Germany's Law for the Encouragement of Marriage took effect, providing for theEhestandsdarlehen (Marriage loan) to all German Aryan newlyweds, with 1000Reichsmarks to be loaned, interest free, to couples on condition that the wife quit employment or remain unemployed. After encouraging women to vacate jobs in favor of men, the law was amended to encourage the growth of the Aryan population, with the debt to be reduced 25% each time a child was born. In the first four years of the program, 700,000 couples took out the loans.[1]
The Soviet Communist Party began a purge of party members whom General Secretary Joseph Stalin described as "double-dealers masked as Bolsheviks". Commissions in ten cities, including Moscow and Leningrad, screened one million members, and expelled one out of every six.[2]
J. P. Morgan Jr. was testifying before the Senate Banking Committee when a man placed a circus midget, Lya Graf, onto his lap. The U.S. Senate warned that any newspapers that printed the photo risked being excluded from future Senate hearings.[3]
The Soviet Navy activated its new Northern Naval Flotilla as part of its continued growth, the second new fleet created in 15 months. On April 21, 1932, it had created the Naval Forces of the Far East.[4]
Born:Charles Wilson, U.S. Representative from Texas 1973–1996, whose role in obtaining funding for Afghan resistance to the Soviet invasion was dramatized in the filmCharlie Wilson's War; inTrinity, Texas (d. 2010)
Bernhard Rust, Minister of Science, Art, and Education for Prussia, ordered that Jews be banned from youth, welfare and gymnastic organizations and that they be denied access to athletic facilities. At the start of 1933, there had been 40,000 German Jews in sports clubs, including 250 Jewish sports organizations. By 1935, there were none.[5]
Spain's PresidentNiceto Alcalá-Zamora, and other prominent members of the government of Spain, were excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church byPope Pius XI, for having signed laws nationalizing Catholic church properties.[7]
Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, the 26-year-old son of former GermanCrown Prince Wilhelm, marriedDorothea von Salviati, his college sweetheart, at a ceremony inBonn. His grandfather, the formerKaiser Wilhelm II, decreed that he had forfeited his rights to reign in the event of the restoration of the monarchy. A cheering crowd of 10,000 greeted the newlyweds as they emerged from church.[8]
Radio Luxembourg began broadcasting as an English-language station aimed at listeners in England, where theBritish Broadcasting Corporation had a monopoly on domestic radio.[9] Within a year, 90 British companies were running commercials on Radio Luxembourg, since the BBC did not permit advertising. In 1931,Radio Normandy had pioneered the concept of broadcasting commercial radio from the European continent to Britain.
An express train carrying holiday travelers fromParis to the Brittany coast derailed nearNantes, killing 14 people. The train struck debris that had spilled onto the track from the wreck of a freight train on adjoining track.[10]
Died: Prince Shirdar Mohammed Aziz Khan, brother of King Nadir Shah of Afghanistan, and the kingdom's ambassador to Germany, was assassinated in Berlin by an Afghan student.[14]
Representatives of France, Britain, Germany and Italy initialled theFour-Power Pact in Rome, pledging Europe a decade of peace and pledging to work toward disarmament. The ceremony took place in Italian PremierBenito Mussolini's office at thePalazzo Venezia inRome.[15]
German scientistsRudolf Nebel and Herbert Schaefer did the first test launch of a rocket for the "Magdeburg Project", with the goal of eventually sending a man into space, but the first test flight atWolmirstedt failed. The project would be abandoned in August.[19]
As part of Executive Order 6166, the U.S. Bureau of Immigration and the U.S. Bureau of Naturalization were merged to create theImmigration and Naturalization Service (INS), originally as part of the U.S. Department of Labor, and then in 1940, part of the U.S. Department of Justice.[21] Under the same order, all national monuments and national cemeteries were placed under the administration of theNational Park Service.[22]
Less than three weeks after being paroled from prison,John Dillinger robbed the first of many banks with his gang, taking $10,600 from the National Bank ofNew Carlisle, Ohio. G[23]
