July 20, 1933: Nazi Germany's Von Papen, Vatican City's Pacelli (both seated at head of table) sign pactJuly 15, 1933: Italian air force of 25 planes appears at ChicagoJuly 15–22, 1933: Wiley Post flies solo around the world in theWinnie Mae
The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union resumed trading, after the Soviets agreed to release the last of the British Metro-Vickers engineers who had been arrested and convicted of espionage.[1][2] L.C. Thornton and William MacDonald arrived back in Britain on July 5.[3]
After ReverendLudwig Müller, the head of Germany's new "Reich Church", said thatAdolf Hitler was going to join the new organization, Hitler sent word through its news agency that the reports "are a fantasy and lies. Hitler belongs now, as previously, in the Catholic church and has no intention of leaving it."[4]
Italo Balbo, the Air Minister of Italy, and his "armada" of 25 seaplanes of the Italian Air Force set off fromOrbetello at 5:45 am on the first leg of a 6,000 miles (9,700 km) trip to the World's Fair in Chicago.[5]
TheLondon Passenger Transport Board was created, bringing all of London's mass transportation (underground subways, trams, and buses) and taxicabs under one authority.[6]
Ethel Waters
Ethel Waters became the first African-American to have her own network radio show, after being signed to appear twice a week on the NBC Radio Network.[7]
Retired USMC Major GeneralSmedley Butler was approached for the first time by businessman Gerald C. MacGuire, ostensibly about running for National Commander of the American Legion. General Butler testified before Congress in 1934 that MacGuire would visit frequently, proposing that Butler lead veterans ina coup against the United States government.[9]
Died:Albert Erskine, 62, President of the Studebaker Corporation, shot himself after being despondent over declining sales for the automaker.
Romania'sKing Carol II was visiting an arms factory nearCluj when a soldier, startled by a shout from a nearby officer, began firing a new model machine gun in the King's direction. Bullets passed within 2 feet (0.61 m) of the monarch, who was unharmed.[10]
In what has been described as "one of the greatest games in the history of baseball", baseball pitcherCarl Hubbell of the New York Giants pitched 18 innings without walking a single batter on the St. Louis Cardinals, whoseTex Carleton matched Hubbell for the first 16 innings in a 0–0 deadlock. In the 18th inning, New York won the game 1–0 after Carleton was replaced by relieverJesse Haines.[11][12]
U.S. President Roosevelt stunned and angered the rest of the world in a message transmitted to the delegates of theWorld Economic Conference in London, announcing that the U.S. would remain off of thegold standard in order to pursue long-term price stability at home, rather than immediate international currency stabilization. "This is not the time to dissipate gold reserves", said Roosevelt, adding, "When the world works out concerted policies in the majority of nations to produced balanced budgets and living within their means, then we can properly discuss a better distribution of the world's gold and silver supply... the United States of America seeks the kind of dollar which a generation hence will have the same purchasing and debt-paying power as the dollar value we hope to attain in the near future."[13] On July 8, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Poland made a declaration that they would continue to peg their currencies to the price of gold[14] damaging their economies in the long run.[15]
TheConvention for the Definition of Aggression, first to agree on a legal meaning for the term, was signed by eight nations at the Soviet Union's embassy in London, as the USSR worked out an agreement with its neighbors (Afghanistan, Estonia, Iran, Latvia, Poland, Romania and Turkey). "Aggression" had been forbidden by theKellogg-Briand Peace Pact in 1928, but not explained. "Aggression" included attacks on territory, naval vessels or aircraft, a naval blockade, aid to armed bands "formed on the territory of a State", or failing "to deprive the bands of any aid and protection".[16]
Howard Moffat, described by a later observer as "the Herbert Hoover of colonial Zimbabwe"[17] resigned as Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia after six years, and was succeeded byGeorge Mitchell.
