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| Abbreviation | ICANN |
|---|---|
| Founded | September 30, 1998; 26 years ago (1998-09-30) |
| Type | 501(c)3 organization |
| 95-4712218 | |
| Focus | ManageInternet Protocol numbers andDomain Name System root |
| Headquarters | Los Angeles, California, United States |
Key people |
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| Employees | 428 |
| Website | icann |
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| Internet |
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TheInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN/ˈaɪkæn/EYE-kan) is a globalmultistakeholder group andnonprofit organization headquartered in the United States responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of severaldatabases related to thenamespaces and numerical spaces of theInternet, ensuring the Internet's stable and secure operation.[2] ICANN performs the actual technical maintenance work of the Central Internet Address pools andDNS root zone registries pursuant to theInternet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) function contract. The contract regarding the IANAstewardship functions between ICANN and theNational Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of theUnited States Department of Commerce ended on October 1, 2016, formally transitioning the functions to the global multistakeholder community.[3][4][5][6]
Much of its work has concerned the Internet's globalDomain Name System (DNS),[7] including policy development for internationalization of the DNS, introduction of new generictop-level domains (TLDs), and the operation ofroot name servers. The numbering facilities ICANN manages include theInternet Protocol address spaces forIPv4 andIPv6, and the assignment of address blocks toregional Internet registries. ICANN also maintains registries of Internet Protocol identifiers.
ICANN's primary principles of operation have been described as helping preserve the operational stability of the Internet; promoting competition; achieving broad representation of the global Internet community; and developing policies appropriate to its mission throughbottom-up, consensus-based processes.[8] The organization has often included a motto of "One World. One Internet." on annual reports beginning in 2010, on less formal publications, as well as their official website.[9]
ICANN was officially incorporated in the state of California on September 30, 1998.[10] Originally headquartered inMarina del Rey in the same building as theUniversity of Southern California'sInformation Sciences Institute (ISI), its offices are now in thePlaya Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles.
Before the establishment of ICANN, theIANA function of administering registries of Internet protocol identifiers (including the distributing top-level domains and IP addresses) was performed byJon Postel, a computer science researcher who had been involved in the creation ofARPANET, first atUCLA and then at USC-ISI.[11][12] In 1997 Postel testified before Congress that this had come about as a "side task" to this research work.[13] The Information Sciences Institute was funded by theU.S. Department of Defense, as wasSRI International's Network Information Center, which also performed some assigned name functions.[14]
As the Internet grew and expanded globally, theU.S. Department of Commerce initiated a process to establish a new organization to perform the IANA functions. On January 30, 1998, theNational Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, issued for comment, "A Proposal to Improve the Technical Management of Internet Names and Addresses." The proposed rule making, or "Green Paper",[15] was published in the Federal Register on February 20, 1998, providing opportunity for public comment. NTIA received more than 650 comments as of March 23, 1998, when the comment period closed.[16]
The Green Paper proposed certain actions designed to privatize the management of Internet names and addresses in a manner that allows for the development of competition and facilitates global participation in Internet management. The Green Paper proposed for discussion a variety of issues relating toDNS management including private sector creation of a new not-for-profit corporation (the "new corporation") managed by a globally and functionally representative board of directors.[17] ICANN was formed in response to this policy.[18] ICANN managed the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) under contract to the United States Department of Commerce (DOC) and pursuant to an agreement with theIETF.[19]
ICANN was incorporated in California on September 30, 1998, with entrepreneur and philanthropistEsther Dyson as founding chairwoman.[20] It is apublic-benefit nonprofit corporation "organized under the California Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation Law for charitable and public purposes."[21] ICANN was established in California due to the presence of Postel, who was a founder of ICANN and was set to be its firstChief Technology Officer prior to his unexpected death. ICANN formerly operated from the sameMarina del Rey building where Postel formerly worked, which is home to an office of theInformation Sciences Institute at theUniversity of Southern California. However, ICANN's headquarters is now located in the nearbyPlaya Vista neighborhood ofLos Angeles.
