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Haryana is a state in India. The state houses several sites from theIndus Valley Civilization, which was acradle of civilisation. Inthe Mahabharata, Haryana is mentioned as Bahudanayak Region.[citation needed]
Haryana has been ruled by various native and non-native polities including theMaurya Empire,Gupta Empire,Pushyabhuti dynasty,Pratihara dynasty,Tomara Dynasty,Chahamanas of Shakambhari,Ghurid dynasty,Delhi Sultanate,Mughal Empire,Sikh Confedracy,Durrani Empire,Maratha Empire,Sikh Empire,(George Thomas),Gwalior State,Company Rule in India andBritish Raj.
Sikhs duringKhalsa Empire ruled some parts of the Haryana region which earlier came underPunjab division. SomeSikh states in Haryana wereJind,Kaithal,Hisar,Ladwa,Kalsia and others. Mostly Sikh rulers belong toJats community of Punjab.[1][2][3]
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DuringDelhi Sultanate andMughal Empire, Haryana was known as Delhi Subah. Many historically significant battles have been fought in it such asBattle of Tarain,Battle of Panipat, andBattle of Karnal. TheKhanzadas of Mewat ruled theMewat region until 1527.
During theBritish Colonial period, from 1858 to 1947 it was administered as a part of thePunjab province. It became a separate administrative state of India in 1966.Chandigarh is the joint capital for the states of Punjab and Haryana.
History of human presence in Haryana dates back to 100,000 years ago.Archaeologists discovered cave paintings and tools inMangar Bani hill forest in May 2021; the cave paintings are estimated to be 100,000 years old. These are believed to be the largest in theIndian subcontinent and possibly the world's oldest.[4][5] Group of 43 sites was found in this area including Ankhir,Anangpur, Anangpur Dam, Shilakhari,Mangar Bani, Dhauj, Kot, Roj ka Gujjar, Nurpur, Dhumaspur,Surajkund, etc.[6]
Paleolithic andNeolithic Stone Age (7000 BCE - 5500 BCE) find were excavated from thebanks of the stream (paleochannel ofSaraswati river) flowing through HMT complex,[7][8] by theGuy Ellcock Pilgrim who was a British geologist andpalaeontologist, who discovered 150,000 year oldprehistoric human teeth and part of a jaw denoting that theancient people, who were intelligenthominins dating as far back as 150,000ybpAcheulean period,[9] lived in Pinjore region nearChandigarh.[10]Quartzite tools ofLower Paleolithic period were excavated in this region extending from Pinjore in Haryana toNalagarh (Solan district in Himachal Pradesh.[11]
Neolithic are numerous in Haryana, specially the pre-IVC phases found atBhirrana,Siswal,Rakhigarhi,Kunal,[12] etc.
Indus Valley civilisation evolved on the banks ofRigvedic riversIndus andSarasvati rivers. Sarasvati and its tributaryDrishadvati river (Ghaggar) flow through north and central Haryana and there arenumerous IVC sites in haryana alongpaleochannels of these rivers, notable among those are theRakhi Garhi,Banawali,Bhirrana,Farmana,Jognakhera,Mitathal,Siswal, andIVC mines and smelter at Tosham. Haryana govt is undertaking projects torevive Saraswati andRakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum has been constructed for the conservation of the artefacts.
During the Vedic era, there werejanapada in Haryana from 1500 BCE 6th century BCE, which evolved intomahajanapadas which lasted from 6th century BCE to 4th century BCE. During Janpada periodKuru janpada covered most of Haryana and their area was called Kurukshetra, exceptSouth Haryana whereMatsaya janpada (700–300 BCE) coveredMewat in Haryana (andAlwar in Rajasthan) andSurasena janpada coveredBraj region including parts of Haryana nearBarsana (such asPunhana andHodal). Aftermahabharta and subsequentashvamedhayagna, Kuru janpada evolved into a mahajanapada which sovereignty over other janpadas. The sandybagar tract in northwestern and westcentral Haryana on Haryana-Rajasthan border was part of the largerjangladesh which also coveredthar area of Rajasthan. LordKrishna revealedBhagavad Gita toArjuna atJyotisar.Śrauta were codified in Haryana during Kuru mahajanpada era, and notable sites in Haryana related torishi authors areBilaspur (Vyas Puri) andKapal Mochan both related to RishiVed Vyasa who wrote mahabharta on the banks of Saraswati at hishashram at Bilaspur,Dhosi Hill was ashram of RishiChyavana, who is mentioned in mahabharta, and he is well known for creatingchyavanprash and detailed formula for which first appeared in theayurvedic textCharaka Samhita.
In some ancient Hindu texts, the boundaries ofKurukshetra (the area under Kuru janpada, not just the modern day Kurukshetra city)[13] correspond roughly to the state of Haryana. Thus according to theTaittiriya Aranyaka 5.1.1., the Kurukshetra region is south of Turghna (Srughna/Sugh), north ofKhandavprastha forest (Delhi andMewat region), east ofMaru Pradesh (marusthal or desert) and west of Parin.[14] Some of these historic places are included in the48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra.
