James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) wasKing of Scotland from 9 September 1513 until his death in 1542. He was crowned on 21 September 1513 at the age of seventeen months. James was the son of KingJames IV andMargaret Tudor, daughter ofHenry VII of England. During his childhoodScotland was governed byregents, firstly by his mother until she remarried, and then by his first cousin once removed,John Stewart, Duke of Albany. James's personal rule began in 1528 when he finally escaped the custody of his stepfather,Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. His first action was to exile Angus and confiscate the lands of theDouglases.
James greatly increased his income by tightening control over royal estates and from the profits of justice, customs and feudal rights. He founded theCollege of Justice in 1532 and also acted to end lawlessness and rebellion in theBorders and theHebrides. The rivalry amongFrance,England and theHoly Roman Empire lent James unwonted diplomatic weight, and saw him secure two politically and financially advantageous French marriages, first toMadeleine of Valois and then toMary of Guise. James also fathered at least nine illegitimate children by a series of mistresses.
James's reign witnessed the beginnings ofProtestantism in Scotland, and his uncleHenry VIII of England's break withRome in the 1530s placed James in a powerful bargaining position with thepapacy, allowing James to exploit the situation to increase his control over ecclesiastical appointments and the financial dividends from church revenues.Pope Paul III also granted him the title ofDefender of the Faith in 1537. James maintained diplomatic correspondence with variousIrish nobles and chiefs throughout their resistance to Henry VIII in the 1530s, and in 1540 they offered him thekingship of Ireland. A patron of the arts, James spent lavishly on the construction of several royal residences in theHigh Gothic andRenaissance styles.
James has been described as a vindictive king, whose policies were largely motivated by the pursuit of wealth, and a paranoid fear of his nobility which led to the ruthless appropriation of their lands. He has also been characterised as the "poor man's king", due to his accessibility to the poor and his acting against their oppressors. James died in December 1542 following the Scottish defeat by the English at theBattle of Solway Moss. His only surviving legitimate child,Mary, succeeded him at the age of just six days old.
James was the third son of KingJames IV and his wifeMargaret Tudor, the eldest daughter ofHenry VII of England, and was the only legitimate child of James IV to survive infancy. He was born on 10 April 1512 atLinlithgow Palace and baptised the following day,[1] receiving the titleDuke of Rothesay.[2] James became king at just seventeen months old when his father was killed at theBattle of Flodden on 9 September 1513.
James was crowned in the Chapel Royal atStirling Castle on 21 September 1513. The nobility accepted Margaret Tudor asregent for her young son, in accordance with the terms of James IV's will, which also stated that Margaret was to retain this position so long as she remained a widow.[3] The long minority of James V would last for nearly fifteen years, with Margaret's position as regent soon challenged by the French-bornJohn, Duke of Albany, who was James V's second cousin and the nearest male heir to the throne after the king and his younger brother,Alexander, Duke of Ross, who was born in April 1514.[4]
In August 1514, Margaret marriedArchibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. This marriage was opposed by many among the nobility, who feared the advancement of the Douglases, and sought to deprive Margaret of the regency because she had remarried.[5]
ThePrivy Council removed Margaret from the office of regent and appointed the Duke of Albany to replace her.[5]
Albany arrived atDumbarton Castle with eight ships and a troop of French soldiers in May 1514.[6] He enteredEdinburgh on 26 May, and in JulyParliament confirmed his restoration as Duke of Albany and his position as regent. Albany's noble supporters intended his arrival to bring stable and good government, whileFrancis I of France sought to use Albany to maintain support for theAuld Alliance with France.[7] The first year of his regency was a period when a vigorous defence of his authority was essential to prevent the crumbling of Scottish government either into anarchy or into English control.[7]
