince rewarded them with estates and land near Kamianets. In 1241, it was destroyed by theMongolian invaders.[10]
In 1687, Poland attempted to regain control over Kamianets-Podilskyi and Podolia, when the fortress was unsuccessfully besieged by the Poles led by PrinceJames Louis Sobieski.
Kamieniec on the map of Johann Franz Joseph von Riley (1789)
During this period,Bishop Dembowski, at the instigation of theFrankists, convened a public disputation at Kamieniec Podolski, in November 1757, and ordered all copies of theTalmud found in his bishopric to be confiscated and burned.[15] Accounts of the Talmud burning differ—contemporary sources say that up to a thousand copies of the Talmud were destroyed, though other reports say only one copy was burned. Dembowski himself died days after the events.[additional citation(s) needed] A plague broke out and the local priests exhumed his body and cut the head off to prevent any further disaster.[16]
According to theRussian census of 1897, Kamianets-Podilskyi remained the largest city of Podolia with a population of 35,934.
In 1906, the local society "Prosvita" was established in the city, thanks to its activities, the study of the Ukrainian language was introduced in primary and parish schools.[17] On 1 July 1910, more than 48 percent of the city's residents wereJews. The city was located in thesettlement zone that the Russian Empire had set aside for Jews. In 1914, a direct railway line linked the city toProskurov.
Lithograph of Napoleon Horda between 1862 and 1876
Kamianets-Podilskyi fortress 1865
Kamenets from a height, the beginning of the 20th century
Church of St. Nicholas, 1902
Polish market, centralny plac, 1906
Centralny plac, 1906-1910
Postova Street, to the right of the Jewish shops, Old Town, 1910
Kamianets-Podilskyi aerial survey, 1914
Austro-Hungarian troops enter the Kamianets-Podilskyi, 1918
Kamianets-Podilsky bridge, 1918
World War I and Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR andZUNR)
Taking the oath of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi in 1919The government of the ZUNR in Kamenets-Podolsky, 1919
In July 1920 battles between units of theArmy of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) and theRed Army took place in the village Veliki Zozulintsi and surrounding villages nearby Kamianets-Podilskyi.[20] On 7 July 1920 soldiers of the 6th Reserve Rifle Brigade of the UPR Army were taken prisoner by theBolsheviks.[20] After refusing to join the Red Army, captured UPR soldiers were executed.[20] In Veliki Zozulintsi a mass grave of 26 UPR soldiers is located.[20]
Poles andUkrainians have always dominated the city's population. However, as a commercial center, Kamianets-Podilskyi has been amultiethnic and multi-religious city with substantialJewish andArmenian minorities. Under Soviet rule it became subject to severe persecutions, and many Poles wereforcibly deported to Central Asia. Massacres such as theVinnytsia massacre have taken place throughout Podillya, the last resort of independentUkraine. Early on, Kamianets-Podilskyi was the administrative center of the Ukrainian SSR'sKamianets-Podilskyi Oblast, but the administrative center was later moved to Proskuriv (nowKhmelnytskyi).
In December 1927,TIME Magazine reported that there were massive uprisings of peasants and factory workers in southern Ukraine, around the cities ofMohyliv-Podilskyi, Kamianets-Podilskyi,Tiraspol and others, againstSoviet authorities. The magazine was intrigued when it found numerous reports from the neighboringRomania that troops from Moscow were sent to the region and suppressed the unrest, causing no less than 4,000 deaths. The magazine sent several of its reporters to confirm those occurrences which were completely denied by the official press naming them asbarefaced lies.[23] The revolt was caused by thecollectivization campaign and the lawless environment in the cities caused by theSoviet government.