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After ousting theHuns, kingHarshavardhana established his capital atThanesar near Kurukshetra in the 7th century CE. After his death, the kingdom of his clansmen, thePratiharas ruled over a vast region for quite a while fromHarsha's adopted capitalKannauj. The region remained strategically important for the rulers ofNorth India even thoughThanesar was no more as central asKannauj.Prithviraj Chauhan established forts atTaraori andHansi in the 12th century.
Muhammad Ghori conquered Haryana after theSecond Battle of Tarain. Following his death, theDelhi Sultanate was established that ruled much of India for several centuries. The earliest reference to 'Hariana' occurs in aSanskrit inscription dated 1328 AD kept inDelhi Museum, which refers to this region asThe heaven on earth, indicating that it was fertile and relatively peaceful at that time.Firuz Shah Tughlaq established a fort at Hisar in 1354 to further fortify the region, and also constructed canals orrajwahas as they were referred to in the Indo-Persian historical texts.
TheKhanzadas of Mewat were a ruling dynasty ofMuslim Rajputs, who traced their lineage to Raja Sonpar Pal, a Yaduvanshi Rajput who converted to Islam during the Delhi Sultanate. The Khanzadas were granted the Lordship ofMewat byFiruz Shah Tughlaq in 1372.Raja Nahar Khan, formerly known as Raja Sonpar Pal, proclaimed the title of Wali-e-Mewat, solidifying a hereditary polity that endured until 1527.[15]
The three famous battles of Panipat took place near the modern town ofPanipat. Thefirst battle took place in 1526, whereBabur, the ruler ofKabul defeatedIbrahim Lodi of theDelhi Sultanate, through the use offield artillery. This battle marked the beginning of theMughal Empire in India.Hasan Khan Mewati was the son ofRaja Alawal Khan, his dynasty ruledMewat for nearly two centuries. Descended from Raja Nahar Khan, the Wali of Mewat in the 14th century, Hasan Khan Mewati assumed the role of a sovereign king. Babur acknowledged him as the leader of the 'Mewat country'.
In theFirst Battle of Panipat, Hasan Khan Mewati supportedIbrahim Lodi against Babur in 1526, marked a pivotal moment in the conflict between the Mughal Empire and the Delhi Sultanate. Hasan Khan Mewati later aligned himself withRana Sanga in continued opposition against the Mughal Empire in theBattle of Khanwa, where he was killed by the forces led by Babur.[16]
In theSecond Battle of Panipat (5 November 1556),Akbar's generalBairam Khan defeatedHemu, the local Haryanvi who grew up inRewari. Hemu, who belonged to Rewari in Haryana, rose from a businessman to become adviser to Afghan kings and then Prime Minister-cum-Chief of Army. He fought and won 22 battles in between 1553 and 1556, from Punjab to Bengal against Afghans and Mughals and won all of them without losing any. Hemu defeated Akbar's army at Tughlaqabad inBattle of Delhi-1556 and became king at Delhi on 7 October 1556 declaring himself as Vikramaditya following the reigns of earlier Vedic kings.[17] Hemu died in theSecond Battle of Panipat.
TheThird Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between the Afghan EmperorAhmad Shah Abdali and theMaratha Empire underSadashivrao Bhau of Pune. Ahmad Shah won decisively, on 13 January 1761.
TheIndian Rebellion of 1857 war started first atAmbala Cantonment, 8 hours before revolt started inMeerut, when the soldiers of5th Indian Infantry Brigade and60th Indian Infantry Brigade revolted but it was crushed.[18]5th and 60th Regiments of Benga Native Infantry rebelled atUmballa (Ambala). During theBattle of Narnaul at Nasibpur on 16 November 1857,British lost 70 British soldiers and their commanders colonel Gerrard and Captain Wallace. 40 British soldiers and officers Captain Craige, Captain Kennedy and Captain Pearse were wounded.[19] The major centers of rebellion were at Hisar, Hansi, Sirsa, Rohtak, Jhajjar, Bahadurgarh, Farrukhnagar, Ballabhgarh, Rewari, Ambala,Panipat andThanesar.[19] Under the "Delhi Agency" there were sevenPrincely states,Jhajjar,Farrukhnagar,Ballabhgarh,Loharu,Pataudi andDujana. The Chiefs of the last two estates remained loyal to the British and others rebelled.[20] The Rajput rulers of Rajasthan also kept out of the mutiny.[21]
Raja Nahar Singh was the ruler of Ballabhgarh,Rao Tula Ram ruler ofRewari and his cousin Gopal Dev, Nawab Abdur Rahman Khan Jhajjar, Nawab Ahmad Ali of Farrukhnagar, Sadruddin was the leader ofMewat, Harsukh Rai and Mirza Gauhar Ali of Palwal andImam ofBu Ali Shah Qalandar mosque in Panipat played key role.[19]
After the failure of revolt by Indians, Haryana was taken out ofNorth-Western Provinces and merged with Punjab as a punishment.[18]
This rebellion was partly caused by the unjust tax system implemented through the use ofThe Great Hedge of India, a historic inland customs border which ran through several states including Haryana.