Per its originalby-laws,[22] primary responsibility for policy formation in ICANN was to be delegated to three supporting organizations (Address Supporting Organization, Domain Name Supporting Organization, and Protocol Supporting Organization), each of which was to develop and recommend substantive policies and procedures for the management of the identifiers within their respective scope. They were also required to be financially independent from ICANN.[23] As expected, theregional Internet registries and theIETF agreed to serve as the Address Supporting Organization and Protocol Supporting Organization respectively,[24][25] and ICANN issued a call for interested parties to propose the structure and composition of the Domain Name Supporting Organization.[26] In March 1999, the ICANN Board, based in part on the DNSO proposals received, decided instead on an alternate construction for the DNSO which delineated specific constituencies bodies within ICANN itself,[27][28] thus adding primary responsibility for DNS policy development to ICANN's existing duties of oversight and coordination.
On July 26, 2006, the United States government renewed the contract with ICANN for performance of the IANA function for an additional one to five years.[29] The context of ICANN's relationship with the U.S. government was clarified on September 29, 2006, when ICANN signed a newmemorandum of understanding with the United States Department of Commerce (DOC).[30] This document gave the DOC oversight over some of the ICANN operations.[30][31]
In July 2008, the DOC reiterated an earlier statement[32] that it has "no plans to transition management of the authoritativeroot zone file to ICANN". The letter also stresses the separate roles of the IANA andVeriSign.[33]
On September 30, 2009, ICANN signed an agreement with the DOC (known as the "Affirmation of Commitments") that confirmed ICANN's commitment to amultistakeholder governance model,[34] but did not remove it from DOC oversight and control. The Affirmation of Commitments, which aimed to create international oversight, ran into criticism.[35]
On March 10, 2016, ICANN and the DOC signed a historic, culminating agreement to finally remove ICANN and IANA from the control and oversight of the DOC.[36] On October 1, 2016, ICANN was freed from U.S. government oversight.[37]
Since its creation, ICANN has been the subject of criticism and controversy.[38][39] In 2000, professorMichael Froomkin of theUniversity of Miami School of Law argued that ICANN's relationship with the U.S. Department of Commerce is illegal, in violation of either theConstitution orfederal statutes.[40] On June 10, 2024, it was announced that Kurt Erik Lindqvist, who has been CEO of theLondon Internet Exchange since 2019, was to become the new president and CEO of ICANN on December 5, 2024.[41]
On March 18, 2002, publicly elected At-Large Representative for North America board memberKarl Auerbach sued ICANN in theSuperior Court of Los Angeles County, California, to gain access to ICANN's accounting records without restriction. Judge Dzintra Janavs ruled in Auerbach's favor on July 29, 2002.[42]
During September and October 2003, ICANN played a crucial role in the conflict overVeriSign's "wild card" DNS serviceSite Finder. After an open letter from ICANN issuing an ultimatum to VeriSign, later endorsed by theInternet Architecture Board,[43] the company voluntarily ended the service on October 4, 2003. After this action, VeriSign filed a lawsuit against ICANN on February 27, 2004, claiming that ICANN had exceeded its authority. By this lawsuit, VeriSign sought to reduce ambiguity about ICANN's authority. The antitrust component of VeriSign's claim was dismissed during August 2004. VeriSign's challenge that ICANN overstepped its contractual rights is currently outstanding. A proposed settlement already approved by ICANN's board would resolve VeriSign's challenge to ICANN in exchange for the right to increase pricing on .com domains. At the meeting of ICANN in Rome, which took place from March 2 to 6, 2004, ICANN agreed to ask approval of theU.S. Department of Commerce for theWaiting List Service of VeriSign.[citation needed]
On May 17, 2004, ICANN published a proposed budget for the year 2004–05. It included proposals to increase the openness and professionalism of its operations, and increased its proposed spending from US$8.27 million to $15.83 million.[44] The increase was to be funded by the introduction of newtop-level domains, charges todomain registries, and a fee for some domain name registrations, renewals and transfers (initially US$0.20 for all domains within a country-code top-level domain, and US$0.25 for all others).[citation needed] TheCouncil of European National Top Level Domain Registries (CENTR), which represents theInternet registries of 39 countries, rejected the increase, accusing ICANN of a lack of financial prudence and criticizing what it describes as ICANN's "unrealistic political and operational targets". Despite the criticism, the registry agreement for the top-level domainsjobs andtravel includes a US$2 fee on every domain the licensed companies sell or renew.[45]
After a second round of negotiations during 2004, the TLDseu,asia,travel,jobs,mobi, andcat were introduced during 2005.
