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Irishverb forms are constructed either synthetically or analytically.

Synthetic forms express the information aboutperson andnumber in the ending: e.g.,molaim "I praise", where the ending -aim stands for "1st person singular present". In this case, a pronoun is not allowed:*molaim mé is ungrammatical.Molann mé is allowed but using the -aim ending is more common.

Analytic forms are those whose endings contain no information about person and number, and a pronoun is necessary: e.g.,molann sibh "you (pl.) praise", where the ending -ann expresses only the present tense, and the pronounsibh "you" (pl.) must accompany it in order to express "2nd person plural".

In addition to the three persons, Irish also has animpersonal form (also called the "autonomous" form), which is used in forming thepassive and can conveniently be translated with "one" or "someone" as the subject. Shown below are the distribution of synthetic and analytic forms in the standard language; in the dialects, other patterns may be found, although some of the most important distinctions made in certain dialects are pointed out in this article.

SeeIrish orthography for the pronunciation of verb endings.

There are two conjugation classes of regular verbs, as illustrated below. Forms initalics are not part of the standard language.The suffixes shown change to agree with the word ending in a velarised ("broad") consonant or palatalised ("slender") consonant. In the examples below, verbs ending with "broad" consonants are shown above those ending with "slender" consonants.

In the imperfect, preterite, and conditional, a consonant-initial stem undergoes lenition (and dialectally is preceded bydo), while a vowel-initial stem is prefixed byd’. A stem beginning with⟨f⟩ + a vowel takes both, e.g.fan "wait",d'fhan sé "he waited". The preterite impersonal, e.g.fanadh "one waited", neither undergoes lenition nor receivesd'. The -⟨f⟩- in future and conditional stems is pronounced/h/; except in the conditional 2nd person singular and the impersonal, where it remains/f/.

Second stem verbs take the same base suffixes as first conjugation verbs, but add the infix in -⟨(a)í⟩- (most forms), or -⟨eo, ó⟩- (in the future and conditional).

Roots ending in a slender consonant undergosyncope before the addition of -⟨í⟩-.

There are elevenirregular verbs in Standard Irish; individual dialects have a few more. Most of them are characterized bysuppletion, that is, different roots are used to form different tenses. Analytic forms are indicated by the symbol+. The preterites of many irregular verbs take the nonpreterite forms ofpreverbal particles, i.e.an (interrogative particle) andní (negative particle), instead ofar (pret. interrogative particle) andníor (pret. negative particle). Some verbs have differentindependent and dependent forms in certain tenses; the independent forms are used when no particle precedes the verb, and also aftermá "if" (open conditional) and the direct relative particlea, while the dependent forms are used after all other particles.

The⟨d⟩- in this verb's independent forms is not lenited, and the dependent forms are slightly archaic.

If a noun phrase is in the predicate, then forms of the particleis are used rather than anything below.

Clois is used in southern and south-central Irish (Munster, Connemara, Aran Islands etc.), whereascluin is used in northern and north-central varieties (Mayo, Ulster).

The⟨f⟩- in forms of this verb is eclipsed rather than lenited afterní.

The meaning "to be named" is often found in writings and can therefore be considered as strange for learners. When meaning "to be named" the verbform is usually followed by the preposition "ar", which is also inflected due to the person it is connected with. e.g.:

• Bhí Seán, mar a thugtaí air, an-shásta. "Seán, as he was (usually) called, was very happy."
• Tá Seán ag tabhairt an úill dom. "Seán is giving me the apple."

Irish uses a number of preverbalparticles to modify the meaning of asentence. In a positive statement, no particle is used and the verb comes first (except in Munster Irish wheredo is placed before verbs in the past, habitual past and conditional, leniting the verb that follows). This is still seen in the Standard Language in said tenses, prefixed to verbs beginning with vowels, e.g.d'ól mé (Munster Irish:d'ólas) "I drank":

• Tuigeann Seán Gaeilge. "Seán understands Irish."
• Thuig Seán Gaeilge. "Seán understood Irish."
• Thuigfeadh Seán Gaeilge. "Seán would understand Irish."

To negate a statement, the particlení is used, which causes lenition; a⟨d’⟩ before a vowel or lenited⟨f⟩ is omitted:

• Ní thuigeann Seán Gaeilge. "Seán doesn't understand Irish."
• Ní thuigfeadh Seán Gaeilge. "Seán wouldn't understand Irish."
• Ní ólfadh Séamas an bainne. "Séamas would not drink the milk." (cf.D'ólfadh Séamas an bainne. "Séamas would drink the milk.")
• Ní fhanfadh Úna liom. "Úna would not wait for me." (cf.D'fhanfadh Úna liom. "Úna would wait for me.")

In the preterite, the particleníor is used . There is lenition but nod’.

• Níor thuig Seán Gaeilge. "Seán didn't understand Irish."
• Níor ól Séamas an bainne. "Séamas didn't drink the milk." (cf.D'ól Séamas an bainne. "Séamas drank the milk.")
• Níor fhan Úna liom. "Úna didn't wait for me." (cf.D'fhan Úna liom. "Úna waited for me.")