The remaining opposition political party inGermany, the CatholicCenter Party, voted to disband.[18]
Austria's ChancellorEngelbert Dollfuss reached a concordat with the Vatican, giving the Roman Catholic Church greater influence over Austrian schools.[19]
COMEX, the Commodity Exchange, was formed by the merger of four separate trading forums (National Metal, Rubber, National Raw Silk and New York Hide Exchanges). COMEX would merge into theNew York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) in 1994.[20]
The firstMajor League Baseball All-Star Game was played atComiskey Park inChicago, in order to raise money for a fund to assist retired major league players. A home run byBabe Ruth in the 3rd inning drove in 2 runs and gave theAmerican League stars a 4–2 win over theNational League. All of the players were selected by a vote from the fans.[21] Originally envisioned as a one-time exhibition coinciding with Chicago's World's Fair, the contest became an annual event.[22]
Jimmie Mattern, the American flyer who had disappeared on June 14 while trying to complete the first solo airplane flight around the world, was able to get out word that he had survived. Mattern, missing for more than three weeks, was able to send a telegram from the Siberian city of Bocharova with the words "Safe atAnadyr,Chukotka,Siberia. Jimmie Mattern."[23]
U.S. Attorney GeneralHomer S. Cummings said that about $2,000,000 worth of gold had been returned, but that 211 other persons were hoarding $1,297,057 in gold.[24]
With the United States off of thegold standard, the value of the American dollar against the British pound dropped by 30 percent, while average prices on the New York Stock Exchange went up.[25]
"Old Jack Quinn" pitched his last Major League Baseball game, six days after his 50th birthday, with one inning for the Cincinnati Reds in an 8–5 win over the Boston Braves.[26]
TheSecurities Act of 1933 took effect in the United States, with 41 firms registering with theFTC in order to do business on Wall Street.[27]
Born:
Murray Halberg, New Zealand runner in 5000 meter race, 1960 Olympic gold medalist; inEketāhuna (d. 2022)
Bruce Wells, English boxer/actor who won 385 fights and lost 3 as an amateur; inHarlesden (d. 2009)
Died:
Neal "Mickey" Finn, 29, American baseball player and second baseman for thePhiladelphia Phillies up until June 17, died of complications following a June 25 surgery for an ulcer.[28]
Mykola Skrypnyk, 61, former Ukrainian SSR Commissar of Education, shot himself to death after being fired during a purge of Ukrainian officials on orders of Soviet dictatorJoseph Stalin.
Amelia Earhart, officially Amelia Earhart Putnam and referred to in the press as "Mrs. Putnam", arrived at Newark at 9:19 pm after crossing the United States in 17 hours and 7 minutes for a new airplane speed record.[29]
The results of the1933 Finnish parliamentary election were announced, showing that theSocial Democrats had gained 12 seats, while the conservative and Agrarian parties all lost seats. No party had a majority in the 200 seat Parliament, and a coalition was formed by incumbent Prime MinisterToivo Mikael Kivimäki.;[33]
Seventy people, on an excursion up theVolga River, drowned when an overcrowded boat overturned atYaroslavl. The accident was not disclosed by the Soviet press until five days later.[34]
Born:Hedrick Smith, Scottish-born reporter for theNew York Times and correspondent for the PBS showFrontline, Pulitzer Prize and Emmy Award winner; inKilmacolm
A day before a right-wing group called the "Divine Soldiers" was planning to overthrow the government of Japan, police in Tokyo foiled the plot by arresting the conspirators.[35] The plan had been to bomb the office of Prime MinisterSaitō Makoto during a cabinet meeting, then to set up a new government headed by the Emperor Hirohito's uncle,Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni, or the Emperor's younger brother,Prince Chichibu; details were suppressed for several years, and the conspirators received light sentences.[36]
Born:
C. K. Yang (Yang Chuan-kwang), Taiwanese decathlete, silver medalist in the 1960 Summer Olympics; inTaitung (d. 2007)
Joseph Urban, 61, Austrian stage designer and illustrator
John Markle, 74, American philanthropist and co-founder of the Markle Foundation
Sir Reginald Beatty Wolseley, 61, nicknamed "The Elevator Boy Baronet". Wolseley had left England in 1897 at the age of 25 and become an elevator operator at a hotel inWaterloo, Iowa. Known as Dick Wolseley in the U.S., he was elevated to the baronetcy after his cousin, Sir Capel Charles Wolseley, died in 1923.[37]
Executive Order 6202A was issued by U.S. President Roosevelt, creating the 24 member Executive Council, combining the ten members of the President's cabinet and 14 administrators of various federal agencies, to meet every Tuesday afternoon with Roosevelt. Further Executive Orders (6433A, 6770 and 6889A) would experiment with a supercabinet before the idea was abandoned in 1937.[38]
Forty people were missing after a motorboat with 130 passengers and crew went down nearMatsuyama in Japan. Ninety others were rescued.[39]
