High-speed railways inSpain have been in operation since 1992 when the first line was opened connecting the cities ofMadrid,Córdoba andSeville. Unlike the rest of theIberian broad gauge network, the Spanish High-speed network mainly usesstandard gauge. This permits direct connections to outside Spain through the link to the French network at thePerthus Tunnel. High-speed trains run on a network of high-speed rail track owned and managed byADIF (Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias), where the dominant service isAVE while other high speed services such asAvant,Alvia,Avlo,Euromed,Ouigo España andIryo, as well as mid-speed (InterCity) services also operate.
AVE trains are operated byRenfe, the national passenger high-speed rail operator in Spain, but other companies such as Ouigo España and Iryo compete on the Madrid–Barcelona and other routes in accordance with theEuropean Union legislation. FrenchTGV services run from the border to Barcelona under theTGV inOui brand. Alvia and Euromed trains are also operated by Renfe and have the ability to use both Iberian gauge and standard gauge lines offering high-speed services across the whole Spanish network.
As of April 2025[update], the Spanish high-speed rail network is the longest HSR network in Europe with 3,973 km (2,469 mi)[1] and thesecond longest in the world, after China's.
Towards the end of the 1980s a new line was planned to join theMeseta Central withAndalusia without passing through theDespeñaperros pass. After considering various options it was decided that astandard-gauge line, allowing for Spain's first high-speed rail link, would be built. The project was named NAFA (Nuevo Acceso Ferroviario a Andalucía, New Rail Link to Andalusia) and was meant to help revitalise the stagnant southern Spanish economy. The line was inaugurated on 14 April 1992 to coincide withExpo 92 being held in Seville. Seven days later, on 21 April 1992 commercialAVE service began with six daily services stopping atMadrid,Seville,Córdoba,Puertollano andCiudad Real.
In October 1992 Renfe began the AVE Lanzadera (Shuttle), a high-speed medium distance service between Madrid, Ciudad Real and Puertollano, using spareclass 100 trains.[2]
It has been suggested that thePSOE government chose the FrenchAlstom bid over theSiemens andTalgo bids for political rather than technical reasons, rewarding the French government for its assistance in capturingETA activists who took "sanctuary" across the border in southern France.[3][4] Seville's hosting of the1992 World's Fair prompted the choice of that city for the inaugural of the first high-speed line, with its being the home town of then Spanish prime ministerFelipe González also playing some role. Seville was the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain and the fourth largest city in Spain, after Madrid,Barcelona andValencia, with a population of over 700,000 and a metropolitan area of almost 1.5 million people. It is also the capital of Andalusia, Spain's most populousautonomous community (region).
In January 1993 theTalgo 200 Madrid–Málaga service began, using high-speed lines as far as Córdoba and then theCórdoba–Málaga Spanish-gauge conventional track to reachMálaga.[5] On 23 April that year, an AVE trainset set a new top speed of 356.8 km/h (221.7 mph) on a test run. Later in 1993 the mixed-method servicesTalgo 200 Madrid–Cádiz andTalgo 200 Madrid–Huelva began.
In 1994 AVE trains on the Madrid–Seville line began to run at 300 km/h, cutting journey times by at least 40 minutes and covering the 471 km in2+1⁄2 hours, though it is unlikely that much of a saving came from the increase in maximum speed, because only a small section of the line near Los Yébenes has the alignments for 300 km/h operation. The maximum permitted speed is 270 km/h between Atocha station and Brazatortas, save for the approaches to the intermediate stations (Atocha, Ciudad Real and Puertollano). Beyond Brazatortas, the line is only authorised for 250 km/h operation, which drops to 215 km/h in the Sierra Morena mountains and 90 km/h around Córdoba station.[6] It is more likely that time savings occurred as a result of there being fewer intermediate stops.
Although in 1999 Renfe began a mixed-serviceTalgo 200 Madrid–Algeciras route, this was, along with the other mixed services, transferred toGrandes Líneas Renfe (Renfe's Spanish gauge long-distance brand) following changes to plans for high-speed rail in Spain.
In November 2003 a newAVE Lanzadera medium distance service began between Seville and Córdoba using newclass 104 trains,[7] reducing journey times between the two cities to 40 minutes. In 2005 the brand was renamedRENFE Avant, and all those services started to use class 104 trains, leavingclass 100 for the AVE services.