Lala Lajpat Rai worked towards the social reform, spread ofArya Samaj, creation of mass support for theIndian independence movement and he died protesting against theSimon Commission. Lala Murlidhar of Ambala and journalist Balmukund Gupt of Rewari were the members of thefounding session of congress who promotedSwadeshi movement.Chhotu Ram, Pandit Nekiram Sharma, Lala Ugrasen and Ramswaroop Jaglan ofBidhwan were also key independence activists.[18][page needed]
In 1907, two years after the1905 Partition of Bengal,British Indian Army soldiers in the6th Jat Light Infantry and10th Jats mutinied and sided with Bengali revolutionaries to takeover a government treasury. Their revolt was suppressed by the colonial government and several mutineers were sentenced to prison.[18] In early 1919,Jhanda Singh Giani was especially noted for his protests against theRowlatt Act, he was a pleader and resident ofAmbala. In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of theGhadar Party hailing from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial rulers.Subhas Chandra Bose'sAzad Hind Fauj had 2847 soldiers from Haryana, of whom 346 attained martyrdom.[18]
During the partition of India in 1947, state experienced riots at many places, which also scores of death and migration of millions of people from Haryana to Pakistan and vice versa.
Punjabi Suba movement started in Punjab started in 1947 and lasted till 1966. During this time a Hindi language movement also started in Punjab for a short periodthat started on 30 April 1957 and lasted till 27 December 1957 in Hindi-speaking areas of Punjab. Movement started after government of post-independence Punjab tried to promote Punjabi as state language but many groups in modern Haryana considered Punjabi as a threat. After this movement was successful in getting the ball rolling for a Hindi-speaking state. Another movement for leftover Punjabi-speaking parts started, thisPunjabi suba & Punjabi language movement demanded under whichPunjabi andgurmukhi to be made official in after division.[22] After reorganisation, Haryana government banned Punjabi in the state.
In 2018, the Government of Haryana started to award ₹10,000 per month pension to theMatribhasa Satyagrahis (Hindi language activists).[23]
On 1 November 1966, Haryana was carved out of theEast Punjab on linguistic grounds, with majorly consisting of the "Hindi Speaking areas". Same example was later followed in creation ofHimachal Pradesh as well.
In order to analyse and find a cooperative as well as universally acceptable solution, for the long going vexed linguistic problem, being faced by Punjab, the parliament announced the formation of theParliamentary Committee on Demand for Punjabi Suba (1966) chairmanned bySardar Hukam Singh, on 23 September 1965. According to the 90 paged report, the committee initially came to an understanding that a 'co-operative solution' was not possible. Moreover, it stated that unanimity is also not possible or necessary on any matters in a democratic set-up. So, after perusing the large number of memoranda/representations received by the committee and hearing the various view-points expressed by the different witnesses representing the various shades of opinion, the committee suggested the re-organisation of the State of Punjab on linguistic basis. It also stated that the then Chief Minister of the Punjab State admitted that the situation needed a change and status quo in its entirety was not possible." Although a section of the people from the Punjab canvassed before the committee that the status quo might be maintained in the Punjab. Even a third argument advanced in favour of the status quo was that, any reorganisation of the State would not be in the interests of the security of the country and would weaken the defence of India, which was later struck off due to lack of authentic data or justifiable reasons.[24]
On 23 April 1966, while acting on the report submitted by the parliamentary committee, the Indian government set up thePunjab Boundary Commission under the chairmanship of Justice J. C. Shah & two members S.Dutt & M. M. Philip to divide and set up the boundaries of Punjab and Haryana. The commission gave its report on 31 May 1966. According to this report the then districts ofHissar,Mahendragarh,Gurgaon,Rohtak, andKarnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further the Tehsils ofJind (district Sangrur),Narwana (districtSangrur)Naraingarh,Ambala,Jagadhari tahsil of district Ambala were also included. The commission recommended that whole TehsilKharar (includingChandigarh) should also be a part of Haryana.[25][26]
However, commission one member from three, Subimal Dutt submitted a dissenting note, arguing thatKharar tehsil minusKalka Police Station (He recommended for Himachal) area but including Chandigarh should merge with Punjabi state, citing its Punjabi-speaking rural majority, the migratory nature of the Hindi-speaking urban population, and its earlier classification under the Punjabi region as per the Sachar Formula of 1949.[26]
The Territorial changes as a result of theReorganisation 1966
Initially, 153 villages andKalka town were added toNaraingarh Tahsil. Later, these areas were separated fromNaraingarh Tahsil to form a new administrative unit—Kalka Tahsil—under theHaryana Government Notification No. 4575-E(V)-67/2626, dated the 25th July, 1967.[30]
Before existential formation ofHaryana, its prehistorically destined under theJat-Sikh dominated region ruled for centuries, Haryana was retained by semi-autonomous principalities within mainstream framework ofSikh Confederation. These dynamics unified under thePatiala dynasty's three households blending regional influence with Sikh ethos until post-Anglo-Sikh War it fell to theCis-Sutlej Phulkian princely state underBritish suzerainty.