Seven unfortunate passengers, who bought tickets for a sightseeing trip over the World's Fair in Chicago, were killed along with the pilot and co-pilot when a wing crumpled. The amphibian plane,Northern Light, plunged 600 feet to the ground inGlenview, Illinois.[28]
Born:Gene Wilder, American film actor (Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory); as Jerome Silberman, inMilwaukee (d. 2016)
TheWorld Economic Conference of 1933 began in London, with representatives from 64 nations, to discuss the reduction of trade barriers, settlement of war debts, stabilizing exchange rates and coordinating monetary policies. The conference would last until July 27, without accomplishing its goals.[30]
TheHome Owners' Loan Corporation was established by law to provide lower interest (5 percent) loans to prevent foreclosures, and the first to be made at afixed rate. At the time of its creation, 41 percent of home mortgages in the United States had been in default. The HOLC accepted applications until 1936, and effectively refinanced 992,531 homes. After the last of the 15-year loans was collected back, the HOLC ceased operations in 1951.[31]
Jimmie Mattern, seeking to become the first person to fly a plane solo around the world, set off fromKhabarovsk in Siberian Russia, headed toward U.S. territory for the first time since his departure from New York. Mattern never arrived inNome, Alaska.[32] Unbeknownst to most of the world, his airplane, theCentury of Progress, had engine failure 14 hours after takeoff, but he had crashed on land, near theAnadyr River, which he would reach after three days. Mattern would find an island in the middle of the river, reasoning that he would be able to signal boats more easily. He would finally be found after two weeks, on June 28, by Eskimos in two rowboats.[33]
The United States agreed to accept partial payment of $75,950,000 owed by Great Britain for loans from World War One, taking ten million dollars. An earlier request to pay 10% had been refused by President Roosevelt.[34]
TheGlass-Steagall Act of 1933 passed both houses of Congress and was signed into law the next day. The law severely restricted private banks from making risky investments with their depositors' capital.[35]
Haim Arlosoroff, a Zionist leader who had negotiated anagreement with Nazi Germany to provide for emigration of German Jews to Palestine in return for payments, wasassassinated while he was walking along the beach atTel Aviv.[37]
Baldur von Schirach was named "Youth Leader of the German Reich" as theHitler Youth proceeded to absorb all other youth organizations in Germany.[40]
Floyd
In a gunbattle at the Union Station inKansas City, Missouri, gangsterPretty Boy Floyd and two of his men, Adam Richetti and Vern Miller, attempted to rescue bank robberFrank Nash, who was being transported by a team of federal agents and local policemen to the federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas. During the fight, Floyd and his men fired sub-machine guns, killing FBI agent Raymond Caffrey; Police Chief Ott Reed ofMcAlester, Oklahoma; Kansas City police detectives William Grooms and Frank Hermanson; and, inadvertently, Frank Nash himself.[41][42][43][44][45][46]
Born:Maurice Stokes, American NBA player whose career was halted by a head injury; inPittsburgh (d. 1970)
Yang Quan, the Secretary-General of the China League for Civil Rights and a frequent critic of China's GeneralissimoChiang Kai-shek, was assassinated, apparently byKuomintang agents, in the French Concession inShanghai.[47]
U.S. Secretary of AgricultureHenry Wallace announced afarm subsidy program to pay farmers to plow under as much as ten million acres ofcotton and not to grow it, in order to reduce production and boost the price.[48]
TheAustrian Nazi party was outlawed, by decree of Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, after the party was linked to bombings over the previous two weeks. The decree came after 16 auxiliary police inKrems were injured, earlier in the day, by grenades thrown at them by party members.[49] Germany responded by banning its citizens from visiting Austria.[50]
The Convention on European Broadcasting was signed at Lucerne, Switzerland, by representatives of 21 European nations, with an agreement assigning specific radio frequencies for the various nations.[52]
Died:Bolivar E. Kemp, 61, U.S. Representative from Louisiana since 1925, died of a heart attack. The Governor's choice of Kemp's widow as the "unopposed" Democratic Party nominee in a special election would lead to rioting.