The struggle for control of the person of the King was an essential prelude to Albany's attempt to govern, as he was aware from the beginning that his claims to act for the King and with full royal authority depended on the continued goodwill of the King himself, or rather of whoever had control of his person and could therefore claim to speak with his voice. Margaret and Angus were potentially hostile to Albany's intentions, and James V had to be removed from their influence.[8] Albany besieged Stirling Castle and Margaret was forced to relinquish possession of the King and the Duke of Ross.[7] James would not see his mother again for two years.[9] Having lost the regency, her income and control of her sons, Margaret departed from the court in September 1515, fleeing fromLinlithgow Palace, where she had gone for her lying in, toTantallon Castle, where she gave birth to her daughter,Lady Margaret Douglas, inNorthumberland.[10]
The birth and long journey left her extremely ill and she was not told of the death of her second son Alexander in December 1515 until she had recovered her strength. The Earl of Angus made his peace with Albany later in 1516.[11]
A contemporary tribute, paid to the Duke of Albany's success in bringing order and good government to Scotland, bySebastian Giustinian, theVenetian Ambassador at Henry VIII's Court, was that Scotland, "...was as much under Albany's control as if he were King...".[12] In February 1517, James was brought from Stirling to thePalace of Holyroodhouse inEdinburgh, but during an outbreak of plague in the city, he was moved to the care ofAntoine d'Arces at nearby ruralCraigmillar Castle.[13]
At Stirling, the ten-year-old James had a guard of 20 footmen dressed in his colours, red and yellow. When he went to the park below the Castle, "by secret and in right fair and soft wedder (weather)", six horsemen would scour the countryside two miles roundabout for intruders.[14] Poets wrote their own nursery rhymes for James and advised him on royal behavior. Although his academic development was effectively cut short under Angus's captivity from 1525 onward, James V had been given a strong grounding by a number of tutors, includingDavid Lyndsay andGavin Dunbar.[15] James had been taught French and Latin, but as an adult, he spoke halting French, and his need for an interpreter to converse with an Italian bishop suggests that his spoken Latin and Italian were poor.[15][16]
Between 1517 and 1520, Albany sojourned in France, and did not exercise the regency in person, but through his lieutenants includingAntoine d'Arces, sieur de la Bastie. On 26 August 1517 Albany andCharles, Duke of Alençon agreed theTreaty of Rouen, which renewed the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France and promised a French royal bride for James V. At England's request, Albany was detained in France for four years, and with him absent, Queen Margaret returned to Scotland and sought in vain to regain the regency.[9] Young James V was kept a virtual prisoner by Albany and his lieutenants, and Margaret was allowed to see her son only once between 1516 and the end of Albany's regency in 1524. Following the signing of theTreaty of Bruges (1521) betweenHenry VIII of England andHoly Roman Emperor Charles V, Francis I allowed the Duke of Albany to return to Scotland to strengthen the Franco-Scottish alliance.[17]
The Treaty of Rouen was ratified, andMadeleine of Valois was suggested as a suitable bride for James V. When the Duke of Albany returned in November 1521 Margaret sided with him against her husband, the Earl of Angus. Albany came toEdinburgh Castle, where James V was kept, and in a public ceremony, the keeper gave him the keys, which he passed to Margaret, who gave them back to Albany, symbolising that the government of Scotland was in his hands.[18] Thus, Albany was able to keep an upper hand in regard to the ambitious Angus. The regent put Angus under charges of high treason in December 1521 and later sent him practically a prisoner to France. In November 1522, Albany took an army to besiegeWark Castle defended by William Lisle, but gave up after three days when the weather deteriorated.[19]
In 1524, Albany was finally removed from power in acoup d'état while he was in France. Margaret, with the help ofJames Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran and his followers, brought James V from Stirling to Edinburgh.[17] In August, Parliament declared the regency at an end, and the 12-year-old King James was prematurely "erected" to full kingly powers. In November, Parliament formally recognised Margaret as the chief councillor to the King.[17] Margaret's alliance with the Hamiltons inevitably alienated other noble houses. Henry VIII allowed the Earl of Angus (who Albany had banished) to return to Scotland in 1524, and he entered into an alliance withJohn Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox, an enemy of Margaret and Arran.[17] When Angus arrived in Edinburgh with a large group of armed men, claiming his right to attend Parliament, Margaret ordered cannons to be fired on them from Edinburgh Castle.[17] Parliament subsequently made Angus aLord of the Articles and a member of thecouncil of regency.