'India International Horticulture Market (IIHM's), asia's largest on 537 acre with 1200 shops & 17 massive specialised marketing sheds, is set up inGanaur onNH44 inSonipat district of Haryana with ₹2700 crore initial assessment in construction. It entails mechanism for cleaning, branding, sorting, packing & processing units, storing, and e-auction of the goods. There will be warehouses, cold storages, hostel, residential colony for the officials, large parking and automobile workshop, 4 electricity stations, and a sewage statement plant, etc.are in India
Haryana has network of canals across of state divided into 8 canal command areas. Haryana has 47% share (reduced from 70% after an agreement with Delhi in 1994) inYamuna river water and ?% share inSutlej river water too for which disputedSutlej Yamuna link canal is still partially completed for several decades.[33]
Indus treaty covers a total of 168 million acre-feet (207 km3) of water, of which India can utilise 33 million acre-feet (20% of total) from the three rivers assigned to India. In 2019, India utilises only 93–94% (30 million acre-feet) of its share, and 6–7% (2 million acre-feet, 2.5 km3 of India's unitised share flows to Pakistan, resulting in a total of 87% water flowing to Pakistan. India is building three dams to utilise 100% of its 33 million acre-feet share (20% of total water under treaty). India is undertaking 3 projects to ensure India utilises its full share ofIndus Waters Treaty, (a)Shahpurkandi dam project onRavi River inPathankot district of Punjab (b) Sutlej-Beas link in Punjab (see alsoPandoh Dam) and theUjh Dam project on Ujh River (atributary of Ravi river) in Jammu and Kashmir.[34]
Renukaji dam, is INR4,596.76 crore 148m high rockfill gravity dam project being built on the Giri river inSirmour district with live storage of 0.404 MAF on 1,508 hectares to supply 23 cusec water and generate 40MW peak flow power. An agreement for its construction and sharing of cost and benefits (water and electricity) was signed by the Union Minister for Water and Chief Ministers of six states, namely Haryana (47.8% share of water), UP and Uttakhand (33.65% joint share) Rajasthan (9.3%), Delhi (6.04%) and Himachal Pradesh (3.15), on 11 January 2019. It has been declared a national project, resulting in 90% funding from the centre govt and the rest from the stakeholder states.[35] Giri River (cord: 30.44549 °N and 77.67358 ° Ö) in the state of Uttrakhand and Himachal is a tributary ofYamuna, which in turn is a tributary ofGanges.[36]
(a)Lakhwar Dam on Yamuna in Uttrakhand, (b)Renukaji Dam on Giri river in Himchal and (c)Kishau Dam onTons River in Uttrakhand. The agreements among the stakeholder states and centre govt has been signed for the Kishwar Dam (August 2018 and Renukaji Dam (January 2019) and the agreement for the remaining Kishau Dam is likely to be signed soon. The funding for the Kishwar Dam has already been approved for the centre govt's cabinet and the funding for the Renukaji Dam is expected to be approved soon.[35]
Renukaji dam, is INR4,596.76 crore 148m high rockfileld gravity dam project being built on the Giri river inSirmour district with live storage of 0.404 MAF on 1,508 hectares to supply 23 cusec water and generate 40MW peak flow power. An agreement for its construction and sharing of cost and benefits (water and electricity) was signed by the Union Minister for Water and Chief Ministers of six states, namely Haryana (47.8% share of water), UP and Uttakhand (33.65% joint share) Rajasthan (9.3%), Delhi (6.04%) and Himachal Pradesh (3.15), on 11 January 2019. It has been declared a national project, resulting in 90% funding from the centre govt and the rest from the stakeholder states.[35] Giri River (cord: 30.44549 °N and 77.67358 ° Ö) in the state of Uttrakhand and Himachal is a tributary ofYamuna, which in turn is a tributary of theGanges.[36]
Haryana has 1356 canal tailends of which 250 had not seen the water for up to 39 years. Between 2016 and 2018, govt rejuvenated all but 10 worst tailends. Specially the canals in Narnaul, Loharu and Rewari area were rehabilitated and water started to reach the tailend of canals after a gap of 39 years.[37]
Mines atTosham Hill range fromIndus Valley civilisation.
Rakhigarhi silver bronze ornaments finds andDancing Girl ornaments.
Dancing Girl attire.