In the United States, theIllinois Waterway opened, a canal system of locks that linked the Great lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.[55]
San Marino
Police in Rome announced the arrest of two Sicilian bandits who had been planning to overthrow the government of the tiny republic ofSan Marino.[56]Antonio Canepa ofPalermo had plotted to seize the Republic's police station, military barracks and radio station, then to take control of the treasury to finance a resistance against the Fascist regime in Italy. After he and his co-conspirators were arrested, Catapa was placed in a mental hospital for one year.[57]
The government of Siam (now Thailand) was overthrown in a bloodless coup staged by Colonel Phraya Phahonphonphayauhasena, who took over after conflicts with the first Prime Minister,Phraya Manopakorn Nititada. As premier, Colonel Phahonphonphayauhasena took on the shorter name ofPhot Phahonyothin.[58]
Joseph Gallo Sr. killed his wife Susie Gallo, and then himself, after being despondent from the financial troubles from his winemaking business. The couple's sons,Ernest Gallo andJulio Gallo inherited 2/3rds of the family assets, and when prohibition was repealed in December, began building theE & J Gallo Winery into what would become a multibillion-dollar company that became the largest manufacturer of California wines. The other 1/3rd went to Joseph Gallo Jr., who would create theJoseph Gallo Farms, one of the largest dairy farming operations and cheese producers in America.[61]
Born:
Bernie Kopell, American television actor and comedian known forThe Love Boat; in Brooklyn
In a ruling that would cost him his judicial career, Alabama circuit judgeJames E. Horton set aside the April 9 jury verdict againstHaywood Patterson, the first of theScottsboro Boys to be retried on charges of rape in 1931. Judge Horton wrote, after reviewing the proof presented at the trial, that "the evidence greatly preponderates in favor of the defendant", set aside the verdict and the death sentence, and ordered a retrial.[62] In making the unpopular decision, Horton would lose his bid for re-election in 1934, and retire to farming. All of the Scottsboro Boys would later be exonerated and released from prison.[63]
Germany outlawed theSocial Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands or SPD), which had won the second largest number of seats (121) in the German Reichstag in the March 5 election.[64] The party would be revived in 1946, winning control of the West German Bundestag in 1969, and merging with the Communist Party in East Germany to form the SED.[65]
AtWatchung, New Jersey, an alert garage employee discovered a 20-pound dynamite bomb that had been attached to the ignition of a car used by CongressmanCharles A. Eaton of New Jersey, foiling an assassination attempt.[66]
Born:Dianne Feinstein, U.S. Senator for California since 1992, Mayor of San Francisco 1978–88; in San Francisco as Dianne Emiel Goldman (d. 2023)
The official Nazi newspaper,Völkischer Beobachter, had as its front-page headline "FOREIGN AIRCRAFT OVER BERLIN!", with the false story that a formation of unidentified bombers had dropped leaflets over the German capital, then turned back "toward the East", with the suggestion that the Soviet Union had penetrated German airspace because of a lack of sufficient air defense. The effect was to justify building a powerful German air force armada and airfields.[69]
Seven thousand German members of theJehovah's Witnesses convened at the Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen in Berlin to resist thepersecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany. From the convention emerged the "Declaration of Facts", which declared that the Witnesses had no intention to get into politics, and that their sole purpose was to preach about the Kingdom of God. Two days later, theGestapo began arresting anyone who distributed the Declaration and closed the Witnesses' office inMagdeburg.[70]
Martial law was proclaimed inBulgaria byKing Boris III after discovery of a plot by Communists and Macedonian separatists to overthrow the government.[71]
June 26, 1933: Hugenberg fired after helping Hitler win power
Alfred Hugenberg, whoseGerman National People's Party formed a coalition that helped put the Nazi Party andAdolf Hitler into power, was forced to resign his cabinet positions as Minister of Economics and Minister of Agriculture, ending his attempt to keep Hitler in line. His political party was outlawed the next day. Hugenberg would never re-enter politics and die in 1951.[72]
GeneralTheodor Eicke, was promoted to Obergruppenführer in theNazi SS, and began his work as the Commandant of theDachau concentration camp. A master of organization, Eicke would then go on to expand the network of death camps. He would be killed in 1943 while commanding troops in theThird Battle of Kharkov against the Soviet Union.[73]
TheGerman National People's Party (DVNP), which had helped the Nazi Party form a coalition government three months earlier, after the Nazis had failed to secure a majority in the March elections, was outlawed by the Nazi government.[74]
Germany's program to create a network of superhighways (autobahns) was begun with a decree establishing theUnternehmen Reichsautobahnen company, under the administration of the national railroad.[75]