A Nazi German decree made it illegal for any parent to give the name Hitler, or any variant, to a child.[40]
The Vienna newspaperOesterreichische Abendblatt published a three-page story claiming proof that Adolf Hitler was "directly descended on his mother's side" from a Jewish family in Czechoslovakia, and that there were at least ten Jews named Hitler in the city ofPolná. Alexander Basch, the recently deceased city registrar, had identified a sister of Hitler's grandmother as having been a Jew who moved from Polna to Vienna when both places were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[41]
Born:Donald E. Westlake, American mystery author with 65 novels under 16 pseudonyms (primarily "Richard Stark") as well as his own name; inBrooklyn,New York City(d. 2008)
The use of "Heil Hitler!" as a greeting and as a closing in letters, and the "Nazi salute", with the right hand and arm extended upward, became mandatory for all German government employees, by order of Interior MinisterWilhelm Frick.[42]
An explosion at the H.H. Cross Oil refinery atSmackover, Arkansas, killed seven people and injured three.[43]
TheSki Club of Great Britain abandoned the termski running, and replaced it withski-ing, later spelledskiing; that, and the term "ski runner" (now "skier") passed into oblivion.[44]
TheLaw for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses) was decreed in Nazi Germany, initially providing for thecompulsory sterilization of persons withmental retardation ("hereditary feeblemindedness"),bipolar disorder,schizophrenia,epilepsy, and persons born with handicaps. To review cases, a network of "hereditary health courts" (Erbgesundheitsgericht) was created when the law took effect in 1934. Between 1933 and 1945, 400,000 Aryan Germans were rendered unable to have children, as the definition of mental illness was expanded to include homeless people, prostitutes, petty criminals and juvenile delinquents. Between 1939 and 1945, at least 5,000 mentally or physically disabled children were committed to "special pediatric wards", where they were euthanized, usually by a lethal overdose of medicine. The official numbers did not include handicapped Jews, Gypsies and other non-Aryan people, who did not fall under the jurisdiction of the "health courts", and who were put to death in concentration camps.[46]
Born:Franz, Duke of Bavaria, inMunich, German businessman and art collector, and head of theHouse of Wittelsbach, the former ruling family of theKingdom of Bavaria. As 'Franz Herzog' he was interned as a child in the Dachau extermination camp along with other descendants of the Bavarian royal family. Franz would become the first head of a European royal dynasty to publicly acknowledge his same-sex partner. While recognized in 1996 by BritishJacobites as heir to theHouse of Stuart (as the 9-great-grandson ofCharles I of England) should the Act of Settlement 1701 be repealed, he made no pretense to the throne.[47]
Representatives of Europe's four major nations- the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy- signed theFour-Power Pact at Rome, pledging to reduce weapons and to avoid war for ten years.[48]
Wiley Post took off from New York at 4:10 am in an attempt to make a solo flight around the world. He flew the airplaneWinnie Mae, which he and Harold Gatty had taken around the world in 1931.[49]
The Italian Armada of 24 seaplanes, commanded by General Italo Balbo, arrived in Chicago for the Century of Progress exposition, landing on the waters of Lake Michigan.[50]
Ground was broken for theGrand Coulee Dam, on theColumbia River in the state of Washington. Power would first be generated by the dam on March 22, 1941, and the 125 square mile lake that was created was renamedLake Roosevelt in 1950, after the President's death.[51]
Died:
Sir John Ellerman, 71, British businessman reputed to be the wealthiest man in the United Kingdom
Gilbert N. Haugen, U.S. Congressman for Iowa for 17 consecutive terms, since 1899
Former U.S. SenatorKarl C. Schuyler of Colorado, who had completed his term four months earlier, was seriously injured after being knocked down by an automobile while walking in New York City's Central Park. Schuyler initially declined to go to the hospital, and then allowed himself to be admitted at Lenox Hill Hospital under the name "James Evans", where it was determined that he had a fractured pelvis. On July 28, when he was told that he was seriously ill, he finally identified himself to hospital authorities and asked them to notify his wife in Colorado Springs. Former Senator Schuyler died on July 31.[52]
The NIRA Cotton Textile Code went into effect, reducing the 54-hour workweek to 40 hours, with no cut in pay, for American mill workers, while raising the minimum wage to $13 per week. In response to the changes, the companies implemented the "stretch-out" and the "speed-up", doubling workloads and increasing the speed of machinery, then fired hundreds of employees who were unable to handle the expectations.[53]