A plan was agreed to end the feuding among these opposing groups by allowing each of them in turn to act as host to the young king. However, the plan fell apart in November 1525 when, at the end of his period of custody, Angus refused to surrender the King who, in effect, became a prisoner of the Red Douglases for the next two-and-a-half years.[17] Angus again "erected" James V to full kingly powers, took him on justice ayres and kept him under close supervision. He spoiled the King with various lavish gifts in an attempt to buy his favour and make the detention more tolerable, and when James showed signs of tiring of these gifts, Angus also introduced the adolescent king to the pleasures of the flesh with a succession ofprostitutes.[20]
Angus overreached himself, assuming the office ofLord Chancellor, and granting his followers almost every lucrative post available in the royal household.[20] While James V clearly enjoyed some aspects of his captivity, he grew to hate his captor. Several attempts were made to free the young king—one byWalter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch, who ambushed the King's forces on 25 July 1526 at theBattle of Melrose and was routed off the field. Another attempt later that year, on 4 September at theBattle of Linlithgow Bridge, failed again to relieve the King from the clutches of Angus.[20] In May 1528 James finally escaped from Angus's captivity when he fled from Edinburgh to Stirling in disguise. After meeting with his mother at Stirling, James V re-entered Edinburgh in July with a large army. Summoned fortreason, Angus holed himself up in Tantallon Castle until an agreement was reached whereby he was allowed to go into exile in England after surrendering his castles.[20]
Pierre de Ronsard saw James in 1537 when the King was twenty-four and summed up his paradoxical appearance: "La douceur et la force illustroient son visage Si que Venus et Mars en avoient fait partage" – His royal bearing, and vigorous pursuit of virtue, of honour, and love's war, this sweetness and strength illuminate his face, as if he were the child of Venus and Mars.[15]
The first action James took as king was to remove Angus from the scene. The Douglas family — excluding James's half-sisterMargaret, who was already safely in England, innocent of any crime against him (and thus safe from any revenge James took) — were forced into exile and James besieged their castle atTantallon. He then subdued the Border rebels and the chiefs of theWestern Isles. As well as taking advice from his nobility and using the services of the Duke of Albany in France and at Rome, James had a team of professional lawyers and diplomats, includingAdam Otterburn andThomas Erskine of Haltoun. Even his pursemaster and yeoman of the wardrobe,John Tennent of Listonschiels, was sent on an errand to England, though he got a frosty reception.[21]
James increased his income by tightening control over royal estates and from the profits of justice, customs and feudal rights. He also gave his illegitimate sons lucrative benefices, diverting substantial church wealth into his coffers. James spent a large amount of his wealth on building up acollection of tapestries from those inherited from his father.[22] James sailed to France for his first marriage and strengthened theroyal fleet. In 1540, he sailed toKirkwall inOrkney, thenLewis, in his ship theSalamander, first making a will inLeith, knowing this to be "uncertane aventuris." The purpose of this voyage was to show the royal presence and hold regional courts, called "justice ayres."[23]
Domestic and international policy was affected by theReformation, especially after Henry VIII broke from theCatholic Church. James V did not tolerateheresy and during his reign a number of outspokenProtestants were persecuted. The most famous of these wasPatrick Hamilton, who wasburned at the stake as a heretic at St Andrews in 1528. Later in the reign, the English ambassadorRalph Sadler tried to encourage James to close the monasteries and take their revenue so that he would not have to keep sheep like a mean subject. James replied that he had no sheep, he could depend on his god-father the king of France, and it was against reason to close the abbeys that "stand these many years, and God's service maintained and kept in the same, and I might have anything I require of them."[24] Sadler knew that James did farm sheep on his estates.[25]