The Union Jack
Sir John Gilmour, the BritishHome Secretary, delivered the last official statement concerning theUnion Jack, flag of the United Kingdom. Responding to a question of whether private citizens were barred from displaying the flag, Gilmour stated, "The Union Flag is the national flag and may properly be flown by any British subject on land".[76]
Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle signed a movie deal withWarner Brothers in the first step of his comeback, with a deal to make a full-length feature film. Arbuckle had made four short (20 minutes) comedy films for Warner, including the recently releasedHow've You Bean?, but no major films for more than a decade. He died of a heart attack in his hotel room the next day.[77]
Louise Arner Boyd set off on an expedition to Greenland, leading scientists on theVeslekari expedition that sailed from Aalesund, Norway.[78]
In New York,Primo Carnera of Italy became the new heavyweight boxing champion of the world, knocking out champJack Sharkey in the 6th round.[79] Carnera was disliked by many American sportswriters "because so many of his early fights were faked, [and] his American managers were mobsters", according to one author, and there was uncertainty about whether his win over Sharkey was legitimate; Carnera would hold his title for less than a year, losing on June 14, 1934 to boxerMax Baer.[80]
Films, plays, music, art, radio and the press were placed under the direction of the German Propaganda Ministry, controlled byJoseph Goebbels, by decree of Chancellor Hitler.[85]
^Jürgen Rohwer and Mikhail S. Monakov,Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programmes, 1935–1953 (Frank Cass Publishers, 2001) p42
^Molly Wilkinson Johnson,Training Socialist Citizens: Sports and the State in East Germany (BRILL, 2008) pp22-23
^"BLAST KILLS 7, INJURES 50",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 3, 1933, p1
^"Anti-Church Laws Bring Spain Under Papal Ban",Milwaukee Journal, June 3, 1933, p1
^"Wilhelm Weds Commoner, Still Claims Throne Rights",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 4, 1933, p1
^Andrew Crisell,An Introductory History of British Broadcasting (Routledge, 2002) p51
^"Wreck in France Takes 14 Lives",Milwaukee Journal, June 5, 1933, p2
^Richard H. Timberlake,Monetary Policy in the United States: An Intellectual and Institutional History (University of Chicago Press, 1993) p277
^Kerry Segrave,Drive-in Theaters: A History from Their Inception In 1933 (McFarland, 2006) pp4-7
^Saeed Moaveni,Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction to Engineering (Cengage Learning, 2010) p413
^"Afghan Minister Slain",Sarasota Herald-Tribune, June 7, 1933, p4
^"Duce's Peace Treaty Signed by Big Powers",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 8, 1933, p1
^"BAER STOPS SCHMELING IN TENTH",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 9, 1933, p17
^Bill Mallon and Jeroen Heijmans,Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement (Scarecrow Press, Aug 16, 2011 p. li
^"Count 10 Dead, Many Injured in Fire, Blast",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 10, 1933, p1; "Three Arrested As Plotters in Plant Explosion",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 11, 1933, p2
^David J. Darling,The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity (John Wiley & Sons, 2003) p252
^"Train in Flood; 50 Are Missing",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 11, 1933, p1
^Keith Fitzgerald,The Face of the Nation: Immigration, the State, and the National Identity (Stanford University Press, 1996) p164
^Jerome A. Greene,Stricken Field: The Little Bighorn Since 1876 (University of Oklahoma Press, 2008) p73
^"NINE DIE IN FAIR PLANE CRASH",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 12, 1933, p1
^"Eugene James, up on Burgoo King in Kentucky Derby Last Year Drowns",St. Petersburg (FL) Independent, June 12, 1933, p7; Jim Bolus,Derby Magic (Pelican Publishing, 1998) p.186
^Warren J. Samuels and Ross B. Emmett,Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology: A Research Annual (Emerald Group Publishing, 2009) p121
^James Stuart Olson,Historical Dictionary of the Great Depression, 1929–1940 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001) pp146-147
^"Mattern's Fate In Northland Is Still Unknown",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 17, 1933, p2
^"Mattern Tells of Crash in Wilds, Rescue by Eskimo River Party",Milwaukee Journal, July 12, 1933, p1
^"BRITAIN TO PAY $10,000,000",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 15, 1933, p1
^Nomi Prins,It Takes a Pillage: Behind the Bailouts, Bonuses, and Backroom Deals from Washington to Wall Street (John Wiley & Sons, 2009) p136
^Irving Bernstein and Frances Fox Piven,The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–1941 (Haymarket Books, 2010) p34
^Leslie Stein,The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel (Greenwood Publishing, 2003) pp200-201
^"Sheriff Freed By 'Pretty Boy' After Flight",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 18, 1933, p2
^"65,300,000 in Reich",Milwaukee Sentinel, July 5, 1933, p2
^Dearn, Alan; Sharp, Elizabeth (2006).The Hitler Youth 1933–45.Osprey Publishing.