A 16-year-old boy, Edgar A. Gibson ofTulsa,Oklahoma, was fatally scalded by the geothermal waters of ageyser atYellowstone National Park in the U.S., while he was camping at the park.[55] He died of his burns on July 28.[56] Reportedly, Gibson "accidentally slipped and fell while standing near the edge of the geyser" and was boiled.[57]
New York modelLucille Ball, 22, boarded a train to Hollywood, after an agent signed her to appear as part of the chorus for theEddie Cantor filmRoman Scandals, and began a successful career in film and television. In 1937, after four years of small roles in 18 films, Ball appeared as one of the stars of the filmStage Door.[58]
CardinalEugenio Pacelli,Vatican Secretary of State and the futurePope Pius XII, and German Vice-ChancellorFranz Von Papen signed an agreement at Vatican City.[59] The Vatican agreed to discourage its priests and associations from political activity, in return for Germany agreeing not to interfere with church schools or the Vatican's imposition of the Code of Canon Law upon the Catholic Church in Germany. Ratification of the 33 articles, which are still in effect, would take place on September 10.[60]
U.S. President Roosevelt welcomed Italian Air Minister Balbo at the White House, along with 30 officers of the Italian Armada.[61]
A priest and eleven children, on an excursion on a lake nearBourges, France, drowned after their boat capsized, while four other children were able to swim to shore.[62]
Actor and comedianAl Jolson punched nationally syndicated gossip columnistWalter Winchell before a crowd of 4,000 people in Hollywood. Jolson felt that Winchell's screenplay forBroadway Through a Keyhole had been based on Jolson's romance withRuby Keeler. A United Press writer acknowledged talk that it was a publicity stunt, but added, "If it was, it was a painful one for Winchell," who was knocked down after being punched in the neck.[63]
Died: FatherCharles Uncles, 74, first African-American Catholic priest. His death left only two black Catholic priests in the U.S., Norman Dukette and Charles Logan.[64]
Wiley Post became the first person to fly solo around the world, traveling 15,596 mi (25,099 km) in 7 days 18 hours 45 minutes, landing 30 seconds before midnight at New York's Floyd Bennett Field, where he had departed on July 15.[65]
French engineerGeorges Artsrouni was issued the first patent for amachine translation system, which he dubbed the "Mechanical Brain". The data for translation was "a broad band of paper which passed behind a keyboard" and was moved by an electric motor.[68]
Italian Prime MinisterBenito Mussolini fired his War Minister, Pietro Gazzera, and named himself as the replacement.[69]
About 400,000 elders and boardmembers of Germany's various Protestant churches participated in a "general church election" to approve theGerman Evangelical Church.[71]
Born:
Bert Convy (Bernard W. Convy), American game show host, actor, and singer; inSt. Louis (d. 1991)
Escaped: Bonnie and ClydeCaptured: Buck and Blanche
"Bonnie and Clyde" (Gangsters Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow) escaped a gun battle with police atDexter, Iowa, along with fellow gang memberW. D. Jones. Clyde's brother,Buck Barrow and Buck's wife,Blanche, were captured. Buck, who had been shot in the head on July 19 inPlatte City, Missouri, was wounded again.[73] Buck would die five days later, while Bonnie and Clyde would be killed on May 23, 1934. Blanche and W.D. would serve prison sentences.[74]
TheInternational Rescue Committee was founded in New York City at the suggestion ofAlbert Einstein, in order to assist "victims of racial, religious, and ethnic persecution and oppression, as well as people uprooted by war, violence and famine to survive and rebuild their lives".[75]
President Roosevelt defended the New Deal in a fireside chat to American radio listeners, saying, "There is nothing complicated about it. It goes back to the basic idea of society and of the nation itself that people acting in a group can accomplish things which no individual acting alone could even hope to bring about.[76] FDR also coined the term "thefirst hundred days" to refer to the initial accomplishments of an American President and a new Congress, though he was referring to the 100-day session of the73rd United States Congress between March 9 and June 17.[77]
Born:John Aniston (stage name for Yannis Anastassakis), Greek-born American soap opera actor known forDays of Our Lives; inChania,Crete (died 2022)
France informedChina that it was occupying and claiming nine of theParacel Islands as territory forFrench Indochina., but did not specify which of the 30 it was taking sovereignty over. It soon became apparent that they were the uninhabitedSpratly Islands.[78]
Labor unrest, that would topple the government of Cuban PresidentGerardo Machado, started with "a relatively innocuous strike" by the drivers for theHavana bus system over the threat of wage cuts.[79] Four days later, Havana's streetcars and taxis were shut down by strikes, then ships and railroads. Machado declared martial law on August 5, but was overthrown a week later.