Nangal Sirohi inMahendragarh district, 130 km from Delhi, is popular for itshavelis ofshekhavati architecture withinNCR.[39]
Chanetic Buddhist monastic university as chronicled byHieun Tsang.
Military establishments in Haryana:
Indian National Defence University - India's only military university,National Security Guard (NSG) HQ in Gurugram, 4 major Air Force Stations (atAmbala,Faridabad,Gurugram andSirsa), 3 major Army Bases (atWestern Command Chandimandir HQ in Panchkula,2nd Corp HQ at Ambala and32 Div HQ at Hisar),Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) base in Gurugram, 3Sainik Schools (Kunjpura - officially first sainik school in India,Rewari, andMatanhail.[40]
Dominance of Jats & Haryanvis in the Indian Military:
Jatcaste, officially designated as themartial race, are the largest dominant ethnic group of Haryana and Punjab with25 to 30% population. They have strong martial tradition of thousands of years of joining the military since the times ofBattle of the Ten Kings in 2nd millennium BCErigvedic era (Haryana is the native home ofBharta tribe,[41] after whomIndia is named asBharat,[42][43] they defeated all other tribes inashvamedhayagna and united them),[41]Mahabharta war invedic era, severalBattles of Panipat (Maharaj Hemchandra Vikramaditya,Marathas), severalbattles of Tarain (Maharaj Prithviraj Chauhan), etc.[44] Haryana has disproportionately large percentage of brave martyr soldiers who sacrificed their lives formother India.[40] Haryana also contributes several times more soldiers and officers to the Indian military than its population share in India.[44]
Haryana, with 2% total population of India, contributes 11% soldiers ofIndian Military.[40] 10% (2,000,000) of Haryana's population belongs to the immediate family of soldiers, with 200,000 serving & 400,000 retired soldiers and their 1,400,000 dependent spouse and children.[40]
Indian Air Force: Haryana (with 2% share in India's population) has the second highest number of air force officers (after Uttar Pradesh which has 11 times more population than Haryana) and the third highest number of airmen.[44]
Indian Military Academy (IMA) officers: Haryana contributes second or third highest number of military officers and it contributes 4 to 5 times more military officers than its share of India's population. In 2023, of the 373 newly graduated officer cadets, UP (63) and Bihar (33), which had more officers than Haryana (32), had the percentage of officers similar to their population share in India whereas Haryana had 4.3 times more officers then its share in India's population. Of these officers, 16.9% (63) were from Uttar Pradesh (with 16.5% population of India), 8.8% (33 officers) were fromBihar (8.6% population of India), 8.6% (32 officers) were from Haryana (2% population of India), 6.7% (25 officers) wereUttrakhand (0.84% population of India), 6.2% (23 officers) were from Punjab (2.3% population of India).[45]
Indian Army non-officer soldiers of lower rank: In 2021, of the 1,151,726 serving non-officer soldiers, Haryana, Punjab, JK and Himachal had a much higher percentage of soldiers than their population share in India, e.g. highest number of soldiers come from Uttar Pradesh which had 11 times more population but only 2.5 times soldiers than Haryana, Maharashtra and Rajasthan have 3.5 to 4.5 times more population than Haryana but they contribute only 1.2 to 1.4 times more soldiers then Haryana. Of these non-officer soldiers, 14.5% (1,67,557) soldier are fromUttar Pradesh (16.5% population of India), 7.7% (89,088) are fromPunjab (2.3% population of India) in second place, 7.6% (87,835) are from Maharashtra (9.3% population of India), 6.9% (79,481) are from Rajasthan (5.6% population of India) in 4th place, 5.7% (65,987) are from Haryana (2% population of India) in 6th place, 4.1% (47,457) are fromJammu and Kashmir includingLadakh (1% population of India) in 10th place, 4% (46,960) are from Himachal Pradesh (0.6% population of India) in 11th place.[44]
Every year more than 6,000 soldiers from Haryana join the Indian military.Bisahan inJhajjar district, a village of 700 families with at least one person from each family in military, has a reputation of being most prolific contributor to the Indian military.[40] In Haryana, a state dominated by themartial race (jats are 30% population of Haryana) where people traditionally & culturally aspire to join the military, excelling in sports provides better opportunity to secure a military job, and military in turn also nurtures the athletes.[46][47] "Indian Army had laid the foundation for the state to become a sports nursery" as people of haryana traditionally joined the military which nurtured the sporting talent. "The state’s domination in sports is somehow linked to the majority of its people’s collective preference for a robust physique that helps them work the fields under a sweltering sun, get jobs in the military, and indulge in sporting activities, more likely wrestling, experts say."[47]
PashupatiShiva inyoga pose fromIndus Valley civilisation.