On February 28, 2006, ICANN's board approved a settlement with VeriSign in the lawsuit resulting from SiteFinder that involved allowing VeriSign (the registry) to raise its registration fees by up to 7% a year.[46] This was criticised by a few members of theU.S. House of Representatives'Small Business Committee.[47]
During February 2007, ICANN began procedures to end accreditation of one of their registrars,RegisterFly amid charges and lawsuits involving fraud, and criticism of ICANN's management of the situation. ICANN has been the subject of criticism as a result of its handling of RegisterFly, and the harm caused to thousands of clients as a result of what has been termed ICANN's "laissez faire attitude toward customer allegations of fraud".[48]
On May 23, 2008, ICANN issued enforcement notices against ten accredited registrars and announced this through a press release entitled "'Worst Spam Offenders' Notified by ICANN, Compliance system working to correct Whois and other issues."[49] This was largely in response to a report issued byKnujOn, called "The 10 Worst Registrars" in terms of spam advertised junk product sites and compliance failure.[50] The mention of the word "spam" in the title of the ICANN memo is somewhat misleading since ICANN does not address issues of spam or email abuse. Website content and usage are not within ICANN's mandate. However, the KnujOn report details how various registrars have not complied with their contractual obligations under the Registrar Accreditation Agreement (RAA).[51] The main point of the KnujOn research was to demonstrate the relationships between compliance failure, illicit product traffic, and spam. The report demonstrated that out of 900 ICANN accredited registrars, fewer than 20 held 90% of the web domains advertised in spam. These same registrars were also most frequently cited by KnujOn as failing to resolve complaints made through the Whois Data Problem Reporting System (WDPRS).
On June 26, 2008, the ICANN Board started anew process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisioned the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well a new application and implementation process.[52]
On October 1, 2008, ICANN issued breach notices against Joker and Beijing Innovative Linkage Technology Ltd.[53] after further researching reports and complaints issued by KnujOn. These notices gave the registrars 15 days to fix their Whois investigation efforts.
In 2010, ICANN approved a major review of its policies with respect toaccountability, transparency, and public participation by theBerkman Center for Internet and Society atHarvard University.[54] This external review was an assistance of the work of ICANN's Accountability and Transparency Review team.[55]
On February 3, 2011, ICANN announced that it had distributed the last batch of its remaining IPv4 addresses to the world's five regional Internet registries, the organizations that manage IP addresses in different regions. These registries began assigning the final IPv4 addresses within their regions until they ran out completely.[56]
On June 20, 2011, the ICANN board voted to end most restrictions on the names ofgeneric top-level domains (gTLD).[57][58][59] Companies and organizations became able to choose essentially arbitrary top-level Internet domain names. The use of non-Latin characters (such as Cyrillic, Arabic, Chinese, etc.) is also allowed in gTLDs. ICANN began accepting applications for new gTLDS on January 12, 2012.[57] The initial price to apply for a new gTLD was set at $185,000[60] and the annual renewal fee is $25,000.[61][62]
During December 2011, theFederal Trade Commission stated ICANN had long failed to provide safeguards that protect consumers from onlineswindlers.[63]
Following the 2013NSA spying scandal, ICANN endorsed theMontevideo Statement,[64] although no direct connection between these could be proven.[65]
On October 1, 2016, ICANN ended its contract with the United States Department of Commerce National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) and entered the private sector.[66]
TheEuropean Union'sGeneral Data Protection Regulation (active since May 25, 2018) has had an impact on ICANN's operations, which had to be fixed via some last minute changes.[clarification needed][67]
From its founding to the present, ICANN has been formally organized as a nonprofit corporation "for charitable and public purposes" under the California Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation Law. It is managed by a 16-member board of directors composed of eight members selected by a nominating committee on which all the constituencies of ICANN are represented; six representatives of its Supporting Organizations, sub-groups that deal with specific sections of the policies under ICANN's purview; an at-large seat filled by an at-large organization; and the president / CEO, appointed by the board.[68]
There are currently three supporting organizations: the Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) deals with policy making ongeneric top-level domains (gTLDs);[69] theCountry Code Names Supporting Organization (ccNSO) deals with policy making oncountry-code top-level domains (ccTLDs); theAddress Supporting Organization (ASO) deals with policy making on IP addresses.[70]
