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Agoaltender mask, commonly referred to as agoalie mask, is amask worn bygoaltenders in a variety of sports to protect thehead and face frominjury from the ball or puck, as they constantly face incoming shots on goal. Some sports requiring their use includeice hockey,lacrosse,inline hockey,field hockey,rink hockey,ringette,bandy,rinkball,broomball, andfloorball. This article deals chiefly with the goal masks used in ice hockey.
Inice hockey it is sometimes simply referred to as ahockey mask. In some cases the facemask must meet safety specifications designed for use in a specific sport such asringette. Some recent changes have also occurred inbandy though not without controversy. This article deals chiefly with masks designed forice hockey goaltenders.
Jacques Plante was the first ice hockey goaltender to create and use a practical mask in 1959.[1] Plante's mask was a piece offiberglass that was contoured to his face. This mask later evolved into a helmet-cage combination, and single piece full fiberglass mask. Today, the full fiberglass mask with the birdcage facial protector (known as a "combo mask") is the more popular option, because it is safer and offers better visibility.
Since the invention of the fiberglass ice hockey mask, professional goaltenders no longer play without a mask, considering it is now a mandatory piece of equipment. The last goaltender to play without a mask wasAndy Brown, who played his last NHL game in 1974. He later moved to theIndianapolis Racers of theWorld Hockey Association and played without a mask until his retirement in 1977.[2]
The first recorded case of an ice hockey goaltender using a mask was in February 1927 where a metal fencing mask was donned byQueen's University netminder Elizabeth Graham, mainly to protect her teeth.[3]
In 1930, the first crude leather model of the mask (actually anAmerican football "nose-guard") was worn byClint Benedict to protect his broken nose.[4] After recovering from the injury, he abandoned the mask, never wearing one again in his career.
At the1936 Winter Olympics, Japanese ice hockey goaltenderTeiji Honma wore a crude mask, similar to the one worn by baseball catchers. The mask was made of leather, and had a wire cage that protected the face, as well as Honma's large circular glasses.
It was not until1959 that a goaltender wore a mask full-time. On November 1, 1959, in the first period of a game between theMontreal Canadiens andNew York Rangers of theNational Hockey League (NHL) atMadison Square Garden, Canadiens goaltenderJacques Plante was struck in the face by a shot fromAndy Bathgate.[5] Plante had previously worn his mask in practice, but head coachToe Blake refused to allow him to wear it in a game, fearing it would inhibit his vision.[6] After being stitched up, Plante gave Blake an ultimatum, refusing to go back out onto the ice without the mask, to which Blake obliged, not wanting to forfeit the game, since NHL teams did not have back-up goaltenders at the time. Montreal won the game3–1 and continued on an 18-game unbeaten streak, which went through November.[7]
In preparation for the playoffs, Plante was asked by Blake to remove it for a game on March 8, a 3–0 loss.[8] Plante donned the mask the next night,[9] and for the remainder of his career. When he introduced the mask into the NHL, many questioned his dedication and bravery; in response, Plante made an analogy to a person, which he described asskydiving without a parachute, which he considered a gesture of stupidity rather than bravery. Although Plante faced some laughter, the face-huggingfiberglass goaltender mask soon became the standard; by late1969, only a few NHL goaltenders went without one.[1]
The face-hugging fiberglass, the type which was worn first by Jacques Plante, is a longtime symbol of ice hockey as typified by the famous paintingAt the Crease, byKen Danby. The goaltender mask evolved further from the original face-hugging fiberglass mask designed by Plante. Although this mask does not seem very protective now, at the time it was, based on the style of game that was played.[citation needed]
Gerry Cheevers's use of the face-hugging mask for theBoston Bruins was among the first to be "decorated" in a custom manner; as prompted by then-Bruins trainer John "Frosty" Forristall as a joke, painting a fake stitch on the mask where Cheevers had been struck by an errant puck.[10] Cheevers adopted the "stitch mask" as his own,[11] and went on to set an NHL record (which still stands) of 32-straight wins during the Bruins'1971–72 season.[12][13]
While this style of mask is no longer used by hockey leagues, it has remained famous because of its use inpopular culture. Perhaps the best-known example is the characterJason Voorhees from theFriday the 13th horror film franchise.[14]Casey Jones from theTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise also wears a stylized version of the mask, as didD-Roc the Executioner, the late guitarist of theheavy metal bandBody Count.[15] Similarly, the members ofHollywood Undead are always seen wearing signature masks based on this design. In the filmHeat, the protagonists wear face-hugging hockey masks as part of their disguise during a heist, as do the characters in the video gameGrand Theft Auto: Vice City, during a mission which is heavily inspired by the heist from the film.