"Jat-dominated Haryana"[48] is known as"India's Olympian state",[49]"The Sports State of India",[50]"country's sports nursery",[47]"sports powerhouse" in"multiple disciplines"",[47] and main contributor of"Jatification of Indian sport"[48] due to their dominance in India's international medals "across categories and gender". With only 1.3% area and 1.5% population of India, Haryana consistently has been a top contributor of India's medals in major international events with 30% to 70% individual medals of India won by the people from Haryana.[49][50][51][47] "Unlike other states, sports and issues related to sports in Haryana come under great scrutiny."[51]
In Olympics, Haryana has won 52% (13/25) individual medals of India after Paris Olympics,2024.[52] In Asian Games, Haryana won 38% (18/48) individual & 26% (18/69) of total medals in 2018,[53][54] 63% (23/36) individual & 40% (23/57) of total medals in 2014.[55]
In Commonwealth Games (CWG), Haryana won 42% (20/53) of individual & 33% (20/61) of total medals in 2022 CWG,[56] 41% (22/54) individual & 33% (22/66) of total medals in 2018 CWG,[57] 32% (19/61) individual & 30% (19/64) of total medals in 2014 CWG,[57] 32% (32/101) of medals in 2010 CWG,[57] 10% (5/50) medals in 2006 CWG.[57]
Haryana (& its capital Chandigarh) is always among top 3 in the medal tally ofNational Games,Khelo India University Games,Khelo India Youth Games, etc.
In the last 5 Khelo India national games, Haryana stood number-1 2-times and number-2 3-times on the overall medal tally.
The actual number of medals from Haryana is much higher because Haryanvi players also representServices and other states.
The success of Haryana is due to government's policy intervention, rich reward system and job security for the budding athletes and the winners, where deep cultural interest ofmartial castes inmilitary and traditional sports meets the state infrastructure and incentives provided by the Haryana state government.[58][59][46] "Plenty of analysis pieces attribute Haryana’s success in contact sports (boxing and wrestling) to the physical strength of the Jats, the influence of history and geography which has shaped the population."[51] In Haryana, a state dominated by themartial race (jats are 30% population of Haryana) where people traditionally & culturally aspire to join the military, excelling in sports provides better opportunity to secure a military job, and military in turn also nurtures the athletes.[46] "Indian Army had laid the foundation for the state to become a sports nursery" as people of haryana traditionally joined the military which nurtured the sporting talent. "The state’s domination in sports is somehow linked to the majority of its people’s collective preference for a robust physique that helps them work the fields under a sweltering sun, get jobs in the military, and indulge in sporting activities, more likely wrestling, experts say."[47]
This has created numerous inspirational national youth sports icons from Haryana and retired haryanvi olympians also continue to nurture the new sporting talent in Haryana which further enhances Haryana's dominance in sports.[47] "Haryana succeeds in sports because everyone is aiming to excel. And by excel, they mean the Olympics. And an aim at gold."[51]
"Jatification of Indian sport", as described byRajdeep Sardesai, is the phenomenon attributed to the dominance ofjats in India's international medals.[48]With less than India's 2% population and nearly 30% of Haryana's population,jats dominate Haryana's & India's International medal tally,[58] by contributing nearly 70% of India's Olympic medals, 40 to 70% India's Asian and Commonwealth medals.
In Olympics, jats won majority of the medals for India, 50%(3/6) in 2024, 33% (2/6) in 2020, 50% (1/2) in 2016, 50% (3/6) in 2012, 67% (2/3) in 2008.
In Asian games, Jats won 35% (24/69) of India's medals including 60% (9/15) gold in 2018.
In CWG games, Jats dominate India's medal tally who won 40% (21/53) medals in 2022,[60] most dominant ethnic group in India's 54 medals in 2018,[58] 27% (27/101) individual medals for India (excludes 4 jats who won medal as part of hockey team) in 2010.[61] In 2010 CWG, Haryanvi jats won 24% (24/101) of India's & 75% of Haryana's (24/32) individual medals as well as more than half of India's gold medals.[62]
All 14 medals in April2023 Asian Wrestling Championships in Kazakastan, and June 2023 U21 & U17 Asian Wrestling Championship in Kyrgyzstan all 9 female medals were won by Haryanvi jats.[63]
American social anthropologist,Joseph Alter, who has extensively researched wrestling in haryana, explains that Jats havemartial war-like tradition, masculine caste group identity, and picking upmartial sports such as wrestling is their tradition, they are hardworking and that is the secret to their success.[58]
InNational Games of India medals tally, Haryana is always among top three states.
InKhelo India Youth Games, since it began in 2018 and till 2022, Haryana topped the medal tally in 2 editions and achieved second slot in 3 editions.
InKhelo India University Games, the universities from Haryana are always among top 3.
In National School Games, in June 2023 Haryana (109 medals) stood second behind Delhi (126),[64] both of which havesame ethnic demography.
Till 2020, India has won 21 individual metals, of which 19 have been won by the Indian citizens excluding 2 individual medals won by the India-born British-citizenNorman Pritchard. Of these 19 individual medals, at least 47% (9/19) have been won by athletes with connection with Haryana.[52][49]
In2024 Olympics, Haryana won 67% (4 out of total 6) medals for India including 100% (1/1) silver and 60% (3/5) bronze. 50% (3/6) medals for India won by jats.