ICANN also relies on some advisory committees and other advisory mechanisms to receive advice on the interests and needs of stakeholders that do not directly participate in the Supporting Organizations.[71] These include the Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC), which is composed of representatives of a large number of national governments from all over the world; theAt-Large Advisory Committee (ALAC), which is composed of individual Internet users from around the world selected by each of the Regional At-Large Organizations (RALO)[72] and Nominating Committee; the Root Server System Advisory Committee, which provides advice on the operation of the DNS root server system; the Security and Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC), which is composed of Internet experts who study security issues pertaining to ICANN's mandate; and the Technical Liaison Group (TLG), which is composed of representatives of other international technical organizations that focus, at least in part, on the Internet.[73]
The Governmental Advisory Committee has representatives from 179 states and 38 Observer organizations, including theHoly See,Cook Islands,Niue,Taiwan,Hong Kong,Bermuda,Montserrat, theEuropean Commission and theAfrican Union Commission.[74]
In addition the following organizations are GAC Observers:[75]
As the operator of theIANA domain name functions, ICANN is responsible for theDNSSEC management of the root zone. While day-to-day operations are managed by ICANN andVerisign, the trust is rooted in a group of Trusted Community Representatives. The members of this group must not be affiliated with ICANN, but are instead members of the broader DNS community, volunteering to become a Trusted Community Representative. The role of the representatives are primarily to take part in regular key ceremonies at a physical location, organized by ICANN, and to safeguard the key materials in between.[76]
In theMemorandum of understanding that set up the relationship between ICANN and the U.S. government, ICANN was given a mandate requiring that it operate "in a bottom-up, consensus-driven, democratic manner." However, the attempts that ICANN has made to establish anorganizational structure that would allow wide input from the global Internet community did not produce results amenable to the current Board. As a result, the At-Large constituency and direct election of board members by the global Internet community were soon abandoned.[77]
ICANNholds periodic public meetings rotated between continents for the purpose of encouraging global participation in its processes. Resolutions of the ICANN Board, preliminary reports, and minutes of the meetings are published on the ICANN website, sometimes in real-time. However, there are criticisms from ICANN constituencies including the Noncommercial Users Constituency (NCUC)[78] and theAt-Large Advisory Committee (ALAC) that there is not enoughpublic disclosure and that too many discussions and decisions take place out of sight of the public.[79]
During the early 2000s, there had been speculation that theUnited Nations might assume control of ICANN,[80] followed by a negative reaction from the U.S. government[32] and worries about a division of the Internet.[81] At UN'sWorld Summit on the Information Society in Tunisia in November 2005, the world's governments agreed not to get involved in the day-to-day and technical operations of ICANN. However they also agreed to establish an internationalInternet Governance Forum, with a consultative role on the future governance of the Internet. ICANN's Government Advisory Committee is currently established to provide advice to ICANN regarding public policy issues and has participation by many of the world's governments.[82]
Some have attempted to argue that ICANN was never given the authority to decide policy, e.g., choose new TLDs or exclude other interested parties who refuse to pay ICANN's US$185,000 fee but was to be a technical caretaker. Critics[who?] suggest that ICANN should not be allowed to impose business rules on market participants and that all TLDs should be added on afirst-come, first-served basis and the market should be the arbiter of who succeeds and who does not.[83]
One task that ICANN was asked to do was to address the issue of domain name ownership resolution forgeneric top-level domains (gTLDs). ICANN's attempt at such a policy was drafted in close cooperation with theWorld Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and the result has now become known as theUniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). This policy essentially attempts to provide a mechanism for rapid, cheap and reasonable resolution of domain name conflicts, avoiding the traditional court system for disputes by allowing cases to be brought to one of a set of bodies that arbitrate domain name disputes. According to ICANN policy, domain registrants must agree to be bound by the UDRP—they cannot get a domain name without agreeing to this.