Monument to the victims of the 1932-1933 famine in Kamianets-Podilskyi
TheHolodomor of 1932-1933, a terrible crime of the totalitarian system, did not escape the city. Although the situation was somewhat better than in other regions, this was largely due to the proximity of the border with the modern western Ukrainian territories. Given the border status of Kamianechchyna, the population, especially from the villages located on theZbruch River, tried to move to the modern western regions. There, Podolians exchanged their belongings for bread and grain. There were many cases when people were hired for the opportunity to eat or worked for bread. However, not everyone was able to do this: along the border with Poland along the Zbruch River and the border with Romania along the Dniester River, barricading lines were set up in many places, and Soviet punitive bodies were guarding the borders. The situation was also difficult in the city, according to data in 1932-1933, 585[24] people died of hunger.[25][26][27]
During the years of theGreat Terror, namely 1937-1938, 9,009 people of various nationalities and professions were convicted in Kamianets-Podilskyi, 62 people were arrested on charges of espionage, and hundreds of people were evicted from the city by the families of "enemies". people", for example 101 families of Polish nationality (seePolish Operation of the NKVD). For example, on the territory of the Roman Catholic Church of Archangel Michael, in the former monastery of the Dominican sisters, the Soviet authorities set up a prison, and in its dungeon - a torture chamber. In the 1930s, most of all, in 1937, people were shot in the basements of the monastery. According to some memories, for example, up to a hundred people were brought in a day. Twenty were sent to camps in the north, the rest disappeared. During this period, 11,634 Polish and German families, or at least 46,500 citizens, were evicted fromPodillia.[28][29]
Abandoned German tank and vehicles in the Kamenets-Podolsk region, 1944German soldiers on the streets of Kamenets-Podolsky, March 1944
Kamianets-Podilskyi was occupied by the German troops on 11 July 1941 in the course ofOperation Barbarossa.[30] German, Ukrainian, and Hungarian policemassacred 23,000 Jews 27–28 August 1941.
On 26 March 1944, the town was occupated by theRed Army after German occupation in thebattle of theKamenets-Podolsky pocket. After the capture of the city by the Soviet army, the population's disloyalty to the Soviet government was manifested not by a desire to continue the fight against the Nazis, but people were tired of the difficult periods of theGerman-Soviet war. But theRed Army launched active mobilization measures from the very first days of entering the city. Such measures significantly reduced the quality of the selection of conscripts, and also negatively affected the level of their training. The pernicious practice of their immediate use in hostilities began from the first days of mobilization, therefore a significant number of mobilized residents of Kamianets and local villages died in the subsequent phases of theDnieper–Carpathian offensive in the territory of neighboring regions. Sending poorly trained, and most often poorly dressed and armed people into battle was more reminiscent of a cruel act of revenge for the disloyalty to the Stalinist government shown in 1941, for such units a conventional name appeared - «Chornopidzhachnyky».[31] Thereafter Kamianets remained inSoviet Ukraine until theDissolution of the Soviet Union.
Territorial structure of UPA including Kamianets-Podilskyi[32]
A structural network of theOUN functioned on the territory of the city: Kamianets-Podilsky District, which belonged to the UPA-South. During the German occupation, Ukrainian national forces formed local self-government bodies: the regional administration, the regional department of education. Hryhoriy Kybets was appointed the head of the regional administration.[33]
In January 1942, the Nazis began mass arrests and executions of people from Bandera in Kamianets-Podilskyi, more than 150 Ukrainian nationalists were shot.