In the 1970s, a helmet-cage combination was popularized byVladislav Tretiak. He was particularly notable for wearing it during the1972 Summit Series, which exposed the "bird-cage" style mask to Canadian hockey fans and players. Like the original fiberglass design, the helmet-cage combination has been criticized for not providing adequate facial/cranial protection.Dan Cloutier switched from this type of mask to the more popular full fiberglass citing safety reasons upon the advice of theLos Angeles Kings.Dominik Hašek used this type of mask.Rick DiPietro, last with theNew York Islanders in 2013, was one of the last NHL goaltenders to use this type of mask.[16] FollowingClint Malarchuk's life-threatening injury in 1989, more goaltender masks have adopted a plastic extension to guard the neck, usually hanging loose for more maneuverability. On March 4, 2014,Tim Thomas took the ice for theFlorida Panthers wearing an old Cooper helmet painted dark blue with a modern Bauer cage and white Itech neck guard attached. During the game, the cage broke from a slapshot and Thomas returned with a red Mage-style helmet with a similar Bauer cage.[17] Goaltenders at lower levels of hockey (such as high-school, college or recreational leagues) who choose to use this design cite reasons such as the plastic helmet used is lighter than the fiberglass or composite materials used in other designs, and that the helmet has a wider opening than a traditional mask for a less claustrophobic feeling and better sight of thepuck.
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In the late 1970s, a second type of goaltender mask consisting of a fiberglass mask with a wire cage covering a cut-out area in the middle of it was developed byDave Dryden and Greg Harrison. The fiberglass portion can also be made out ofcarbon fiber, or afiberglass andkevlar mix.Gilles Meloche andChico Resch were among the first NHL adopters of the combo mask, in the early 1980s. More modern versions of this type of mask are designed to better withstand the impact of a hockey puck at higher speeds, and are used at all levels of organized ice hockey. This type of mask is considered safer than the other types, since it disperses the impact of the puck better than the helmet-cage combination, and is the most common type used by goaltenders today. Former goaltender Tim Thomas of the Boston Bruins wore a newer style one piece called a Sportmask Mage RS, which is made like the newer fiberglass mask, but resembles the helmet/cage combination. The combo mask was approved for Canadian minor hockey in 1989. Amateur versions have only square or rectangular openings between the bars, as the cats-eye bars are banned in minor hockey.[18]
Brian Heaton, designer of theCooper Canada HM30 cage and HM40 for forward players, inspired the basis for all cats-eye bars, (a.k.a. "cateye" cages) in use by goaltenders today.[19]
Cats-eye bars are banned in all minor hockey governed byHockey Canada, unless they feature additional bars to reduce the size of the openings.[18]
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The advent of the goaltender mask changed the way goaltenders play, allowing them to make more saves on their knees without fear of serious head or facial injuries. Before the advent of the mask, most goaltenders stayed standing as much as possible. In the modern era, a goaltender is likely to suffer temporary discomfort instead of seriousconcussions and lacerations; however, a mask does not eliminate all potential risk of injury, and goaltenders have been concussed by a shot hitting the head. Some goaltenders, such as Dominik Hašek andHenrik Lundqvist, have used their heads intentionally to stop shots. Lundqvist said that his reason for this is to not obstruct his vision by placing his catching glove in front of his mask to stop the shot.
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With available surface area provided by fiberglass masks, goaltenders find it fashionable to give their mask distinctive decorations. This tradition started with the earliest masks, notably by the aforementioned, now-retired Boston Bruins goaltender Gerry Cheevers, who was known for drawing stitches on his mask whenever it got hit.[20] These stitches represented where Cheevers would have been cut had he not been wearing his mask.[21] Modern-day masks also offer this ability, and goaltenders are well-identified with their helmet design, often transferring the motif into their new team's colours when traded or signed to a new team (for example,Patrick Lalime'sMarvin the Martian theme,Félix Potvin's cat theme,Curtis Joseph'sCujo theme,Ed Belfour's eagle theme,Martin Brodeur'sDevils theme,Peter Budaj'sNed Flanders theme,Cam Talbot'sGhostbusters theme orJohn Gibson'sArcade game theme).
In recent years,baseballcatchers have begun wearingfacemasks similar in style to goaltender masks.Charlie O'Brien was the first to use a hockey-style catcher's mask in aMajor League Baseball game in 1996 while playing for theToronto Blue Jays.[22]
Goaltender masks are commonly seen being worn bybox lacrosse,ringette,rinkball,floorball andfield hockey goaltenders at both youth and professional levels.
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