Examination of the UDRP decision patterns has caused some[84] to conclude that compulsory domain name arbitration is less likely to give a fair hearing to domain name owners asserting defenses under theFirst Amendment and other laws, compared to the federal courts of appeal in particular.
In 2013, the initial report of ICANN's Expert Working Group has recommended that the present form ofWhois, a utility that allows anyone to know who has registered a domain name on the Internet, should be "abandoned". It recommends it be replaced with a system that keeps most registration information secret (or "gated") from most Internet users, and only discloses information for "permissible purposes".[85][86] ICANN's list of permissible purposes includes domain name research, domain name sale and purchase, regulatory enforcement, personal data protection, legal actions, and abuse mitigation.[87] Whois has been a key tool of investigative journalists interested in determining who was disseminating information on the Internet.[88] The use of whois by journalists is not included in the list of permissible purposes in the initial report.
Proposals have been made to internationalize ICANN's monitoring responsibilities (currently the responsibility of the US), to transform it into an international organization (underinternational law), and to "establish an intergovernmental mechanism enabling governments, on an equal footing, to carry out their role and responsibilities in international public policy issues pertaining to the Internet".[citation needed]
One controversial proposal, resulting from a September 2011 summit between India, Brazil, and South Africa (IBSA), would seek to move Internet governance into a "UN Committee on Internet-Related Policy" (UN-CIRP).[89] The action was a reaction to a perception that the principles of the 2005 Tunis Agenda for the Information Society have not been met.[89][90] The statement proposed the creation of a new political organization operating as a component of the United Nations to provide policy recommendations for the consideration of technical organizations such as ICANN and international bodies such as the ITU.[91] Subsequent to public criticisms, the Indian government backed away from the proposal.[92]
On October 7, 2013, theMontevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation was released by the managers of a number of organizations involved in coordinating the Internet's global technical infrastructure, loosely known as the "I*" (or "I-star") group. Among other things, the statement "expressed strong concern over the undermining of the trust and confidence of Internet users globally due to recent revelations of pervasive monitoring and surveillance" and "called for accelerating the globalization of ICANN and IANA functions, towards an environment in which all stakeholders, including all governments, participate on an equal footing". This desire to reduce United States association with the internet is considered a reaction to the ongoingNSA surveillance scandal. The statement was signed by the managers of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), theInternet Engineering Task Force, theInternet Architecture Board, theWorld Wide Web Consortium, theInternet Society, and the fiveregional Internet address registries (African Network Information Center,American Registry for Internet Numbers,Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre,Latin America and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry, andRéseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre).[93][94][95]
During October 2013,Fadi Chehadé, former president and CEO of ICANN, met with Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff in Brasilia. Upon Chehadé's invitation, the two announced that Brazil would host an international summit on Internet governance during April 2014.[96] The announcement came after the2013 disclosures of mass surveillance by the U.S. government, and Rousseff's speech at the opening session of the 2013 United Nations General Assembly, where she strongly criticized the American surveillance program as a "breach of international law". The "Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (NET mundial)" will include representatives of government, industry, civil society, and academia.[citation needed] At theIGF VIII meeting in Bali in October 2013 a commenter noted that Brazil intends the meeting to be a "summit" in the sense that it will be high level with decision-making authority.[97] The organizers of the "NET mundial" meeting have decided that an online forum called "/1net", set up by the I* group, will be a major conduit of non-governmental input into the three committees preparing for the meeting in April.[95][98][99]
TheObama administration that had joined critics of ICANN during 2011[100] announced in March 2014 that they intended to transition away from oversight of the IANA functions contract. The current contract that theUnited States Department of Commerce has with ICANN expired in 2015, in its place the NTIA will transition oversight of the IANA functions to the 'global multistakeholder community'.[101]
