Acommemorative plaque, or simplyplaque, or in other places referred to as ahistorical marker,historic marker, orhistoric plaque, is a plate of metal, ceramic, stone, wood, or other material, bearing text or an image inrelief, or both, to commemorate one or more persons, an event, a former use of the place, or some other thing. Most such plaques are attached to a wall, stone, or other vertical surface.
Many modern plaques and markers are used to associate the location where the plaque or marker is installed with the person, event, or item commemorated as a place worthy of visit.[1] A monumental plaque or tablet commemorating a deceased person or persons, can be a simple form ofchurch monument. Most modern plaques affixed in this way are commemorative of something, but not all. There are also purely religious plaques, and some signify ownership or affiliation of some sort. Aplaquette is a small plaque, but in English, unlike many European languages, the term is not typically used for outdoor plaques fixed to walls.
TheBenin Empire, which flourished in present-dayNigeria between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries, had an exceedingly rich sculptural tradition. One of the kingdom's chief sites of cultural production was the elaborate ceremonial court of theOba (divine king) at the palace in Benin. Among the wide range of artistic forms produced at the court were rectangular brass or bronze plaques. At least a portion of these plaques, which were mainly created from the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries, commemorate significant persons and events associated with the Oba's court,[2][3] including important battles during Benin's sixteenth century expansionary period.[4]
Brass or bronze memorial plaques were produced throughout medieval Europe from at least the early thirteenth through the sixteenth centuries as a form ofsepulchral memorial generally inset into the walls of churches or surfaces of tombs. Surviving in great numbers, they were manufactured from sheet brass orlatten, very occasionally coloured with enamels, and tend to depict highly conventional figures with brief inscriptions.[5][6]
Historical markers are put on display by the owners of sites listed by national agencies concerned withhistoric preservation such as theNational Trust for Historic Preservation and theNational Register of Historic Places[7] (in the United States), theNational Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty[8] (in the United Kingdom),An Taisce[9] (in Ireland),National Historical Commission of the Philippines (in the Philippines), and the National Trusts of other countries.
Other historical markers are created by localmunicipalities,non-profit organizations,companies, or individuals. In addition to geographically defined regions, individual organizations, such asE Clampus Vitus or theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, can choose to maintain a national set of historical markers that fit a certain theme.[10]
TheRoyal Society of Arts established the first scheme in the world for historical commemoration on plaques in 1866.[11]
The scheme was established under the influence of the British politicianWilliam Ewart and thecivil servantHenry Cole.[12] The first plaque was unveiled in 1867 to commemorateLord Byron at his birthplace, 24 Holles Street,Cavendish Square. The earliest historical marker to survive, commemoratesNapoleon III in King Street,St James's, and was also put up in 1867.[13]
The original plaque colour was blue, but this was changed by the manufacturerMinton, Hollins & Co to chocolate brown to save money.[14] In 1901, the scheme was first taken over by the local government authority - theLondon County Council.[15]
Several states have a program overseeing the installation ofblue plaques similar to those in the UK, includingSouth Australia,[16]Victoria,[17] andNew South Wales.[18] There are also many other types of commemorative plaques.
In April 2022 the New South Wales Heritage Minister announced 17 Blue Plaques to celebrate NSW heritage by recognising noteworthy people and events from the state's history. Inspired by the famous London Blue Plaques program run byEnglish Heritage which originally started in 1866, and similar programs around the world, these plaques were selected from over 750 nominations received in November 2021 from community members, organisations, and local councils. People and places recognised by the first batch of plaques to be erected include Bessie Robinson ofCanowindra andDuke Kahanamoku and Camden Red Cross.[19]
In November 2023 it was announced that a further 14 people, places and events would be commemorated in the second round of blue plaques sponsored by the Government of New South Wales, chosen from 117 public nominations:Kathleen Butler, godmother ofSydney Harbour Bridge;Emma Jane Callaghan, an Aboriginal midwife and activist;Susan Katherina Schardt; journalistDorothy Drain; writerCharmian Clift;Beryl Mary McLaughlin, one of the first three women to graduate in architecture from the University of Sydney;Grace Emily Munro, SirWilliam Dobell,Ioannis (Jack) and Antonios (Tony) Notaras;Syms Covington; Ken Thomas ofThomas Nationwide Transport,Bondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club and the first release ofmyxomatosis.[20][21]
To mark the 60th anniversary of the 1965Freedom Ride in which a group of students toured country towns to highlight discrimination againstAboriginal Australians, in February 2025 theGovernment of New South Wales unveiled ablue plaque commemorating inWalgett, the first of several to be installed in key locations along the route.[22][23]
Historical markers (Filipino:panandang pangkasaysayan;Spanish:marcador histórico) are cast-iron plaques installed all over the Philippines that commemorate people, places, personalities, structures, and events. They are installed by theNational Historical Commission of the Philippines. This practice started in 1933, with NHCP's predecessor, the Philippine Historical Research and Markers Committee, which initially only marked antiquities inManila.[24] The initial markers were placed in 1934.