James recovered money from the church by gettingPope Clement VII to allow him to tax monastic incomes.[26] He sent £50 toJohann Cochlaeus, a German opponent ofMartin Luther, after receiving one of his books in 1534.[27] On 19 January 1537,Pope Paul III sent James ablessed sword and hat symbolising his prayers that James would be strengthened against heresies from across the border.[28] These gifts were delivered by the Pope's messenger while James was atCompiègne in France on 25 February 1537.[29]
According to 16th-century writers, histreasurerJames Kirkcaldy of Grange tried to persuade James against the persecution of Protestants and to meet Henry VIII at York.[30] James and Henry corresponded about meeting in 1536. Pope Paul III advised James against travelling to England, and sent an envoy ornuncio to Scotland to discuss the initiative.[31] Although Henry VIII sent his tapestries to York in September 1541 ahead of a meeting, James did not come. The lack of commitment to this meeting was regarded by English observers as a sign that Scotland was firmly allied to France and Catholicism, particularly by the influence ofCardinal Beaton, Keeper of thePrivy Seal, and as a cause for war.[32]
In 1540, Irish nobles and chiefs offered James the kingship of Ireland, as a further challenge to Henry VIII.[33]
James V spent a large amount of money (at least£41,000) during his adult reign on extensively remodelling all the major residences and several minor ones, including the construction of new structures, with the most significant work focused onFalkland Palace andStirling Castle.[34][35] Early in his personal rule James began the construction of the presentLate Gothic James V Tower at the north-west corner of thePalace of Holyroodhouse, which provided new royal lodgings on the first and second floors, and a high degree of security. A new west front was also built.[36][37] AtLinlithgow Palace, James closed off the original east entranceway and formed a new formal access from the south, including an inner gatehouse and an outer entrance gate decorated with the carved arms of the four chivalric orders of which James was a member:Garter,Thistle,Golden Fleece andSaint Michael. The three-tiered octagonal King's Fountain topped by animperial crown was built in 1538 as the centrepiece of the courtyard.[38]
At Falkland Palace, James V extended his father's buildings inFrench Renaissance style between 1537 and 1541 and built areal tennis court in the garden in 1541.[39] The court survives to this day and is the oldest in theUnited Kingdom. James also built a new Late Gothic entrance tower in the south range, and the courtyard facades of the east and south ranges that were built in 1537 and 1539 are the earliest examples ofRenaissance architecture in theBritish Isles.[34][40] The largest of James V's building projects was the construction of the Royal Palace at Stirling Castle, built between 1538 and 1540, with its Renaissance facades and the north, east and south quarters housing the king's and queen's apartments. Work was also carried out atTantallon Castle,Blackness Castle andHermitage Castle.[41]
In December 1534, Francis I insisted that his eldest daughterMadeleine's health was too poor for marriage, suggesting that James V should marryMary of Bourbon, daughter of theDuke of Vendôme, instead to fulfil the Treaty of Rouen. Again, the Duke of Albany briefly entertained the idea that James might marry Christina of Denmark, and the King halted progress on the marriage negotiations. There was also an investigation into the possibility of James marrying his former mistress,Margaret Erskine before the negotiations resumed again, and in March 1536 a final contract made for Mary of Bourbon to marry James V. She would have a dowry as if she were a French princess, and Francis I consolidated the agreement by sending James the collar of theOrder of Saint Michael as a token of his affection.[46]