Erich Koch, Gauleiter of East Prussia, proudly announced to Chancellor Hitler that unemployment in his province had been eliminated.[80]
The International Silver Agreement was signed in London as part of the World Economic Conference.[81]
Minor league baseball playerJoe DiMaggio's record, for consecutive games of getting at least one hit, was ended at 61 byEd Walsh, Jr. DiMaggio, whose San Francisco Seals would still defeat Walsh's Oakland Oaks, 4–3 that day, would set the Major League Baseball record of a 56-game hitting streak in 1941.[82]
TheWorld Economic Conference ended in London after more than six unsuccessful weeks, with the British Commonwealth Declaration being made by the member nations to remain off of the gold standard and to keep exchange rates stable within the Commonwealth.[83]
Born:
Ted Whitten, Australian rules football star, who played 360 games for Footscray 1951–1970, and coached from 1957 to 1971; inBraybrook, Victoria (d. 1995)
The firstsinging telegram was introduced byWestern Union as a publicity stunt for singerRudy Vallee's 32nd birthday.George P. Oslin, press agent for Western, called Vallee's agent to get the singer's telephone number, then had Lucille Lipps, an operator from Western's Telephone Bureau, call Vallee to sing "Happy Birthday" over the phone. Walter Winchell later wrote about the stunt in his gossip column.[85]
After months of uncertainty over whether he would continue as Director of the American FBI in the new Democrat administration of President Roosevelt,J. Edgar Hoover was reappointed, on recommendation of Attorney GeneralHomer Cummings. The other major choice had been NYPD Detective Val O'Farrell.[86]
Born:
Peter Baldwin, British TV actor known for portraying Derek Wilton onCoronation Street;, inChichester (d. 2015)
Robert Fuller (stage name for Leonard Leroy Lee) American TV actor known forLaramie andEmergency!; inTroy, New York
Lou Albano, Italian-born American professional wrestler and actor; inRome (d. 2009)
Died:Buck Barrow, American gangster, died ten days after sustaining head wounds in a gun battle with police in Missouri.
Dizzy Dean set a modern Major League Baseball record by striking out 17 batters in an 8–2 victory for his St. Louis Cardinals over the Chicago Cubs. In the same game, the other side of the battery, Dean's catcherJimmy Wilson, set a record of 18putouts.[87] After the game, he said, "Heck, if anybody told me I was setting a record, I'd have got me some more strikeouts."[88]Bob Feller would hurl 18 strikeouts in 1938; the current record of 20 strikeouts is held byRoger Clemens andKerry Wood,[89] while the record of 20 putouts is held by five players.[90]
TheIstanbulDarülfünun, founded in 1863 to revive scientific and technical education in theOttoman Empire, was closed and its 147 professors were fired. The next day, 65 would be hired to the new reformedIstanbul University.[92]
President Roosevelt established the nine member Science Advisory Board by Executive Order 6238, the first of several bodies of scientists to advise the United States President.[93]
Died: Former U.S. SenatorKarl C. Schuyler, 56, died of injuries sustained after being struck on July 17 by a car.
^Morrell, Gordon W. (1995).Britain Confronts the Stalin Revolution: Anglo-Soviet Relations and the Metro-Vickers Crisis.Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 169–170.
^"Carl Hubbell Wins 18-Inning Masterpiece, 1 to 0".Milwaukee Journal. July 3, 1933. p. 10.