In 1944-45, the 19th tactical division of the KamianetsUPA, the Lysonya military district, and the UPA-West military group operated on the territory of Kamianechchyna in 1944-45. The department was later divided into two parts in the summer of 1945. And self-defense bush units of the UPA from Ternopil Oblast also went on raids.[34]
On 16 October 1990, a rally was held in the city in support of the students of Kyiv, who announced a hunger strike as a sign of protest against the government's policies. In the central square of the city, the demands of the students to the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR regarding the adoption of laws on local self-government and the non-signing of the Union Treaty, and to the City Council regarding the raising of the blue-yellow flag were approved. On 16 October the presidium of the city council satisfied the students' demand and was the first in Khmelnytskyi to raise the national flag.[36]
Since 24 August 1991, Kamianets-Podilskyi has been part of independent Ukraine and is a significant economic, cultural, educational and tourist center of the state.[39][40][41]
Orange Revolution in Kamianets, 2004
In 2004, residents of the city actively participated in theOrange Revolution, people held rallies on the Renaissance Square.[42]
On 1 December 2013, city students from theIvan Ohiienko National University, Podolia State Agrarian and Technical University and other educational institutions protested in the city, marching in a column through the streets and forming a viche near the city council, they expressed their anger at the authorities for their arbitrariness.[43]
In the future, many residents of the city gathered every day for vigils under the city council to express their protests against the regime and to support theEuromaidan in Kyiv. The largest rally in terms of numbers took place on 26 January 2014, about 2,000 people took part in it.[45][46][47]
As of 2015[update], Kamianets-Podilskyi was the third-largest city of Podolia afterVinnytsia andKhmelnytskyi. In 2015, the city center completed the construction of the European Square, where the flags of theEuropean Union countries fly, according to officials, this will be a confirmation of the European choice of the city and Ukraine.[48]
Until 18 July 2020, Kamianets-Podilskyi was incorporated as acity of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three, the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi was merged intoKamianets-Podilskyi Raion.[49][50][51]
In 2015, the construction of the European Square was completed in the city center, where the flags of theEuropean Union countries fly, according to officials, this will be a confirmation of the European choice of the city and Ukraine.[48]
Thanks to the EU program Mayors for Economic Growth, and cooperation with the public organization Eidos: Centre for Political Studies and Analysis, the city received a grant of 1.8 million hryvnias to support small and medium-sized enterprises, conduct seminars, business trainings, and promote products.[52]
After the 2022 Russian invasion, scholars of Eastern Europe have renewed awareness of Russian colonialism and interest in decolonizing scholarship.[54][55][56]
During theKhmelnytsky Uprising (1648–58), theJewish community of Kamianets-Podilskyi suffered much from Khmelnytsky's Cossacks on the one hand, and from the attacks of theCrimean Tatars (their main object being the extortion of ransoms) on the other.[58]
Old Jewish cemeteryJewish synagogue
About the middle of the 18th century, Kamianets-Podilskyi became celebrated as the center of the furious conflict then raging between the Talmudic Jews and theFrankists. The city was the residence of Bishop Dembowski, who sided with the Frankists and ordered the publicburning of the Talmud, a sentence which was carried into effect in the public streets in 1757.[58]
Kamianets-Podilskyi was also the residence of the wealthyJoseph Yozel Günzburg. During the latter half of the 19th century, many Jews from Kamianets-Podilskyi emigrated to theUnited States, especially toNew York City, where they organized a number of societies.[58]
One of the first and largestHolocaustmassacres carried out in the opening stages of war between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, took place in Kamianets-Podilskyi on 27–28 August 1941. The killings were conducted by thePolice Battalion 320 of theOrder Police along withFriedrich Jeckeln'sEinsatzgruppen, the Hungarian soldiers, and theUkrainian Auxiliary Police.[59][60] According to Nazi German reports, in two days a total of 23,600 Jews from the Kamianets-Podilskyi Ghetto were murdered, including 16,000expellees from Hungary.[61] As the historians of the Holocaust point out, the massacre constituted a prelude to theFinal Solution conceived by the Nazis atWannsee several months later. Eyewitnesses reported that the perpetrators made no effort to hide their deeds from the local population.[62]
According to the data of the first all-Ukrainian population census in 2001, the population of the city was 99,610 people.[64]
At the end of the 16th century, 10-12 thousand people lived in the city (for comparison: in Kyiv - 15 thousand, in Lviv - 18 thousand). After Ottoman rule (1672–1699), the city's population decreased almost 10 times: from 700 houses to only 100 people.
The city is located on the territory of thePodolian dialect, which belongs to the group of Volhynian-Podilian dialects of the southwestern group. The West-Podilian dialect, which has common features with theDniestrian Ukrainian dialect, and the South-Podilian dialect, which has common features with thePokuttia–Bukovina dialect, are common in the city.[65][66][67]
Usage of the word когут/кугут (kohut/kuhut) for rooster generally corresponds to the area where Podolian and other Southwestern Ukrainian dialects are spokenAreas with the most common usage of the word баняк (banyak) in Podolian and other Southwestern Ukrainian dialects
Dialectal words used in Kamianets-Podilskyi[68][69]
An old street in the city's old quarterHot air balloon over the city
The different peoples and cultures that have lived in the city have each brought their own culture and architecture. Examples include thePolish,Ruthenian andArmenian market squares.[10] Famoustourist attractions include the ancient castle, and the numerous architectural attractions in the city's center, including thecathedral of Saints Peter and Paul,Holy Trinity Church, the Polish City Hall, and the numerous fortifications.