James decided to travel to France to meet his prospective bride in person. He sailed fromKirkcaldy on 1 September 1536, with the earls ofArran,Argyll andRothes,Lord Fleming,David Beaton and a force of 500 men in a fleet of six ships, using theMary Willoughby as his flagship.[47] Before his departure, James appointed sixvice-regents to govern Scotland in his absence.[48] In the event, James V would be away from Scotland for eight months, becoming the first Scottish king to voluntarily remain away from his realm sinceDavid II almost two hundred years earlier.[49] Arriving atDieppe a week later, the Scots travelled to the Duke of Vendôme's court atSaint-Quentin. However, on meeting Mary of Bourbon, James V was not impressed by her. He then travelled south to the French court at theChâteau d'Amboise, where he met Madeleine, and again pressed Francis for her hand in marriage. Fearing the harsh climate of Scotland would prove fatal to his daughter's already failing health, Francis initially refused to permit the marriage, but the couple persuaded Francis to reluctantly grant permission to their marriage.[50] The marriage contract was signed in November, with Francis I granting Madeleine adowry of 100,000écu, and a further 30,000francs a year for James.[51]
James V renewed the Auld Alliance and fulfilled the terms of the Treaty of Rouen on 1 January 1537 by marrying Madeleine atNotre-Dame de Paris. James received papal approval in the form of theBlessed sword and hat, and was granted the title ofDefender of the Faith byPope Paul III on 19 January 1537, symbolising the hopes of the papacy that he would resist the path that his uncle Henry VIII had followed.[52][53] After months of festivities and celebrations, and visits toChantilly,Compiègne andRouen (where Madeleine fell ill), the royal couple embarked for Scotland in May 1537, arriving atLeith on 19 May.[54] Madeleine wrote to her father from Edinburgh on 8 June 1537 saying that she was better and her symptoms had diminished.[55] However, a month later, on 7 July 1537, Queen Madeleine died in her husband's arms atHolyrood Palace oftuberculosis.[56] James V wrote to Francis I to inform him of what had happened, saying that if it were not for the fact that he was relying on the French king to remain his "good father", he would be in even greater pain.[56] The Queen was interred inHolyrood Abbey inEdinburgh.
Following Madeleine's death, James V's thoughts turned to a second French bride to further the interests of the Franco-Scottish alliance. David Beaton was sent to France to persuade Francis I to agree to James marrying his only surviving daughter,Margaret.[56] Francis offeredMary of Guise as a bride instead. The daughter ofClaude, Duke of Guise, Mary had recently been widowed by the death of her husband,Louis II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville. David Beaton wrote to James V fromLyon in October 1537 that Mary was "stark (strong), well complexioned, and fit to travel", and that her father was "marvellous desirous of the expedition and hasty end of the matter," and had already consulted with his brother,Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, and Mary herself.[57] The marriage contract was finalised in January 1538, with James V receiving adowry of 150,000livres. As was customary, if the King died first, Mary would retain for her lifetime herjointure houses ofFalkland Palace,Stirling Castle,Dingwall Castle andThreave Castle, along with the rentals of the earldoms ofFife,Strathearn,Ross andOrkney, and the lordships ofGalloway, Ardmannoch andthe Isles.[58]
Theproxy wedding of James V and Mary of Guise was held on 9 May 1538 at theChâteau de Châteaudun. Some 2,000 Scottish lords and barons came from Scotland aboard a fleet of ships underLord Maxwell to attend, with Lord Maxwell standing as proxy for James V. Mary departed fromLe Havre on 10 June 1538, and landed in Scotland 6 days later atCrail inFife. She was formally received by the king atSt Andrews a few days later amid pageants and plays performed in her honour, and James and Mary were married in person atSt Andrews Cathedral on 18 June 1538. James's motherMargaret Tudor wrote to Henry VIII in July, "I trust she will prove a wise Princess. I have been much in her company, and she bears herself very honourably to me, with very good entertaining."[59] James and Mary had two sons:James, Duke of Rothesay (born 22 May 1540 at St Andrews), and Robert (or Arthur), Duke of Albany (born and baptised on 12 April 1541); however, both died on 21 April 1541, when James was nearly one year old and Robert (or Arthur) was nine days old. Mary's mother,Antoinette de Bourbon, wrote that the couple were still young and should hope for more children.[60] The third and last child of the union was a daughter,Mary, who was born on 8 December 1542.[61]