Markers have their texts primarily inFilipino, while there are also markers in the English language, especially for markers that were installed during theAmerican colonial era. Markers in regional languages such asCebuano,Ilocano, andKapampangan, are also available and issued by the NHCP. Markers are found all over the country, and there have beenmarkers installed outside the country. The plaques themselves are permanent signs installed in publicly visible locations on buildings, monuments, or in special locations. There are more than 1,690 markers to date. Most markers are located withinLuzon, especially inMetro Manila (with more than 500), which has prompted the NHCP to install more markers inVisayas andMindanao, for their greater inclusion in the national historical narrative.[25]
Issues and controversies have also been the concern of several individual markers, from the commemoration of formerPhilippine PresidentFerdinand Marcos to the reaction of the Japanese embassy to thecomfort womenstatue and marker. There have also been some markers replaced by new ones because of rectified information, theft, or loss due to war or disasters. Many American-era markers have been destroyed or were lost as casualties of World War II.
Local municipalities and cities can also install markers of figures and events of local significance. Though they may have the permission of the NHCP, these markers are barred from using theseal of the Republic of the Philippines.[26]
From March to October 2021, quincentennial historical markers were unveiled by the NHCP and theNational Quincentennial Committee as part of the2021 Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines (QCP). As part of the 125th anniversary of thePhilippine declaration of independence celebrations, the agency then started unveilingPhilippine Nationhood Trail historical markers since 2023.
Blue plaques are the principal type of historical markers found throughout England and are the closest thing there is to a historical marker system in the UK. An example is the blue plaque scheme run byEnglish Heritage inLondon, although these were originally erected in a variety of shapes and colors. This has been running for over 140 years and is thought to be the oldest system of its kind in the world. Plaques are attached to buildings to commemorate their association with important occupants or events.[27] TheNational Trust (which is anon-profit charity organization unlike English Heritage and English Heritage properties) has its own similar markers as well.[28][29] TheDead Comics' Society installs blue plaques to commemorate the former residences of well-known comedians, including those ofSid James andJohn Le Mesurier.
However, not all historical markers in the United Kingdom are blue, and many are not ceramic. A range of other commemorative plaque schemes, which are typically run by local councils and charitable bodies, exists throughout the United Kingdom. These tend to use their own criteria for determining the eligibility to put up a plaque. There are commemorative plaque schemes inBath,Edinburgh,Brighton,Liverpool,Loughton, and elsewhere—some of which differ from the familiar blue plaque. A scheme inManchester uses color-coded plaques to commemorate figures, with each of the colors corresponding to the person's occupation. ThePurple Plaques/Placiau Porffor scheme in Wales uses purple to commemorate significant women.[30] In 2003, theLondon Borough ofSouthwark started a plaque scheme which included living people in the awards. Even in London, theWestminster City Council runs a green plaque scheme which is run alongside that of the blue plaque scheme administered by English Heritage. Other schemes are run by civic societies, district or town councils, orlocal history groups, and often operate with different criteria.[28][29]
After theFirst World War, the families of British and British Empire (now Commonwealth) service men and women killed during the conflict were presented with bronzeMemorial Plaques. The plaques, of about 125 millimetres (4.9 in) in diameter, were designed by the eminentsculptor andmedallist,Edward Carter Preston.
In theUnited States, various state governments have commemorative plaque schemes usually using the name historical markers. TheNational Trust for Historic Preservation or the U.S. government, through the National Register of Historic Places, can bestow historical status.
State programmes, such as theCalifornia Register of Historical Resources, allow designated sites to place their own markers.[31] The criteria and circumstances through which a party administers the distribution of historical markers varies. For example, the "Preservation Worcester" program inWorcester, Massachusetts, allows a person to register their house or other structure of least fifty years of age if the building is well preserved, with retention of its original character and importance to the architectural, cultural or historical nature of the localneighborhood. One then pays a fee ($185 to $225) to receive the historical marker itself.[32]
In the same state, the Boston neighborhoodCharlestown has its own local association to administer historical markers.[33] Other historical markers in and around Boston are administered by agencies such asThe Bostonian Society[34] or are associated with sites such as those along theFreedom Trail, theBlack Heritage Trail, and theEmerald Necklace.[35]
Other examples of mostly locally generated historical markers in the United States include:
See also:
Plaques or, more often, plaquettes, are also given asawards instead oftrophies orribbons. Such plaques usually bear text describing the reason for the award and, often, the date of the award.
Media related toCommemorative plaques at Wikimedia Commons