^Blaisdell, Lowell L. (2010).Carl Hubbell: A Biography of the Screwball King.McFarland. pp. 56–58.
^"Reply of U.S. Stuns Parley",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 4, 1933, p1
^"Gold Standard Fight Organized",Miami News, July 7, 1933, p1
^Tobias Straumann,Fixed Ideas of Money: Small States and Exchange Rate Regimes in Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2010) p129
^Edmund Jan Osmańczyk and Anthony Mango,Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F (Taylor & Francis, 2003) pp43-44
^Dickson A. Mungazi,The Last Defenders of the Laager: Ian D. Smith and F.W. De Klerk (Greenwood Publishing, 1998) p70
^"German Catholic Centrist Party Dissolved; Hitler Says He Is Neutral in Church Fight",New York Times, July 6, 1933; "Hitler Political Foes Disband- Nazis Now 'Only Party; Others May Join as 'Guest Members'",Milwaukee Journal, July 5, 1933, p2
^Arnold Suppan and Maximilian Graf,From the Austrian Empire to Communist East Central Europe (LIT Verlag Münster, 2010) p125
^Dimitris N. Chorafas,Managing Derivatives Risk: Establishing Internal Systems and Controls (McGraw-Hill Professional, 1995) p119
^"American League Wins All-Star Game, 4 to 2",Milwaukee Journal, July 6, 1933, p1
^William M. Simons,Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture, 2009-2010 (McFarland, 2011) p160
^"JIMMIE MATTERN, FLIER REPORTED FOUND",Deseret News (Salt Lake City), July 7, 1933, p1
^"211 Defying Order to Turn In Gold",Milwaukee Journal, July 7, 1933, p1
^"Market Zooms as Dollar Falls- U.S. Unit Now Worth 70 Cents Abroad; Stocks Up $1 to $4",Milwaukee Journal, July 7, 1933, p1
^Images of America: Dunbar (Arcadia Publishing, 2009) p116
^Kenneth L. Fisher,100 Minds That Made the Market (John Wiley and Sons, 2007) p217
^"'Mickey' Finn, Second-Sacker of Phils, Dead",St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 7, 1933, p1B
^"Amelia 'Dirtiest Ever' at End of Record Hop",Milwaukee Journal, July 8, 1933, p1
^Lew Freedman and Dick Hoak,Pittsburgh Steelers: The Complete Illustrated History (MBI Publishing Company, 2009) p13; Rich Westcott,A Century of Philadelphia Sports (Temple University Press, 2001) p101
^S. K. Chatterjee,Legal Aspects of International Drug Control (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1981) p143
^"Narcotic Treaty Ratified by U.S.",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 11, 1933, p2
^"Finland Votes Down Both Reds and Nazis",Milwaukee Journal, July 10, 1933, p2
^"70 Red Workers Drowned in Volga",Milwaukee Journal, July 14, 1933, p3
^Richard H. Mitchell,Janus-Faced Justice: Political Criminals in Imperial Japan (University of Hawaii Press, 1992) p151
^Janet Hunter, ed.,The Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History (University of California Press, 1984) p201
^"Baronet, Former Elevator Operator in U.S., Dies",Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 11, 1933, p2
^William D. Pederson,A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (John Wiley & Sons, 2011)
^"Boat Sinks; 40 Missing",Milwaukee Journal, July 11, 1933, p1
^"Naming Babies After Hitler Made Illegal",Milwaukee Journal, July 11, 1933, p4
^"Hitler Jewish, Austrians Say",Milwaukee Journal, July 13, 1933, p1
^R. J. Overy,The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (W. W. Norton & Company, 2004) p127
^"Oil Refinery Blast Is Fatal to Seven",Milwaukee Journal, July 14, 1933, p1
^John B. Allen,From Skisport to Skiing (University of Massachusetts Press, 1996) p10
^"Kotsonaros Dies in Auto; Actor-Wrestler Killed In Alabama; John Paul Jones Badly Hurt",New York Times, July 14, 1933
^Jonathan C. Friedman,The Routledge History of the Holocaust (Taylor & Francis, 2011) pp140-141