Statue atStirling Castle, said to depict the Gudeman of BallengeichGroat of James V, Edinburgh mint, 1526 × 1539
According to legend, James was nicknamed "King of the Commons" as he would sometimes travel around Scotland disguised as a common man, describing himself as the "Gudeman of Ballengeich".[62] ("Gudeman" means "landlord" or "farmer", and "Ballengeich" was the nickname of a road next toStirling Castle — meaning "windy pass" inGaelic[63]). One traditional ballad,The Jolly Beggar, is considered by some to refer to his activities.[64]
James was also a keenlute player.[65] In 1562, Sir Thomas Wood reported that James had "a singular good ear and could sing that he had never seen before" (sight-read), but his voice was "rawky" and "harske." At court, James maintained a band of Italian musicians who adopted the name Drummond. These were joined for the winter of 1529/30 by a musician and diplomat sent by theDuke of Milan, Thomas de Averencia deBrescia, probably alutenist.[66] The historian Andrea Thomas makes a useful distinction between the loud music provided at ceremonies and processionals and instruments employed for more private occasions or worship, themusic fyne described by Helena Mennie Shire. This quieter music included a consort ofviols played by four Frenchmen led by Jacques Columbell.[67] It seems certain thatDavid Peebles wrote music for James V and probable that the Scottish composerRobert Carver was in royal employ, though evidence is lacking.[68]
As a patron of poets and authors, James supportedWilliam Stewart andJohn Bellenden, the son of his nurse, who translated the LatinHistory of Scotland compiled in 1527 byHector Boece into verse and prose.[69]Sir David Lindsay of the Mount, theLord Lyon, head of theLyon Court and diplomat, was a prolific poet. He produced an interlude at Linlithgow Palace thought to be a version of his playThe Thrie Estaitis in 1540. James also attracted the attention of international authors. The French poetPierre de Ronsard, who had been a page of Madeleine of Valois, offered unqualified praise:
"Son port estoit royal, son regard vigoureux
De vertus, et de l'honneur, et guerre amoureux La douceur et la force illustroient son visage Si que Venus et Mars en avoient fait partage"
His royal bearing, and vigorous pursuit of virtue, of honour, and love's war, this sweetness and strength illuminate his face,
as if he were the child of Venus and Mars.[70][71]
When he married Mary of Guise,Giovanni Ferrerio, an Italian scholar who had been atKinloss Abbey in Scotland, dedicated to the couple a new edition of his workOn the True Significance of Comets against the Vanity of Astrologers.[72] Like Henry VIII, James employed many foreign artisans and craftsmen in order to enhance the prestige of his renaissance court.[73]Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie listed their professions:
he plenished the country with all kind of craftsmen out of other countries, as French-men, Spaniards, Dutch men, and Englishmen, which were all cunning craftsmen, every man for his own hand. Some were gunners, wrights, carvers, painters, masons, smiths, harness-makers (armourers), tapesters, broudsters, taylors, cunning chirugeons, apothecaries, with all other kind of craftsmen to apparel his palaces.[74]
One technological initiative was a special mill for polishing armour at Holyroodhouse next to his mint. The mill had a pole drive 32 feet long powered by horses.[75] Mary of Guise's motherAntoinette of Bourbon sent him an armourer. The armourer made steel plates for his jousting saddles in October 1538 and delivered askirt ofplate armour in February 1540. In the same year, for his wife's coronation, the treasurer's accounts record that James personally devised fireworks made by his master gunners. His goldsmithJohn Mosman renovated thecrown jewels for the occasion.[76] When James took steps to suppress the circulation of slanderous ballads and rhymes against Henry VIII, Henry sent Fulke ap Powell,Lancaster Herald, to give thanks and to make arrangements for the present of a lion for James'smenagerie of exotic pets.[77]
