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Japanese traditional dance describes a number ofJapanese dance styles with a long history and prescribed method of performance. Some of the oldest forms of traditional Japanese dance may be among those transmitted through thekagura tradition, or folk dances relating to food producing activities such as planting rice (dengaku) and fishing, including rain dances.[1] There are large number of these traditional dances, which are often subfixed-odori,-asobi, and-mai, and may be specific to a region or village.[1]Mai andodori are the two main groups of Japanese dances, and the termbuyō (舞踊) was coined in modern times as a general term for dance, by combiningmai (舞) (which can also be pronouncedbu) andodori (踊) (which can also be pronouncedyō).[2]
Mai is a more reserved genre of dance that often has circling movements, and dances of theNoh theatre are of this tradition.[2] A variation of theMai style of Japanese dance isKyomai, orKyoto-style dance.Kyomai developed in the 17th centuryTokugawa cultural period. It is heavily influenced by the elegance and sophistication of the manners often associated with theImperial Court in Kyoto.[citation needed]Odori has more vigorous stepping movements and is more energetic, and dances of thekabuki theatre belong to this category.[2]
There are several types of traditional Japanese dance. The most basic classification is into two forms,mai andodori, which can be further classified into genres such as Nohmai orjinta mai, the latter style having its origins in the pleasure districts of Kyoto andOsaka.
Themai style is reserved and typified by circling movements where the body is kept low to the ground. Theodori style includes folk dances performed at annualBon festival events and dances that were part of traditional kabuki performances. Theodori style features larger movements and is typically more energetic.[3]
Traditional dance forms in the present day have also been influenced by Western dance forms likeballet, which were introduced to Japan during theMeiji Restoration. InSagi Musume ('The Heron Maiden') the dancer's role is the spirit of the heron. In classical versions, the spirit assumes a handsome, strong pose at the end of the dance. However, this classical ending was altered in later versions (which borrowed heavily fromAnna Pavlova's performances ofThe Dying Swan) so the spirit gradually became lifeless, ultimately sinking to the floor.[3]
Kabuki (歌舞伎) is a classical Japanesedance-drama. Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its drama and for the elaboratemake-up worn by some of its performers.
The individualkanjicharacters, from left to right, mean 'sing' (歌), 'dance' (舞), and 'skill' (伎). Kabuki is therefore sometimes translated as 'the art of singing and dancing'. These are, however,ateji characters which do not reflect actualetymology. The kanji of 'skill' generally refers to a performer in kabuki theatre. Since the word 'kabuki' is believed to derive from the verbkabuku, meaning 'to lean' or 'to be out of the ordinary',kabuki can be interpreted as 'avant-garde' or 'bizarre' theatre.[4] The expressionkabukimono (歌舞伎者) referred originally to those who were bizarrely dressed and swaggered on a street.
The history of kabuki began in 1603, whenIzumo no Okuni, possibly ashrine maiden ofIzumo Taisha Temple, began performing a new style of dance drama in the dry riverbeds of Kyoto, and they were then called "strange" or "unusual" (kabuki).[4] This new form of dance drama is thought to have been derived from folk-dances performed only by women,furyū-ō odori andnembu odori.[4] Kabuki became a common form of entertainment inYoshiwara, the registered red-light district in Edo. During the Genroku era, kabuki thrived. The structure of a kabuki play was formalized during this period, as were many elements of style. Conventional character types were established, as were many of the most popular and still-performed plays.
The origin of Nohmai can be traced back to as far as the fourteenth century.[5][6] Nohmai is a dance that is done to music that is made by flutes and small hand drums calledtsuzumi.[7] At various points the performers dance to vocal and percussion music; these points are calledkuse orkiri. Nohmai dances are put together by a series of forms.[5] Forms are patterns of body movements that are done elegantly and with beauty.
There are several types of Nohmai dances.[8] A type that is neither slow nor fast is calledchu no mai, and is usually performed by a female dancer. A slower type of dance is thejo no mai, which is also done by a female, sometimes dressed up as a ghost of a noble woman, a spirit, or a deity. A male's dance isotoko mai. Inotoko mai the performer does not wear a mask and is portraying the character as being heroic. Another male dance iskami mai, where the dancer acts as though he is a deity. This is a very fast dance. The female version of this is calledkagura and can be performed in various ways.Gaku is a dance that imitates music played at the imperial court and is usually done by the main character in a Noh drama. These are the six varieties that make up the Nohmai dance types.
Costumes are a major part of Noh theatre, including the Nohmai. Dances and play may start out slowly, so actors create flamboyant, colourful costumes to keep the audience engaged. They also dress to fit the aspects the characters represent, for example a bamboo hat worn by a character represents country life. The most important part of the Noh costumes are the masks. The Nohmai masks are thought to be the most artistic masks in Japan. The masks are only worn by the main characters.[9] The masks have neutral expressions so it is the job of the actor to bring the character to life.[10]
Nihon buyō is different from most other traditional dances.[11] It is intended for entertainment on stage.Nihon buyō is a refined dance that has been improved throughout four centuries.[11]
There are four parts tonihon buyō, the most significant part being kabukibuyō.[11] Most of the repertoire has been borrowed from 18th and 19th century kabuki theatre and even from theyūkaku (pleasure quarters) ofEdo Japan.[3]
Nihon buyō was created directly from kabukibuyō before it became theater. The second part ofnihon buyō is Noh.[11]Nihon buyō takes a few key elements from Noh such as the circular movements and the tools used in its dances. The third part of these dances comes from the folk dances; the spinning and jumping used in folk dances was incorporated intonihon buyō. The last part came from a mixture of European and American culture that is found in Japan today.[11]
Nihon buyō did not reach its present form until theMeiji Restoration of 1868 during a time when Western dance forms were being introduced to Japan. Thus, the present day form ofnihon buyō was influenced by dance forms likeballet.[3]
There are a wide variety of folk dances in Japan. Folk dances are often the basis from which other dance forms developed. An example of a Japanese folk dance is the sparrow dance (雀踊り,suzume odori), a dance based upon the fluttering movements of theEurasian tree sparrow.[12] It was first performed and improvised by stonemasons who were constructingSendai Castle for thedaimyōDate Masamune. The emblem of theDate clan incorporates two tree sparrows. The sparrow dance is now performed yearly inSendai,Miyagi Prefecture at the Aoba festival in mid-May.[12] School children in Miyagi prefecture learn and perform the sparrow dance, especially during the Obon Festival.
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Bon odori is a type of folk dance performed during the Obon Festival.[13][14][15] It was originally a dance to welcome the spirits of the dead. These dances and the music that accompanies them are different for every region of Japan. Usually, thebon dance involves people dancing around ayagura, a high wooden scaffold. The people move either counter clockwise or clockwise, away and towards theyagura. Sometimes they switch direction.
The movement and gestures in abon dance often depict the history, work or geography of the region.[16] For example,tankō bushi is a coal mining work song that originates fromMiike Mine in Kyushu, and the movements in the dance depict digging, cart pushing and lantern hanging.Soran Bushi[17] is asea shanty, and the movements in the dance depict net dragging and luggage hoisting.Bon dances may employ the use of different utensils, such as fans, small towels and wooden hand clappers. For thehanagasa odori,[18] the dancers use straw hats with flowers on them.
Jiuta mai (地唄舞) (orkamigata mai) is a refined dance form that comes from the pleasure quarters in Osaka and Kyoto. The dance style is represented by classical elements ofmai style such as fan movements,pantomime and circular movements. This form of dance is intended to be performed only by women.[3]