The construction of a 21-kilometre (13 mi) stretch of high-speed line from Madrid toToledo allowed the inauguration of a medium distance service in November 2005.[8] The journey time between the two cities is now less than 30 minutes. The high-speed link combined with high property prices in Madrid has encouraged many Madrid commuters to settle inCiudad Real, the first stop on the Madrid–Seville line. There has, however, been controversy over the construction of this line as the change to standard-gauge track meant that towns such asGetafe,Aranjuez andAlgodor, which now have no commercial services, lost their direct services to Toledo. Furthermore, since Toledo is now connected by standard-gauge track it is impossible for other passenger or goods trains to reach it that have not come from other high-speed lines.
The last segment of theMadrid–Málaga high-speed rail line was completed on 23 December 2007 when the new high speed railway section between the cities of Córdoba and Málaga was inaugurated. It is a standard gauge railway line of 155 km in length and is designed for speeds of 350 km/h (217 mph). It has compatibility with neighboring countries' railway systems as well. The fastest AVE service between Madrid and Malaga takes 2 hours and 20 minutes.[9] In February 2008 new long-distance AVE services were introduced on the Seville−Barcelona and Málaga−Barcelona routes, as well as a new Avant service on the Málaga−Córdoba−Seville route.[10][11]
In October 2015 an extension of the Madrid-Seville high-speed rail line toCádiz was completed after 14 years of works and put in service byAlvia trains for speeds up to 200 km/h.[12] This section is built onIberian gauge track that ifERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System) railway signaling is installed in the line, with fewer stops between Seville and Cádiz the maximum speed for the trains can be raised up to 250 km/h.[13]
In 2019 theAntequera–Granada high-speed rail line opened at a total cost of €1.4 billion.[14]
The Madrid–Zaragoza–Barcelona line was inaugurated on 20 February 2008, after parts of the line had operated since 2003 (Madrid–Zaragoza–Lleida) and 2006 (Lleida–Tarragona). This line is currently one of the world's fastest long-distance trains in commercial operation,[15] with non-stop trains covering the 621 km (386 mi) between the two cities in just 2 hours 30 minutes, and those calling at all stations in 3 hours 10 minutes. The line includes a spur railway that branches off at Zaragoza towardsHuesca in northAragon. The Madrid–Huesca high-speed rail line was inaugurated in 2005 and put in AVE service in September that year.[16] In April 2008 theAvant service on the Barcelona−Camp de Tarragona−Lleida route was introduced.[17] It was originally planned that in 2012 high-speed services would link Madrid and Barcelona with Paris-Gare de Lyon and later perhaps London St Pancras (using the Eurotunnel and the HS1 line).
The line currently terminates atBarcelona Sants railway station, but a new station is under construction atLa Sagrera on the northern edge of the city. TheSants–La Sagrera tunnel links the Barcelona Sants station in Barcelona with the future Sagrera station through theEixample district. The tunnel passes under and along the streets ofProvença andMallorca, while uses a short part underDiagonal avenue to link between these two streets. In theCarrer de Mallorca street, the tunnel passes directly in front ofGaudí's masterpiece, the basilica of theSagrada Família, and in theCarrer de Provença street, near another Gaudí's architectural work, theCasa Milà. In a long campaign against this route, theBoard of the Sagrada Família and other parties argued that the tunnel would damage the church, whose construction is still in progress. In this discussion about different possible routes, the one now built is also called theProvença tunnel because part of its route passes under the street of the same name.
Thetunnel boring machineBarcino passed the Sagrada Família in October 2010, and reached its final destination a few months later. In March 2012, railway equipment was installed, with a special elastic isolation of the rails in order to dampen vibrations at the sections passing close to Gaudí's architectural works, using the Edilon system. Rail traffic was planned to start in 2012, initially without stops at the La Sagrera station, which was expected to be completed in 2016.[18][19] TheSants–La Sagrera tunnel was finally inaugurated on 8 January 2013 along with thePerpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line while commercial services via the tunnel towards France begun on the following day.[20] However, works on the Sagrera station suspended in early 2014 due to a corruption scandal involving one of the companies carrying out the works.[21][22][23] Construction works at the station were finally resumed in 2018[24] and the new AVE station is now expected to open to services by end 2026, although AVE trains started passing through the station since end 2024.[25]
The first installment of ahigh-speed rail corridor in the north and north-west of Spain was the 179.6 km section Madrid–Segovia–Valladolid which was put in operation on 22 December 2007.[26] It includes a tunnel of 28 kilometres (17 mi) atGuadarrama, which is thefourth longest train tunnel in Europe. Valladolid will become the hub for all AVE services connecting the north and north-west of Spain with the rest of the country.
