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TheHungry Generation (Bengali:ক্ষুধার্ত প্রজন্ম) was a literary movement in theBengali language launched by what is known today as theHungryalist quartet, i.e.Shakti Chattopadhyay,Malay Roy Choudhury,Samir Roychoudhury andDebi Roy (alias Haradhon Dhara), during the 1960s inKolkata,India. Due to their involvement in thisavant garde cultural movement, the leaders lost their jobs and were jailed by the incumbent government. They challenged contemporary ideas about literature and contributed significantly to the evolution of the language and idiom used by contemporaneous artists to express their feelings in literature and painting.[1]
The approach of the Hungryalists was to confront and disturb the prospective readers' preconceived colonial canons. According to Pradip Choudhuri, a leading philosopher and poet of the generation, whose works have been extensively translated in French, their counter-discourse was the first voice of post-colonial freedom of pen and brush. Besides the famous four mentioned above,Utpal Kumar Basu,Binoy Majumdar,Sandipan Chattopadhyay,Basudeb Dasgupta,Falguni Roy, Subhash Ghosh,Tridib Mitra, Alo Mitra, Ramananda Chattopadhyay,Anil Karanjai, Karunanidhan Mukhopadhyay, Pradip Choudhuri, Subimal Basak and Subo Acharya were among the other leading writers and artists of the movement.
The origins of this movement stem from the educational establishments serving Chaucer and Spengler to the poor of India. The movement was officially launched, however, in November 1961 from the residence ofMalay Roy Choudhury and his brotherSamir Roychoudhury inPatna. They took the wordHungry fromGeoffrey Chaucer's line "In Sowre Hungry Tyme" and they drew upon, among others,Oswald Spengler's histriographical ideas about the non-centrality of cultural evolution and progression, for philosophical inspiration. The movement was to last from 1961 to 1965. It is wrong to suggest that the movement was influenced by the Beat Generation, since Ginsberg did not visit Malay until April 1963, when he came to Patna. PoetsOctavio Paz andErnesto Cardenal were to visit Malay later during the 1960s. The hungry generation has some of the same ideals asThe Papelipolas and theBarranquilla Group, both fromColombia, and the SpanishGeneration of 68.
This movement is characterized by expression of closeness tonature and sometimes by tenets ofGandhianism andProudhonism. Although it originated at Patna, Bihar and was initially based inKolkata, it had participants spread over North Bengal,Tripura andBenares. According to Dr.Shankar Bhattacharya,Dean atAssam University, as well as Aryanil Mukherjee, editor of Kaurab Literary Periodical, the movement influencedAllen Ginsberg[citation needed] as much as it influencedAmerican poetry[citation needed] through the Beat poets who visited Calcutta, Patna and Benares during the 1960-1970s. Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, now a professor and editor, was associated with the Hungry generation movement.Shakti Chattopadhyay,Saileswar Ghosh,Subhas Ghosh left the movement in 1964.
More than 100 manifestos were issued during 1961–1965.Malay Roy Choudhury's poems have been published by ProfP. Lal from hisWriters Workshop imprint.Howard McCord published Malay's controversial poemPrachanda Boidyutik Chhutar (i.e.Stark Electric Jesus) from Washington State University in 1965. The poem has been translated into severallanguages of the world. Into German by Carl Weissner,in Spanish by Margaret Randall, inUrdu by Ameeq Hanfee, in Assamese by Manik Dass, in Gujarati by Nalin Patel, inHindi byRajkamal Chaudhary, and in English by Howard McCord.
The works of these participants appeared in Citylights Journal 1, 2 and 3 published between 1964 and 1966, edited byLawrence Ferlinghetti, and in special issues of American magazines includingKulchur edited byLita Hornick,Klactoveedsedsteen edited by Carl Weissner,El Corno Emplunado edited by Margaret Randall, Evergreen Review edited by Barney Rosset,Salted Feathersedited by Dick Bakken,Intrepid edited by Alan De Loach, andSan Francisco Earthquake, during the 1960s.The Hungry Generation, also known asHungryalism, challenged the mainstream literary genres. The group wrote poetry and prose in completely different forms and experimented with the contents. The movement changed the literary atmosphere of Bengal altogether. It had influences inHindi,Marathi,Assamese andUrdu literatures.
There is a misconception that the Hungryalists and the Krittibas group were the same and that theKrittibas magazine was a Hungryalist platform. This is incorrect as the Krittibas was a group from the fifties. The Hungryalist movement was a sixties decade phenomenon.Krittibas magazine in its editorial had openly declared that they have no relations with the movement and that they do not approve of the philosophy of the movement.
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