(In Ulster, the negative particlescha(n), pret.char are also used)

To pose a simpleyes/no question, the particlean is used, which causes eclipsis (no eclipsis of vowels, becausean already ends with⟨n⟩). In the preteritear (+ lenition) is used. The prefixd’ is omitted:

• An dtuigeann Seán Gaeilge? "Does Seán understand Irish?"
• An dtuigfeadh Seán Gaeilge? "Would Seán understand Irish?"
• An ólann Séamas bainne? "Does Séamas drink milk?"
• An bhfanfadh Úna liom? "Would Úna wait for me?"
• Ar thuig Seán Gaeilge? "Did Seán understand Irish?"
• Ar ól Séamas an bainne? "Did Séamas drink the milk?"
• Ar fhan Úna liom? "Did Úna wait for me?"

These particles are also used to introduce an indirect question:

• Níl a fhios agaman dtuigeann Seán Gaeilge. "I don't know if Seán understands Irish."
• Ní méar ól Séamas an bainne. "I wonder if Séamas drank the milk."

To pose a negative yes/no question, the particlenach is used, which causes eclipsis (in preterite:nár + lenition):

• Nach dtuigeann Seán Gaeilge? "Doesn't Seán understand Irish?"
• Nach dtuigfeadh Seán Gaeilge? "Wouldn't Seán understand Irish?"
• Nach n-ólfadh Séamas an bainne? "Wouldn't Séamas drink the milk?"
• Nach bhfanfadh Úna liom? "Wouldn't Úna wait for me?"
• Nár thuig Seán Gaeilge? "Didn't Seán understand Irish?"
• Nár ól Séamas an bainne? "Didn't Séamas drink the milk?"
• Nár fhan Úna liom? "Didn't Úna wait for me?"

(In Munsterná is used instead ofnach.)

To pose a wh-question, one of the interrogative particlescá,cad a/céard a,cathain a,cé a,conas a etc. is used.

• Cá gcuirfidh tú an litir? "Where will you put the letter?"
• Cad/Céard a cheapfaidh na comharsana? "What will the neighbors think?"
• Cathain a dhíolfaidh sibh bhur dteach? "When will you sell your house?"
• Cé a sheasfaidh i m'aice? "Who will stand next to me?"
• Conas a ghlanfaidh tú an gúna? "How will you clean the dress?"

Irish has noinfinitive and uses instead theverbal noun. The verbal noun can be formed using different strategies (mostly suffixes). The most common of these are:

• Suffix-adh, e.g.,bog "soften":bogadh
• Suffix-áil, e.g.,fág "leave":fágáil
• Suffix-ú, e.g.,ardaigh "lift":ardú
• Suffix-amh, e.g.,caith "spend":caitheamh
• Suffix-t, e.g.,cosain "defend":cosaint
• Suffix-úint, e.g.,lean "follow":leanúint
• Slender consonant is made broad, e.g.,coisc "prevent":cosc
• Suffix-ach, e.g.,ceannaigh "buy":ceannach
• No change, e.g.,ól "drink":ól
• Suffix-cht, e.g.,dúisigh "awake":dúiseacht
• Suffix-e, e.g.,rinc "dance":rince

The verbal noun is used as the infinitive would be used in English.

D'iarr sé ormimeacht. "He asked me to go."

B'fhearr liomfanacht. "I would rather stay."

A progressive can be expressed with the prepositionag and is equivalent to the English present participle.

Tá Seán ag obair. "Seán is working."

Bhí Máire ag caint. "Máire was speaking."

A perfect tense can be formed with either of the compound prepositionstar éis ori ndiaidh and the verbal noun.

Tá sí tar éis baint an fhéir. "She has (just) mowed the grass." (cf.Hiberno-English "She is after cutting the grass.")

Bhí sé i ndiaidh ní na gcupán. "He had (just) washed the cups." (cf. Hiberno-English "He was after washing the cups.")

Thesubjunctive covers the idea of wishing something and so appears in some famous Irish proverbs and blessings. It is considered an old-fashioned tense for daily speech (except in set phrases) but still appears often in print. E.g.,

• Go dté tú slán. "May you be well." (lit: May you go well.)
• Go dtuga Dia ciall duit. "May God give you sense."
• Go ndéana an Diabhal toirneach de d'anam in Ifreann. "May the Devil make thunder of your soul in Hell."

It is important to note that when the subjunctive is used in English, it may not be used in Irish, and another tense might be used instead:

• Dámba (past/conditional of thecopula) mise tusa, dhéanfainn (conditional) staidéar ar don scrúdú amárach. "If Iwere (past subjunctive) you, I would study for the exam tomorrow."
• Tá sé tábhachtach goroghnaíonn (present indicative) sé ar an mbealach ceart. "It is important that hechoose (present sub.) the right way."
• Nuair abheidh (future ind.) tú níos sine, beidh tú a thuiscint. "When you're (present ind.) older, you'll understand."
• Is mian liom goraibh (present sub.) tú anseo. "I wish (that) youwere (past sub.) here."

While the relative pronounthat can be omitted in English, the correspondinggo is mandatory in Irish.

• Hughes, A.J. (2008).Leabhar Mór Bhriathra na Gaeilge - The Great Irish Verb Book (in Irish and English). Béal Feirste = Belfast: Clólann Bhean Mhadagáin = Ben Madigan Press.ISBN 0-9542834-2-2.

• Irish grammar

For a list of words relating to Finished, see theIrish verbs category of words inWiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Irish grammar
• Indo-European verbs

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