^"Powers Pledge 10-Year Peace",Milwaukee Journal, July 16, 1933, p2
^"TWO PLANES HEAD OVER OCEAN",St. Petersburg Evening Independent, July 15, 1933, p1
^"Chicago Crowds Cheer Italian Armada",Milwaukee Journal, July 16, 1933, p1
^L. Vaughn Downs,The Mightiest of Them All: Memories of Grand Coulee Dam (ASCE Publications, 1993) p55; "Thousands See Site for Dam",Spokane Daily Chronicle, July 17, 1933, p2
^Karin Adir,The Great Clowns of American Television (McFarland, 2001) pp2-3
^"Germany, Vatican Sign Concordat",Miami News, July 20, 1933, p1
^Joseph A. Biesinger,Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present (Infobase Publishing, 2006) pp313-314
^"President Greets Balbo",Milwaukee Journal, July 20, 1933, p2
^"Priest, 11 Children Drown in France",Milwaukee Journal, July 20, 1933, p1
^"Mammy-Singing Al Jolson Punches Walter Winchell, The 'Keyhole Peepr', and Appreciative Crowd Cheers",Pittsburgh Press, July 22, 1933, p1
^Mary A. Ward,A Mission for Justice: The History of the First African American Catholic Church in Newark, New Jersey (University of Tennessee Press, 2002) p173
^"Post Finishes World Trip 20 Hours and 26 Minutes Faster Than Old Record",Miami News, July 23, 1933, p1
^"Rich Oklahoma Man Latest Kidnap Victim",Dubuque (IA) Telegraph-Herald, July 24, 1933, p1
^Michael Newton,The Encyclopedia of Kidnappings (Infobase Publishing, 2002) p322
^Sin-wai Chan,A Dictionary of Translation Technology (Chinese University Press, 2004) p289
^"Il Duce Becomes Minister of War",Miami News, July 23, 1933, p1
^Darryl Glenn Nettles,African American Concert Singers Before 1950 (McFarland, 2003) p81
^"Hitler Wins Control of Protestant Church; Intimidation Charged",Milwaukee Journal, July 24, 1933, p2
^"Ex-Mayor of Calcutta Dies in Indian Prison",Milwaukee Journal, July 24, 1933, p2
^"Iowans Shoot One of Barrow Outlaws",Milwaukee Journal, July 24, 1933, p1
^Dan Anderson and Laurence J. Yadon,100 Oklahoma Outlaws, Gangsters, And Lawmen, 1839-1939 (Pelican Publishing, 2007) pp106-108
^Kenneth T. Jackson, ed.,The Encyclopedia of New York City (Yale University Press, 2010)
^"Michael Szalay,New Deal Modernism: American Literature and the Invention of the Welfare State (Duke University Press, 2000) p133
^Jonathan Alter,The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days And the Triumph of Hope (Simon and Schuster, 2007) p273
^Myron H. Nordquist,Security Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998) pp 169-170
^Robert J. Alexander,A History of Organized Labor in Cuba (Greenwood Publishing, 2002) pp48-49
^Anthony McElligott and Tim Kirk,Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw (Manchester University Press, 2003) p140
^Pawan Arora,Material Management (Global India Publications, 2008) p181
^Cappy Gagnon,Notre Dame Baseball Greats: From Anson to Yaz (Arcadia Publishing, 2004) p92; "Walsh of Oaks Stops DiMaggio Hit Streak",Berkeley (CA) Daily Gazette, July 27, 1933, p2
^C. H. Feinstein, et al,The World Economy Between the World Wars (Oxford University Press, 2008) p143
^"Muto, Manchurian Dictator, Is Dead",Milwaukee Journal, July 27, 1933, p1; Jamie Bisher,White Terror: Cossack Warlords Of The Trans-Siberian (Routledge, 2005) p360
^George P. Oslin,One Man's Century: From the Deep South to the Top of the Big Apple (Mercer University Press, 1998) pp69-71
^Claire Bond Potter,War on Crime: Bandits, G-Men, and the Politics of Mass Culture (Rutgers University Press, 1998) pp120-121
^"Dizzy Dean Strikes Out 17 Cub Batters to Set Modern Record",Milwaukee Journal, July 31, 1933, p6
^Paul Dickson,Baseball's Greatest Quotations: An Illustrated Treasury of Baseball Quotations and Historical Lore (HarperCollins, 2008) p132
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