Joseph Bijeau (1778–after 1837), also known asJoseph Bijeau dit Bissonet andJoseph Bissonet,[a] was among the earliest fur trappers of theRocky Mountains. He was a guide forStephen Harriman Long'sexpedition of the Great Plains in 1820. A fur trapper and hunter, he lived among thePawnee people. He was able to communicate to a number of Native American tribes through his use ofsign language as well as theCrow language, which was used among a number of western tribes. After Spain lost the Mexican territory (present-day New Mexico), trappers like Bijeau moved toTaos where they could trap, trade, and travel east without the hostilities that they experienced in the western United States.
Joseph Bissonet was born on June 15, 1778, atSt. Louis,New Spain.[1] His parents were Louis Bissonette and Genevieve, the daughter of Charles Routier who immigrated fromFort de Chartres to St. Louis in 1765. Bissonette was in St. Louis by 1765. His father, an Illinois Creole, traded with theLittle Osage people, and died in 1786. His father's surname was also spelled Bizouet and Visonet in St. Louis records.[2][3][4][b] His mother married twice and he attained the surname of his stepfather, becoming Joseph Bijeau.[8] He was of French Canadian heritage.[9][10][11]
St. Louis, with an advantageous location at the confluence of theMissouri andMississippi Rivers, was established as a fur trading post in 1764. The land had been the ancestral territory of a group of 12 to 13 Native American tribes, known as theIllini Confederacy.[12]
A Joseph Bissonette could have had land in St. Louis, but he never claimed it, as was true for a couple of other men.[13] His brother Louis Bissonet (1774–ca. 1836) was a trader along the upperMissouri River in the early 1800s,[6] working forAuguste Chouteau.[5] His brother also took the Bijeau / Bijou surname at times. TheBijou Hills of South Dakota are named for Louis, who in 1812 established a trading post in the area.[14] His nephew, Joseph Bissonet (1818–1894), was a trader atFort Laramie, Wyoming.[1]
He worked as a fur trapper beginning in 1806.[15] By 1812, Bijeau worked in the fur trade withManuel Lisa.[1][c] He worked as a fur trapper for a fur trapping company based inSt. Louis,Missouri beginning around 1814. The owners of the firm wereAuguste Chouteau,Manuel Lisa, andJules de Mun.[11][16][17] He was a member of the Chouteau-de Mun expedition of fur traders into the southwest in 1815.[1] He went into the wilderness of present-day Colorado to trap beaver and hunt buffalo. The fur pelts were traded in posts along the Front Range and then sent east.
He traveled into the interior of the Rocky Mountains, where the beaver were abundant.[18] He was very knowledgeable about the trails into the Rocky Mountains, and as far north asYellowstone and south toSanta Fe.[19] His fellow frontiersmen includedJacques La Ramee (Laramie),Kit Carson,Andrew Sinclair, andAndrew Sublette.[20]
Spanish troops arrested 21 trappers for encroaching on Spanish lands between 1815 and 1817. They were taken toSanta Fe,[16] where he was imprisoned for 48 days. He returned then to St. Louis.[1]
He knew theCrow andsign language, and was understood by a number of Native American tribes.[16] Sign language was used among Native Americans due to the diversity of languages, thereby allowing a universal means of communication. The Crow language was known amongst many of the western tribes.[21] He lived with the Pawnee in 1820.[15]
MajorStephen Harriman Long's expedition was a federal government military and scientific reconnaissance of theGreat Plains. It went along theMissouri River in Nebraska up to the Front Range of Colorado and east acrossIndian Territory (nowOklahoma).[22] The expedition was split into two parties. Bijeau was a guide and interpreter for the group that was led by CaptainJohn R. Bell down theArkansas River[8] and to the Rocky Mountains.[9][23] The other party followed the Red River.[8]
The group consisted of Captain Bell, Lieutenant Swift, Samuel Seymore, and five soldiers,[24] as well as the guides—Bijeau, Deloux and Julien—with Bijeau considered the most valuable because he had been a hunter and resident in the region for a number of years.[9][23] Initially, Deloux and Bijeau were reluctant to leave their families.[25] They accepted the positions after Long threatened Bijeau and Deloux thatIndian agents would be told of their reluctance to act as quides and that he would ask that Canadian fur trappers forbidden from trading with the Pawnee in the future.[9][10]
Bijeau hunted, butchered, and cooked food for the expedition. He also provided other services for the care and safety of the men and animals, including veterinarian services. He was described as "faithful, active, industrious, and communicative". He shared stories of his adventures in the Rocky Mountain region.[26] Due to the experience and prowess of their guides and Bell's diplomacy, the expedition did not have any negative experiences with the Native Americans that they met.[27] Bijeau conveyed his knowledge of the Rocky Mountains: that some of the peaks were inaccessible and covered in snow year-round, that rivers and streams ran through the valleys, and that the valleys could be up to thirty miles in width.[18]
They saw their first view of the Rocky Mountains on June 30, 1820, near what is nowBijou Creek of Fort Morgan. Long named the creek Bijeaus Creek for his guide.[28][29]
We discovered a blue strip, close in with the horizon to the west —which was by some pronounced to be no more than a cloud — by others, to be the Rocky Mountains."
— Captain John Bell, journalist of the Long Expedition[30]
They traveled south along the Front Range, along theSouth Platte River and upPikes Peak, theManitou Mineral Springs, then east again[18][31] along theArkansas River. Bijeau and Ledoux traveled with them part of the way east, and then returned to their home with the Pawnee on theLoup River in present-day Nebraska.[32]
Spain lost control of present-day New Mexico in 1821. The area was attractive to trappers because they could easily and safely travel theSanta Fe Trail back east to the United States and there were no hostile Native Americans in the area.[33] Now, the Spanish empire was no longer involved or concerned about frontiersmen trapping for fur.[34] In the 1820s, Bijeau and other trappers moved toTaos of theFirst Mexican Empire. Bijeau moved there in 1824[35] and requested naturalization papers in 1830, as did Abraham Ledoux. Bijeau trapped withCeran St. Vrain andBernard Pratte in the winter of 1827–1828.[36] He lived in Taos in 1836[1] and 1837,[35] around the time his brother Louis died.[5]
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