The death of James's mother in 1541 removed any incentive for peace with England, and war broke out. Initially, the Scots won a victory at theBattle of Haddon Rig in August 1542. The Imperial ambassador in London,Eustace Chapuys, wrote on 2 October that the Scottish ambassadors ruled out a conciliatory meeting between James and Henry VIII in England until the pregnant Mary of Guise delivered her child. Henry would not accept this condition and mobilised his army against Scotland.[78] James was with his army atLauder on 31 October 1542. Although he hoped to invade England, his nobles were reluctant.[79] He returned to Edinburgh, on the way writing a letter in French to his wife from Falahill mentioning he had three days of illness.[80] On 24 November his army suffered a serious defeat at theBattle of Solway Moss. Following a few days spent at Linlithgow Palace with Queen Mary, who was in the final stages of her pregnancy, on 6 December James travelled toFalkland Palace, where he soon took ill.[81][16]
Although James V's army had been beaten at Solway Moss, it was neither a personal humiliation for the King (who was not there) nor the result of noble disaffection. In fact, James had substantial support for his war policy and early in December, he had made plans to renew the conflict with England.[16] James was on his deathbed at Falkland when news arrived from Linlithgow that the Queen had given birth to adaughter. According toJohn Knox, on hearing of the birth of his daughter, the King said "It cam wi' a lass, and it will gang wi' a lass" (meaning "It began with a girl and it will end with a girl").[82] This could refer to theStewart dynasty's accession to the throne throughMarjorie Bruce, daughter ofRobert the Bruce. The prophecy could have been intended to express his belief that his new-born daughter Mary would be the last of the Stewart monarchs. In fact, the last Stewart monarch was female:Anne, Queen of Great Britain. James V died at Falkland Palace on 14 December 1542, aged thirty. The King had been ill on a number of occasions during the previous decade: in 1533 "of a sorefois (face)"; in 1534 of the "pox, andfevir contenew"; in Paris in 1536; and in 1540, when he wrote to his wife to say that he had been as ill as he had ever been in his life, but was now recovered. Evidently, his immune system had not recovered, as he had been ill again in November 1542.[16] It is likely that James V died fromcholera ordysentery, rather than shame or despair brought on by the news of Solway Moss.[16]
The Royal Vault in the ruins ofHolyrood Abbey, which contains the remains of James V
James was succeeded by his infant daughter,Mary, Queen of Scots. On 7 January 1543, the King's body was conveyed from Falkland to theForth ferry atKinghorn, before being transported to Edinburgh, escorted by a funeral cortege, and accompanied by Cardinal Beaton, the Earls of Arran, Argyll, Rothes, Marischal and other nobles.[73] James V was buried on 8 January atHolyrood Abbey, next to his first wife,Madeleine, and his two sons. A stone tomb was erected, on whichAndrew Mansioun carved a lion, a crown and an eighteen-foot-long inscription inRoman letters. Alms were distributed to the poor of Edinburgh who had been present at the soul-Mass anddirge performed for the King.[73] During theRough Wooing, the invading English armies inflicted structural damage on Holyrood Abbey in 1544 and 1547, destroying James V's tomb.[83][84]
James was the last monarch to die in Scotland until 8 September 2022 when QueenElizabeth IIdied atBalmoral Castle inAberdeenshire, 480 years later. Days later her body was carried through the streets of Edinburgh, the first time that a royal cortege had passed through the city since James V's burial.[85]
Married Janet Ruthven and had issue. In June 1596,James VI gave £200 to Adam's son, James Stewart, for his travelling expenses in foreign countries.[88]
"Johnnie Armstrong", a traditional ballad relating the story of Scottish raider andfolk hero Johnnie Armstrong of Gilnockie, who was captured and hanged by King James V in 1530.
