Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム

Jump to content

Ingeld

Edit links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Legendary warrior in Beowulf

For other people with the same name, seeIngeldaz (disambiguation).

Ingeld orIngjaldr (Old Norse:[ˈiŋɡjɑldz̠]) was a legendary warrior who appears in early English and Norse legends. Ingeld was so well known that, in 797,Alcuin wrote a letter to BishopHigbald of Lindisfarne questioning the monks' interest in heroic legends with: 'Quid enim Hinieldus cum Christo?' - What has Ingeld to do with Christ?^[1]

The legends that survive tell of Ingeld as an enemy ofHroðgar,Halga andHroðulf. The conflict between theScyldings Hroðgar and Hroðulf on one side, and theHeaðobards Froda and Ingeld on the other, appears both inBeowulf and inWidsith. Scholars generally agree that these characters appear in bothAnglo-Saxon (Beowulf) and Scandinavian tradition (Norse sagas and Danish chronicles).^[2] However, in the Norse tradition the Heaðobards had apparently been forgotten and the conflict is instead rendered as a family feud,^[3] or as a conflict with theSaxons, where the Danes take the place of the Heaðobards.^[4]

Attestations

[edit]

Beowulf

[edit]

InBeowulf, Ingeld is the son of KingFroda of theHeaðobards, and they are involved in a war with the Danes. When Beowulf reports on his adventure inDenmark to his kingHygelac, he mentions thatHroðgar had a daughter,Freawaru.^[5] SinceFroda had been killed by the Danes, Hroðgar sent Freawaru to marry Ingeld, in an unsuccessful attempt to end the feud.^[6]An old warrior urged the Heaðobards to revenge,^[7] and Beowulf predicts to Hygelac that Ingeld will turn against his father-in-law Hroðgar.^[8] In a version given in the Danish chronicleGesta Danorum (see below), the old warrior appears asStarkad, and he succeeded in making Ingeld divorce his bride and in turning him against her family.^[4] Earlier in theBeowulf poem, the poet tells us that the hall Heorot was eventually destroyed by fire^[9] (Gummere's translation^[10]):

Sele hlīfade

hēah and horn-gēap: heaðo-wylma bād,

lāðan līges; ne wæs hit lenge þā gēn

þæt se ecg-hete āðum-swerian

æfter wæl-nīðe wæcnan scolde.

....there towered the hall,

high, gabled wide: it awaited the hot surge

of furious flame. Nor far was that day

when the war between father and son-in-law

after cruel slaughter would awake again.

It is tempting to interpret the new war with Ingeld as leading to the burning of the hall of Heorot, but the poem separates the two events (by ane wæs hit lenge þā meaning "nor far way was that day when", in Gummere's translation).

Family tree of theScyldings (Kings of the Danes),Heathobards andScylfings (Kings of the Swedes), according toBeowulf

♕Heremod

♕Scyld Scefing

♕Beowulf

♕Healfdene

♕Ongentheow

♕Heorogar

♕Hrothgar

Wealhtheow

Halga

A daughter

♕Onela

♕Ohthere

Widsith

[edit]

WhereasBeowulf never dwells on the outcome of the battle with Ingeld, the possibly older poemWidsith refers to Hroðgar and Hroðulf defeating Ingeld atHeorot:

Hroþwulf ond Hroðgar heoldon lengest

sibbe ætsomne suhtorfædran,

siþþan hy forwræcon wicinga cynn

ond Ingeldes ord forbigdan,

forheowan æt Heorote Heaðobeardna þrym.

Hroðulf andHroðgar held the longest

peace together, uncle and nephew,

since they repulsed the race of Vikings

and bent down Ingeld’s spear-point;

they crushed atHeorot theHeaðobard force.

Skjöldunga saga andBjarkarímur

[edit]

TheSkjöldunga saga^[3]^[11] andBjarkarímur^[3] reverse the relationship between Froda and Ingeld by making Ingeld (Ingjaldus) the father of Froda (Frodo). Moreover, Ingeld is here described as the half-brother ofHealfdene (Haldan).

Frodo defeated the Swedish kingJorund, made him a tributary and took his daughter. The daughter gave birth to Haldan, but another woman became Frodo's legitimate wife and gave him Ingjaldus. Together with one of hisearls,Swerting, Jorund conspired against Frodo and killed him during theblót.

Haldan has a queen named Sigrith with whom he has three children: the sons Roas (Hroðgar) and Helgo (Halga) and the daughter Signy. Ingjaldus is jealous with his half-brother and so he attacks and kills Haldan, whereupon he marries Sigrith. Ingjaldus and Sigrith have two sons named Rærecus and Frodo. Ingjaldus, who is worried that his nephews would want revenge, tries to find them and kill them, but Roas and Helgo survive by hiding on an island nearSkåne. When they are old enough, they avenge their father by killing Ingjaldus.