^Yung-Chen Chiang,Social Engineering and the Social Sciences in China, 1919–1949 (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 181.
^"Cut Cotton Crop",Lewiston Morning Tribune, June 20, 1933, p1
^"Austrian Nazis Are Outlawed",Montreal Gazette, June 20, 1933, p1
^Leopold Schwarzschild and Andreas Wesemann,Chronicle of a Downfall: Germany 1929–1939 (I.B.Tauris, 2010) p113
^Kee Malesky,All Facts Considered: The Essential Library of Inessential Knowledge (John Wiley & Sons, 2010) p54
^Edmund Jan Osmańczyk and Anthony Mango,Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F (Taylor & Francis, 2003) p232
^"Prince Weds Today",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 19, 1933, p2
^Cynthia Ann Ruder,Making History for Stalin: The Story of the Belomor Canal (University Press of Florida, 1998) p31
^Stephanie E. McCarthy,Haunted Peoria (Arcadia Publishing, 2009) p152
^"Revolt Is Overthrown",Milwaukee Journal, June 21, 1933, p2; "Plot in Tiny Nation",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 23, 1933, p2
^Monte S. Finkelstein,Separatism, the Allies and the Mafia: The Struggle for Sicilian Independence, 1943–1948 (Lehigh University Press, 1998) p20
^"Siamese King Bows",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 21, 1933, p1; Kasīan Tēchaphīra,Commodifying Marxism: The Formation Of Modern Thai Radical Culture, 1927–1958 (Trans Pacific Press, 2001) p39
^"Procuracy", inEncyclopedia of Soviet Law (BRILL, 1985) p623
^"Barbara Gives Her Hand to Prince But Keeps Purse",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 20, 1933, p1
^Carol Robertson,The Little Red Book of Wine Law: A Case of Legal Issues(American Bar Association, 2008) p69
^"Negro Given Third Trial— Scottsboro Black In New Lease On Life",Florence (AL) Times, June 22, 1933
^Lita Sorensen,The Scottsboro Boys Trial: A Primary Source Account (Rosen Publishing Group, 2003) p39
^"Adolf Hitler Outlaws Socialist Party in Germany",Milwaukee Journal, June 22, 1933, p1
^Geoffrey K. Roberts,German Politics Today (Manchester University Press, 2000) p82
^"Bomb Set for Congressman",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 23, 1933, p1
^Lawrence A. Clayton,Peru and the United States: The Condor and the Eagle (University of Georgia Press 1999) p148
^J. J. Johnston and Sean Curtin,Chicago Boxing (Arcadia Publishing, 2005) p640
^Roy Godson and James J. Wirtz,Strategic Denial and Deception: The Twenty-First Century Challenge (Transaction Publishers, 2002) p63
^John J. Michalczyk,Confront!: Resistance in Nazi Germany (Peter Lang, 2004) p27-28
^"Army Rules Bulgaria",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 26, 1933, p2
^Dan P. Silverman,Hitler's Economy: Nazi Work Creation Programs, 1933–1936 (Harvard University Press, 1998) p12
^Harold Marcuse,Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933–2001 (Cambridge University Press, 2001) pp23-24
^"Nazis Outlaw Nationalists As Rival Party",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 28, 1933, p2
^Thomas Zeller,Driving Germany: The Landscape of the German Autobahn, 1930–1970 (Berghahn Books, 2010) p55
^Thomas Hylland Eriksen and Richard Jenkins,Flag, Nation and Symbolism in Europe and America (Psychology Press, 2007) p68
^Robert Grant and Joseph Katz,The Great Trials Of The Twenties: The Watershed Decade in America's Courtrooms (Da Capo Press, 1998) p93
^Elizabeth Fagg Olds,Women of the Four Winds (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1999) p251
^"CARNERA K.O.'S SHARKEY",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 30, 1933, p1
^Mark C. Carnes, ed.,American National Biography: Supplement (Oxford University Press, 2005) pp79-80
^"Jail Ex-Chancellor",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 30, 1933, p2
^"New Peru Cabinet",Milwaukee Sentinel, June 30, 1933, p2
^"SAG Timeline", SAG.org; Anna Kate Sterling,Celebrity Articles from the Screen Guild Magazine (Scarecrow Press, 1987) p v