A park near the old quarter
Ballooning activities in thecanyon of theSmotrych River have also brought tourists. In May and October, the city hosts Ballooning festivals.[76] In addition, everyone can book a balloon flight even not during the time of the festival.
Since the late 1990s, the city has grown into one of the chieftourist centers ofwestern Ukraine. AnnualCossack Games (Kozatski zabavy) andfestivals, which include the openballooning championship of Ukraine,car racing and various music, art and drama activities, attract an estimated 140,000 tourists and stimulate the local economy. More than a dozen privately owned hotels have recently opened, a large number for a provincial Ukrainian city.
"Respublica" Festival is a music and art festival for youth featuring modern music, literature, and street art. This festival is held annually, gathering hundreds of young art lovers, musicians, and art enthusiasts. Many of the city's buildings are decorated with murals, created during these festivals. The murals depict historical events, as well as modern concepts.
Ustym Karmaliuk (1787–1835), Ukrainian outlaw who fought against the Russian administration and became a folk hero to the commoners of Ukraine. Karmaliuk was conscripted to serve in the Imperial Russian Army in Kamianets-Podilskyi. He was forcibly inducted into the Russian Imperial Army, and served in the Napoleonic Wars of 1812 in an Uhlan regiment, but eventually escaped and organized rebel bands who attacked merchants and landowners, while distributing the booty between the poor. He was captured in 1814, and was sentenced in Kamianets-Podilskyi to run a gauntlet of 500 blows, a typical military punishment.
Moisey Gamarnik (born 1936), Soviet and Ukrainian physicist and inventor, born here.
Mykhailo Hrushevsky (1866–1934), Ukrainian academician, politician, historian and statesman, one of the most important figures of the Ukrainian national revival of the early 20th century, lived and worked in university here.
Sergey Gorshkov (1910–1988), Russian and Soviet Admiral of the fleet of the Soviet Union, born here.
Ilarion Ohienko (1882–1972), Ukrainian Orthodox cleric, linguist, church historian, and historian of Ukrainian culture. In 1919, he was Minister of Education in the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) and first rector of Kamianets-Podilskyi State Ukrainian University.
Myron Tarnavsky (1869–1938), Ukrainian supreme commander of the Ukrainian Galician Army, the military of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, fought here
Mark Kopytman (1929–2011), Soviet-Israeli composer, musicologist, and pedagogue, born here.
Murray Korman (1902–1961), American publicity photographer.
Leib Kvitko (1890–1952), Yiddish poet, author of children's poems, and member of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee.
Jan Olszanski (1919–2003), Ukrainian Roman Catholic prelate as the first diocesan Bishop of the reestablished Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamianets-Podilskyi from 16 January 1991 until his retirement on 4 May 2002.
^Beider, Alexander (2012)."Eastern Yiddish Toponyms of German Origin"(PDF).Yiddish Studies Today. ISBN 978-3-943460-09-4, ISSN 2194-8879 (düsseldorf university press, Düsseldorf 2012). Retrieved26 December 2023.
^Agopsowicz, Monika (2019). "Ormianie kamienieccy w ostatniej ćwierci XVII wieku – próba rekonstrukcji spisu imiennego".Lehahayer. Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom Ormian polskich (in Polish). No. 6. p. 5.
^Rodkinson, Michael Levi (1918).The history of the Talmud from the time of its formation, about 200 B.C., up to the present time. The Talmud Society. pp. 100–103.
^"Подільський говір".Encyclopedia of modern Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved14 April 2025.
^Атлас української мови: в трьох томах. Т. 2. Волинь, Наддністрянщина, Закарпаття і суміжні землі / АН Української РСР, Ін-т мовознавства ім. О. О. Потебні (К.). — К.:Наукова думка, 1988. — 520 с.
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