In2020 Olympics, Haryana won 50% (3 out of total 6) medals for India including 100% gold (1/1), 50% (1/2) silver and 33% (1/3) bronze.[65] 33% (2/6) medals for India won by jats.
In2016 Olympics, Haryana won 50% (1 out of total 2) medals for India.[65] 50% (1/2) medals for India won by jats.
In2012 Olympics, 67% (4 out of total 6) medal winners are associated with Haryana.[65] 50% (3/6) medals for India won by jats.
In2008 Olympics, 100% (3 out of total 3) medal winners are associated with Haryana.[65]Vijender Singh from Bhiwani,Abhinav Bindra from Chandigarh andSushil Kumar's ancestral village in Sonipat. 67% (2/3) medals for India won by jats.
In2018 Asian Games, Haryana won 38% (18/48) individual & 26% (18/69) of total medals for India.[53] Haryana (18 or 26%, 5G+5S+8B) was followed by Tamilnadu (12 or 17%) and 9 or 13% each for Delhi, UP, Kerala.[54] Jats won 35% (24/69) India's medals, including 60% (9/15) gold, 30% (7/24) silver and 27% (8/30) bronze.
In2014 Asian Games, Haryana won 63% (23/36) individual & 40% (23/57) of total medals for India.[55]
In2022 CWG, with a contingent of 21% (43/210) the Haryana sportspersons won 42% (20/53) of individual & 33% (20/61) of total medals for India including 43% (9/21) gold, 25% (4/16) silver and 31% (7/23) bronze.[56] Jats dominated India's medal tally, they won 40% (21/53) total, 41% (9/22), 29% (3/16), 44% (9/23) bronze medals of India.[60]
In2018 CWG, with a contingent of 13% (28/218) the Haryana sportspersons won 41% (22/54) individual & 33% (22/66) of total medals for India including 35% (9/26) gold, 30% (6/20) silver and 35% (7/20) bronze.[57] Jats dominated the medals.[58]
In2014 CWG, Haryana won 32% (19/61) individual & 30% (19/64) of total medals for India.[57]
In2010 CWG, with 10% (50 from Haryana out of India's 495) athletes Haryana won 32% (32/101) of medals for India.[57] 24% (24/101) of India's & 75% of Haryana's (24/32) individual medals were won byjats from Haryana (excluding medals won by jats from other states). Haryanvi jats won more than half of India's gold medals.[62] These games had 50 Jats from all states who won 27% (27/101) individual medals for India (excludes 4 jats who won medal as part of hockey team, also excludes jats playing for other nations).[61]
In2006 CWG, Haryana won 10% (5/50) medals for India including 5% (1/22) gold, 18% (3/17) silver and 9% (1/11) bronze.[57]
In April2023 Asian Wrestling Championships in Kaxakastan, all 14 medals were won by Haryanvi jats.
In June, U21 & U17 Asian Wrestling Championship in Kyrgyzstan all 9 female medal winners were haryanvi jats, who won 7 gold, 1 silver and 1 bronze.[63]
In 1919, first airstrip was built in Haryana whenAmbala Air Force Station was established. Following the independence of India in 1947, it was also the home to theSEPECAT Jaguar ofNo. 5 Squadron IAF andNo. 14 Squadron IAF, and ageingMiG-21bis ofNo. 21 Squadron IAF.
In 1947–48, aFlying Instruction School (FIS) was formed here.
In 1954, FIS Ambala was moved toTambaram nearChennai inTamil Nadu, atTambaram Air Force Station.