In theHrólfr Kraki's saga, which tells very much the same story, it is Froda (Fróði) who is the half brother of Halfdan.

Gesta Danorum

[edit]

Starkad meets Ingellus with a mistress, from Olaus Magnus'*Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus* (1555).

The tradition of the feud with theHeaðobards Ingeld and Froda appears twice in theGesta Danorum.^[3] There is also a third time, based on the account of the old warrior who restarts the conflict.^[4]

The first time it tells of the feud is book 2, where Ingeld (calledIngild) appears with the son Agnar. In this version, Ingeld's son is about to marry Hroðulf's sister Rute, but a fight starts and Agnar dies in a duel withBöðvarr Bjarki (calledBiarco).

The second version inGesta Danorum (book 6), concerns the adventures ofStarkad, and which is based on the old warrior who restarted the conflict.^[4] The Danish kingFrotho (Froda) was killed through treachery by a Saxon namedSwerting (Swertingus). Frotho's son Ingeld (Ingellus) lived a wanton life and married one of Swerting's daughters. This angered Starkad so much that he enlisted at the Swedish kingHalfdan's (Haldanus) court instead. As Ingeld continued his sinful life and did not do his duty to avenge his father, Starkad appeared during a banquet that Ingeld had with the sons of Swerting, his father's slayer. Starkad strongly admonished Ingeld and humiliated his queen who tried to calm Starkad with kindness and her costly ribbon. Starkad succeeded in inciting Ingeld to kill Swerting's sons and to divorce his Saxon bride.

The third time, it tells of Froda and Ingeld is in book 7, but here Hroðgar is replaced by aHarald and Halga by aHaldanus.^[3] It is the same Ingeld as in the previous paragraph, but here Froda reappears as Ingeld's son. It is a version of the feud that is similar to the one told in theSkjöldunga saga,Bjarkarímur andHrólfr Kraki's saga, where the Heaðobards had been forgotten and the feud with Froda and Ingeld has become a family feud. The main plot is that Ingeld has the sons Frodo (Froda) and Harald (corresponds to Healfdene). The relationship between Ingeld and Froda was thus reversed, a reversal also found in theSkjöldunga saga and in theBjarkarímur. Froda kills his brother and tries to get rid of his nephews Harald (corresponds to Hroðgar) and Haldanus (corresponds to Halga). After some adventures, the two brothers burn their uncle to death inside his house and avenge their father.

The family tree oflegendary Kings of the Danes, according to theGesta Danorum (Books I to VII)

Kings of the Danes are in bold and marked with a crown (♕). Kings of the Swedes are marked with a dagger (†). Superscript numbers before a name indicate in which books ofGesta Danorum the individual is mentioned.