TheNetMundial Initiative is a plan for international governance of the Internet that was first proposed at the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (GMMFIG) conference (April 23–24, 2014)[102][103][104]and later developed into the NetMundial Initiative by ICANN CEOFadi Chehadé along with representatives of theWorld Economic Forum (WEF)[105]and the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil), commonly referred to as "CGI.br".[106]
The meeting produced a nonbinding statement in favor of consensus-based decision-making. It represented a compromise and did not harshly condemn mass surveillance or supportnet neutrality, despite initial endorsement for that from Brazil. The final resolution says ICANN should be controlled internationally by September 2015.[107]A minority of governments, including Russia, China, Iran and India, were unhappy with the final resolution and wanted multilateral management for the Internet (such as aUN-based model), rather than broader multistakeholder management.[108]
A month later, the Panel on Global Internet Cooperation and Governance Mechanisms (convened by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the World Economic Forum (WEF) with assistance fromThe Annenberg Foundation), endorsed and included the NetMundial statement in its own report.[109]
During June 2014, France strongly attacked ICANN, saying ICANN is not a fit venue for Internet governance and that alternatives should be sought.[110]
During 2011, seventy-nine companies, includingThe Coca-Cola Company,Hewlett-Packard,Samsung and others, signed a petition against ICANN's new TLD program (sometimes referred to as a "commercial landgrab"[111]), in a group organized by theAssociation of National Advertisers.[112] As of September 2014, this group, theCoalition for Responsible Internet Domain Oversight, that opposes the rollout of ICANN's TLD expansion program, has been joined by 102 associations and 79 major companies.[113] Partly as a response to this criticism, ICANN initiated an effort to protect trademarks in domain name registrations, which eventually culminated in the establishment of theTrademark Clearinghouse.
ICANN has received more than $60 million from gTLD auctions,[114] and has accepted the controversial domain name ".sucks" (referring to the primarily US slang for being inferior or objectionable).[115] sucks domains are owned and controlled by the Vox Populi Registry which won the rights for .sucks gTLD in November 2014.[116]
The.sucks domain registrar has been described as "predatory, exploitive and coercive" by the Intellectual Property Constituency that advises the ICANN board.[115] When the .sucks registry announced their pricing model, "most brand owners were upset and felt like they were being penalized by having to pay more to protect their brands."[117] Because of the low utility of the ".sucks" domain, most fees come from "Brand Protection" customers registering their trademarks to prevent domains being registered.[118]
Canadian brands had complained that they were being charged "exorbitant" prices to register their trademarks as premium names. FTC chair Edith Ramirez has written to ICANN to say the agency will take action against the .sucks owner if "we have reason to believe an entity has engaged in deceptive or unfair practices in violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act".[119] The Register reported that intellectual property lawyers are infuriated that "the dot-sucks registry was charging trademark holders $2,500 for .sucks domains and everyone else $10."[120]
U.S. RepresentativeBob Goodlatte has said that trademark holders are "being shaken down" by the registry's fees.[121]Jay Rockefeller says that .sucks is "a predatory shakedown scheme" and "Approving '.sucks', a gTLD with little or no public interest value, will have the effect of undermining the credibility ICANN has slowly been building with skeptical stakeholders."[115]
In a long-running dispute, ICANN has so far declined to allow a Turkish company to purchase the .islam and .halal gTLDs, after theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation objected that the gTLDs should be administered by an organization that represents all the world's 1.6 billion Muslims.[122] After a number of attempts to resolve the issue the domains are still held "on hold".[123]
In April 2019, ICANN proposed an end to the price cap of org domains[124] and effectively removed it in July in spite of having received 3,252 opposing comments and only six in favor.[125] A few months later, the owner of the domain, thePublic Interest Registry, proposed to sell the domain to investment firmEthos Capital.[126]
In May 2019, ICANN decided in favor of granting exclusive administration rights toamazon.com for the .amazon gTLD after a 7 year long dispute with theAmazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO).[127][128]
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