By 1964, the diversionaryIndian Air Force airfield at Sirsa was ready.[66]
In 1965, Hisar airfield, spread over 194 acres (79 ha), was built for the Hisar Aviation Club. In 1999, Hisar Aviation Club was merged withHaryana Institute of Civil Aviation (HICA). The airport is managed by HICA, which provides flight training usinglight aircraft.[67]
In 1967,Karnal Air Strip was set up.[68] The Karnal Flying Club has been running at this airfield since 1967 year.[69]
In 1970–71, a privately managed air service was introduced from Delhi-Patiala-Hisar and Delhi which was terminated after a period of about 6 months due to being financially unviable.[70]
During the 1980s, theGurugram Airstrip, hangar, air conditioned yoga ashram and TV studio were built by former Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi's favourite godman and yoga guruDhirendra Brahmachari who died in 1994 in a plane crash.[71][72] Indira use to visit Brahmachari here once a week.[71][72] The 1980s teleserials "India Quiz" andHum Log (ran from July 1984 to 17 December 1985) were shot here.[71] Brahmachari charged INR25,000 per shift for the use of ashram's TV studio facilities here for the shooting of Hum Log.[71] In 1983, Brahmachari had written letter to then Chief Minister of Haryana,Bhajan Lal, with a request to acquire 5,000 acre land aroundAravalli Range, potentially up to 70,000 acres in total, to build facilities to rivalDisneyland, including a yoga research and training centre, a wildlife sanctuary, folk arts and crafts centre, amusement centre and other facilities such as helipad, aquarium, planetarium and games and thrillers.[73] The aircraft hangar still has two ruined aircraft belonging to Brahmachari,[72] likely including aMaule M-5 American aircraft owned by him that landed him in investigations for tax evasions.[74] Ownership of some of the facilities is currently being disputed in the court (c. 2014), including 32 acre land and yoga studio.[72]
In 2002, the Delhi Flying Club (DFC) shifted all its flying activities and aircraft to Hisar fromSafdarjung Airport inDelhi.[75]
On 31 January 2010, theRajiv Gandhi National Centre for Aero Sports was inaugurated atNarnaul Airport. 51 acres were acquired for this purpose.[76] Chief MinisterBhupinder Singh Hooda and Aero Club of India President Satish Sharma were present at the inauguration ceremony. The centre was set up by Aero Club of India and the Department of Civil Aviation, Haryana. It is the first ever modern state-of-the-art aero sports centre in India to provide training in comprehensive range of various aero sports, including para-jumping (simulated parachute jump from a tower),parasailing,hot air ballooning,gliding,power flying,sky diving,aero modelling andmicro light flying,[76] with the purpose of introducing the state's youth to aviation and providing the general population a cheap opportunity to experience aero sports.[77][78] On 27 November 2017,Runway 1 a quirky restaurant based inside anAirbus A320 discarded byAir India was opened onAmbala Chandigarh Expressway by aShahabad based business family.[79]
In August 2018,pre-feasibility study and field study for 3 new greenfield airports in Haryana commenced for the andChhara Airport (Jhajjar district),Jind Airport andKurukshetra Airport at the cost of INR30 lakh (3 million).[80]
On 26 December 2018, Haryana Health MinisterAnil Vij announced that a third domestic airport will be established underUDAN III scheme 40 km from the Ambala city at Barnala village next to theAmbala Air Force Station for which a team ofAirports Authority of India has already carried out the land survey.[81][82] The new greenfield airport at Ambala is included in the 13 airports included in the UDAN III scheme.[82] Since most of the technical formalities are complete, an early execution of the project is expected.[82] Hisar and Karnal airports are already included in the list of airports for which airlines can make proposals for the UDAN scheme.[82]
As of January 2019, all five existing government airports in Haryana will be developed to have runway of at least 5000 feet formidsize aircraft andbusiness jets, night landing and parking hangars, as airlines have approached the Haryana government to park their spillover "Non-scheduled Air Operations" (NSOP) aircraft from the congested IGI airport at Delhi to Bhiwani and Narnaul airport. Some of this development work at Hisar, Bhiwani and Narnaul airports is already underway.[83] Hisar will be extended to 10,000 ft by March 2022 for large air crafts.
In 2021,Gurugram Heliport Hub was envisaged and implementation started in 2024.[84]
Railway in Haryana falls in 2 railway zones (Northern Railway zone andNorth Western Railway zone), and 3 divisions under those.
GT Road withKos Minar andCaravanserais
The modern military history commenced with British colonial rule whereGeorge Thomas established modern European style army in 1798 to 1801,[85][86] and laterColonel James Skinner (1778 – 4 December 1841) the Anglo-Indian military adventurer in India, who founded1st Skinner's Horse and3rd Skinner's Horse atAsigarh Fort at Hansi in 1803, which are still part of theIndian Army.[87][88]
As of January 2020, 139 (>10%) out of 1,322Vir Chakra in India have been awarded to soldiers from Haryana,[89] which has less than 2% population of India.
Current military installations in Haryana are:
Defunct British-era military installations in Haryana:
Other cantonments
FollowingMahajanapadas are mentioned inMahabharata had their land in Haryana:[dubious –discuss]
AncientKhandavprastha forest mentioned in Mahabharata,[95] lay to the west ofYamuna river in modern-dayDelhi territory.Pandavas cleared this forest to construct their capital city calledIndraprastha. This forest was earlier inhabited byNaga tribes led by a king namedTakshaka.[96]Arjuna andKrishna cleared this forest by setting up a fire. The inhabitants of this forest were displaced. This was the root cause of the enmity of the Naga Takshaka towards theKuru kings who ruled from Indraprastha andHastinapura.[96]
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fwww.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This section is empty. You can help byadding to it.(December 2019) |
The list ofJanapadas falling within Haryana:
Main sites are
_without_national_boundaries.svg)
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)... the five Pandava brethren of the Mahabharata burned out the snake-king Takshaka from his primeval Khandava forest ...
... I adore thee also, to obtain the ear-rings, O Takshaka, who formerly dwelt in Kurukshetra and the forest of Khandava! ... And Takshaka, surprised beyond measure and terrified by the heat of the fire, hastily came out ...
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