Barr, Robert (1902),A Prince of Good Fellows. James is the titular prince and the main character. He is depicted as an "adventure-loving persona".[89]
Gunn, John (1913),The Fight at Summerdale. The novel depictsOrkney, Edinburgh and Normandy in the 16th century. James V "appears more than once" in the various chapters.[89]
Knipe, John (1921),The Hour Before the Dawn. Depicts events "just before" and "after" the death of James V. James V,Mary of Guise andDavid Beaton are prominently depicted.[89]
^Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 5, p. 130.
^HMC Earl of Mar & Kellie at Alloa House (London, 1904), pp. 11–12.
^abcRoss, Stewart,The Stewart Dynasty (Thomas and Lochar, 1993), p. 197.
^abcdeCameron, Jamie,James V (Tuckwell, 1998), p. 556.
^abcdefRoss, Stewart,The Stewart Dynasty (Thomas and Lochar, 1993), p. 195.
^Ken Emond,The Minority of James V (Edinburgh, 2019), p. 140.
^Ken Emond,The Minority of James V (Edinburgh, 2019), p. 175.
^abcdRoss, Stewart,The Stewart Dynasty (Thomas and Lochar, 1993), p. 196.
^Thomas, Andrea,Princelie Majestie (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2005), 12–15, 36:Murray, Atholl, 'Pursemaster's Accounts',Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, vol. 10 (SHS: Edinburgh, 1965), pp. 13–51.
^Dunbar, John G.,Scottish Royal Palaces (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1999).
^HMC Mar & Kellie (London, 1904), 15, Will 12 June 1540: Cameron, Jamie,James V (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1998), pp. 245–248.
^Clifford, Arthur ed.,Sadler State Papers, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1809), p. 30.
^Athol Murray, 'Crown Lands',An Historical Atlas of Scotland (Scottish Medievalists, 1975), p. 73: After James's death, 600 sheep were given toJames Douglas ofDrumlanrig,HMC 15th Report: Duke of Buccleuch (London, 1897), p. 17.
^Ferrerio, Giovanni,De vera cometae significatione contra astrologorum omnium vanitatem. Libellus, nuper natus et aeditus, Paris, Vascovan, (1538).
^abcThomas, Andrea,Princelie Majestie, the court of James V (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2005), pp. 226–243.
^Lindsay of Pitscottie, Robert,The History of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1778), p. 238: abbreviated in Lindsay of Pitscottie, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1814), p. 359.
^Accounts of the Masters of Work, vol. 1 (HMSO: Edinburgh, 1957), pp. 101–102, 242 290: Thomas Andrea,Princelie Majestie (John Donald, 2005), p. 173.
^Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), 95, 287 (taslet), 357 fireworks:Marguerite Wood,Balcarres Papers, vol. 1 (SHS: Edinburgh, 1923), pp. 18, 20.
^Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 14 part 1 (London, 1894), xix, no. 406: vol. 14 part 2 (London, 1895), no. 781.
^Calendar State Papers Spanish: 1542–1543, vol. 6 part 2, London (1895), p. 144, no.66.
^abcdHMC: 6th Report & Appendix (London, 1877), p. 670: Pope Clement VII sent a dispensation to James V dated 30 August 1534 that allowed four of the children to take holy orders when they came of age. The document stated that James elder was in his fifth year, James younger and John in their third year, and Robert in his first year.
^Gordon Donaldson,Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland: 1567-1574, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1963), p. 67 no. 298:Register of the Privy Seal, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1982), p. 485, no. 2742.
^National Records of Scotland, Exchequer vouchers E23/7.
Bingham, Caroline (1971),James V King of Scots, London: Collins,ISBN0-0021-1390-2
Cameron, Jamie (1998),Macdougall, Norman (ed.),James V: The Personal Rule, 1528–1542, The Stewart Dynasty in Scotland, East Linton: Tuckwell Press,ISBN978-1-8623-2015-4
Dawson, Jane (2007),Scotland Reformed 1488–1587, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol. 6, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,ISBN978-0-7486-1455-4
Wormald, Jenny (1981),Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland 1470–1625, The New History of Scotland, vol. 4, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,ISBN0-7486-0276-3
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