| ◌̑ | |
|---|---|
Inverted breve | |
| U+0311 ◌̑COMBINING INVERTED BREVE |
Inverted breve orarch is adiacritical mark, shaped like the top half of a circle ( ̑ ), that is, like an upside-downbreve (˘). It looks similar to thecircumflex (ˆ), which has a sharp tip (Â â Ê ê Î î Ô ô Û û), while the inverted breve is rounded: (Ȃ ȃ Ȇ ȇ Ȋ ȋ Ȏ ȏ Ȗ ȗ).
Inverted breve can occur above or below the letter. It is not used in any natural languagealphabet,[citation needed] but as a phonetic indicator. It is identical in form to theAncient Greek circumflex.
The inverted breve above is used in traditionalSlavicist notation ofSerbo-Croatian phonology to indicate long falling accent. It is placed above thesyllable nucleus, which can be one of five vowels (ȃ ȇ ȋ ȏ ȗ) or syllabic ȓ. This use of the inverted breve is derived from theAncient Greek circumflex, which was preserved in thepolytonic orthography ofModern Greek and influenced[clarification needed] early SerbianCyrillic printing through religious literature. In the early 19th century, it began to be used in both Latin and Cyrillic as adiacritic to markprosody in the systematic study of theSerbo-Croatian linguistic continuum.
In theInternational Phonetic Alphabet, an inverted breve below is used to mark a vowel as non-syllabic, i.e. assuming the role of asemivowel. The diacritic thus expands upon the four primary symbols[j, w, ɥ, ɰ] the IPA reserves for semivowels, which correspond to the full vowels[i, u, y, ɯ], respectively. Any vowel is eligible for marking as non-syllabic; a frequent use of the diacritic is in conjunction with the centralised equivalents of the vowels just mentioned:[ɪ̯, ʊ̯, ʏ̯].
The same diacritic is placed underiota (ι̯) to represent theProto-Indo-European semivowel*y as it relates to Greek grammar;upsilon with an inverted breve (υ̯) is used alongsidedigamma (ϝ) to represent the Proto-Indo-European semivowel*w.[1]
Inverted breve characters are supported inUnicode andHTML code (decimalnumeric character reference).
| Name | Letter | Unicode | HTML |
|---|---|---|---|
| Combining Inverted Breve | ◌̑ | U+0311 | ̑ |
| Combining Inverted Breve Below | ◌̯ | U+032F | ̯ |
| Combining Double Inverted Breve | ◌͡◌ | U+0361 | ͡ |
| Combining Double Inverted Breve Below | ◌᷼◌ | U+1DFC | ᷼ |
| Modifier Breve With Inverted Breve | ꭛ | U+AB5B | ꭛ |
| Latin Capital Letter A With Inverted Breve | Ȃ | U+0202 | Ȃ |
| Latin Small Letter A With Inverted Breve | ȃ | U+0203 | ȃ |
| Latin Capital Letter E With Inverted Breve | Ȇ | U+0206 | Ȇ |
| Latin Small Letter E With Inverted Breve | ȇ | U+0207 | ȇ |
| Latin Capital Letter I With Inverted Breve | Ȋ | U+020A | Ȋ |
| Latin Small Letter I With Inverted Breve | ȋ | U+020B | ȋ |
| Latin Capital Letter O With Inverted Breve | Ȏ | U+020E | Ȏ |
| Latin Small Letter O With Inverted Breve | ȏ | U+020F | ȏ |
| Latin Capital Letter R With Inverted Breve | Ȓ | U+0212 | Ȓ |
| Latin Small Letter R With Inverted Breve | ȓ | U+0213 | ȓ |
| Latin Capital Letter U With Inverted Breve | Ȗ | U+0216 | Ȗ |
| Latin Small Letter U With Inverted Breve | ȗ | U+0217 | ȗ |
InLaTeX the control\textroundcap{o} with\usepackage{tipa} puts an inverted breve over the letter o.[2]
| In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek |
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| InEarly Cyrillic |
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| InIndic | |
| In other scripts | |
| Marks used as diacritics |
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| Non-diacritic uses | |
| InUnicode |
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