⁽¹⁾ Humble

KEY

⁽¹⁾Angul

⁽¹⁾Dan ♕

⁽¹⁾Grytha

Marriage or coupling

Parent and child

The Angles

⁽¹⁾Humble ♕

⁽¹⁾Lother ♕

⁽¹⁾ King of theSaxons

Succession by other or unclear means

⁽¹⁾Roar

⁽¹⁾Sigtryg, King of the Swedes†

⁽¹⁾Skiold ♕

⁽¹⁾Alfhild

⁽¹⁾ daughter of Roar

⁽¹⁾Bess

⁽¹⁾ sister of Gram

⁽¹⁾Gróa

⁽¹⁾Gram ♕†

⁽¹⁾Sumble, King of the Finns

⁽¹⁾ Wagnhofde

⁽¹⁾Signe

⁽¹⁾Henry, King of the Saxons

⁽¹⁾ Hakon, King of the Nitherians

⁽¹⁾Hardgrep

⁽¹⁾Swipdag ♕†, King of Norway

⁽¹⁾ sister of Guthorm

⁽¹⁾Guthorm ♕

^(1,2,5)Hadding ♕

⁽¹⁾ Ragnhild

⁽¹⁾ Asmund†

⁽¹⁾ Gunnhild

⁽¹⁾ Guthorm

^(1,2) Ulfhild

⁽²⁾Ubbe ♕

⁽¹⁾ Henry

⁽¹⁾ Uffe†

^(1,2) Hunding†

⁽²⁾ Thorhild

⁽²⁾ Scot

⁽¹⁾ daughter of Uffe

⁽²⁾ Ragnar†

⁽²⁾ Swanhwid

⁽²⁾ sisters of Swanhwid

⁽²⁾Handwan

⁽²⁾ Thorwald

^(2,5)Frode ♕

⁽²⁾ daughter of Handwan

^(2,3)Hothbrodd†

⁽²⁾Halfdan ♕

⁽²⁾ Ro

⁽²⁾ Skat

⁽²⁾ Thora

^(2,3)Helge ♕

⁽²⁾Ro ♕

^(2,3)Athisl†

⁽²⁾Urse

^(2,3) King Gewar

^(2,3)Rolf Krage ♕†

⁽²⁾ Rute

⁽²⁾Bjarke

⁽²⁾Skulde

^(2,3)Hiartuar †♕

^(2,3)Hother †♕

⁽³⁾Nanna

⁽³⁾ Herlek

⁽³⁾ Gerit

⁽³⁾ former King of Britain

⁽³⁾ mother of the King of Britain

⁽³⁾ a slave

⁽³⁾ a bondmaid

⁽³⁾Rorik Slyngebond ♕

⁽³⁾ Gerwendil

^(3,4) King of Britain

^(3,4) Queen of Britain

^(3,4) Gerutha

^(3,4)Horwendil

^(3,4)Feng

^(3,4) foster sister of Amleth

^(3,4) daughter of the King of Britain

^(3,4)Amleth

⁽⁴⁾Hermutrude, Queen of Scotland

⁽⁴⁾Wiglek ♕

⁽⁴⁾ son of Amleth

⁽⁴⁾Wermund ♕

⁽⁴⁾Frowin, governor of Sleswik

⁽⁴⁾Uffe ♕, aka Olaf the Gentle

⁽⁴⁾ daughter of Frowin

⁽⁴⁾Ket

⁽⁴⁾Wig

⁽⁴⁾Dan ♕

⁽⁴⁾Hugleik ♕

⁽⁴⁾Frode the Vigorous ♕

⁽⁴⁾Dan ♕

⁽⁵⁾ Kraka

⁽⁵⁾ Ragnar

⁽⁵⁾ Brak

^(4,5)Fridleif the Swift ♕

⁽⁵⁾ Hun, King of the Huns

⁽⁵⁾ Hun

⁽⁵⁾ Gotar, King of Norway

⁽⁵⁾ Westmar

⁽⁵⁾ Koll

⁽⁵⁾ Gotwar

⁽⁵⁾ Roller

^(5,6)Erik† Shrewd-spoken

⁽⁵⁾ Gunwar the Fair

⁽⁵⁾ Alfhild

^(5,6)Frode ♕

⁽⁵⁾ Hanund

⁽⁵⁾ Grep (eldest of three)

⁽⁵⁾ 11 other sons (two named Grep)

⁽⁶⁾ Hythin, King of Tellemark

⁽⁵⁾ Alf

⁽⁵⁾Eyfura

⁽⁵⁾Arngrim

⁽⁶⁾ Grubb

⁽⁶⁾Hiarn ♕

⁽⁶⁾ Amund, King of Norway

⁽⁶⁾ child of Hythin

⁽⁶⁾ Halfdan†

⁽⁵⁾ 12 sons, includingAnganty

⁽⁶⁾ Ane

⁽⁶⁾ Juritha

⁽⁶⁾Fridleif ♕

⁽⁶⁾ Frogertha

⁽⁶⁾ Hanef, King of Saxony

⁽⁶⁾Swerting, King of Saxony

⁽⁶⁾ Olaf

⁽⁶⁾Frode ♕

^(6,7) Siward†

⁽⁶⁾ sons of Swerting

⁽⁶⁾ sister of the sons of Swerting

^(6,7)Ingild ♕

⁽⁶⁾ Helga

⁽⁶⁾ Helge

⁽⁶⁾ Asa

^(6,7) Frode

^(6,7) Fridleif

^(6,7) Ingild

^(6,7)Olaf ♕

⁽⁷⁾ Karl, governor of Gothland

⁽⁷⁾ Ulfhild

⁽⁷⁾Frode ♕

⁽⁷⁾ Hather, a chief

⁽⁷⁾Harald ♕

⁽⁷⁾ Signe

⁽⁷⁾ Erik†

⁽⁷⁾ Thorhild

⁽⁷⁾Halfdan Biargramm ♕†

⁽⁷⁾ Harald

⁽⁷⁾ Asmund

Kings of Norway

Name spellings are derived fromOliver Elton's 1905 translation,The First Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus,via Wikisource.

Codex Runicus

[edit]

Ingeld appears in theKongetal (King's List) andRunekrønike (Runic Chronicle) sections of theCodex Runicus. These are broadly consistent with the history presented inGesta Danorum. InKongetal, Ingæld (ᛁᚿᚵᛅᛚᛑ) is the son of Froþe the Hard and the father of Olaf (ᚮᛚᛆᚠ). Ingæld's queen (corresponding to the Saxon daughter of Swerting fromGesta Danorum) is named Swærtæ (ᛋᚡᛅᚱᛐᛅ). InRunekrønike, it is said that, during the reign of Inggiæld (ᛁᚿᚵᚵᛁᛅᛚᛑ),Starkad killed the seven sons ofSuærting (ᛋᚢᛅᚱᛐᛁᚿᚵ).^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]