Construction of the extension of the line towards the region ofAsturias started in 2009 (except forPajares Base Tunnel (variante de pajares) which started in 2003) and reached the city ofLeon in 2015 with the inauguration of the 162.7 kmValladolid–Venta de Baños–Leon section on 29 September 2015.[27] On 29 November 2023 the section Leon-La Robla-Pola de Lena was inaugurated after 20 years of works[28][29] On 21 May 2024 Renfe replaced the Madrid–Gijón and Castellón/Vinaros–Gijón Alvia services by AVE services on the first AVE gauge-changingClass 106 trains, able to operate at max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph with reduced journey times by 12 minutes between Madrid and Oviedo and by 10 minutes between Madrid and Gijón.[30]
On 24 April 2010, it was announced a 55 km high-speed spur would leave the Madrid–Valladolid route at Segovia and continue toÁvila. Initial plans were expected to be complete by the end of 2010 but as of 2024 this line remains in plans.[31]
On 21 July 2022 a new 86.5 km section between Venta de Baños andBurgos was inaugurated after 13 years of works at an investment cost of 759 million euros and introduced a new AVE Madrid-Burgos service that cuts the journey time between the two cities down to just over an hour and a half. This section is the first expansion of the high-speed network to the north-northeast towards the Spanish region of theBasque Country and the futureBasque high-speed railway line (Basque Y). It includes 2 tunnels and 12viaducts, the longest of them passes overPisuerga river andAutovía A-62 highway.[32]
In the north-west of Spain theMadrid–Galicia high-speed rail line completed on 21 December 2021 after 20 years of works when theOlmedo–Zamora–Santiago de Compostela section was finished. This line is connected to theMadrid–Asturias high-speed rail line at Olmedo south ofValladolid.[33][34]
Construction on the 87.1 km northernmost part of this section between the cities ofOurense andSantiago de Compostela began in late 2004 and this part was inaugurated in December 2011.[35] It was put in service along with the Santiago de Compostela–A Coruña section that was inaugurated in parallel. Since December 2011 theAvant service operates on the route Ourense–Santiago de Compostela–A Coruña by usingS-121 trains and this is the first high-speed service offered by Renfe in the region ofGalicia.[36] The 107 km southern section, between Olmedo (130 km north of Madrid on the Madrid–Asturias line) and Zamora entered revenue service on 17 December 2015 byAlvia trains.[37] The 110 km new built section in the middle between Zamora and Otero de Sanabria near the town ofPuebla de Sanabria was put in service on 26 October 2020, while the 119.4 km last remaining part between Puebla de Sanabria and Ourense which crosses some of Spain's most remote and fragile nature areas, was completed in end 2021.[38][33][34] Up to that date the entire line was served byAlviaS-730 (Patito, max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)) trains.[39][40]
This line is linked in the region of Galicia to the 156 kmAtlantic Axis high-speed rail line that connects the cities ofVigo and A Coruña via Santiago de Compostela. It is a new built Iberian gauge high-speed line designed for speeds up to 250 km/h and is due to be converted to standard gauge in the future.[41] The Atlantic Axis was inaugurated in April 2015 while the section A Coruña–Santiago de Compostela opened in 2009 and was electrified in 2011.[42] The new railway shortened the distance between the two cities by 22 km, from 178 km to 156 km, and cut the travel time from around 3 hours on the old railway down to 1 hour and 20 minutes on the new one. 37 tunnels totalling 59 km and 34 bridges totalling 15 km form part of the rebuilt railway.[43]
Since 21 May 2024 AVE Madrid–Vigo and Madrid–La Coruña services on gauge-changing Class 106 trains are offered with reduced journey times by 18 minutes between Madrid and Santiago de Compostela and by 16 minutes between Madrid and Vigo compared to the previously Alvia services.[30][44]
The Madrid–Levante network connects Madrid with the Mediterranean coast of theLevante Region (Eastern Spain). The Madrid–Cuenca–Valencia line was officially finished on Friday, 10 December 2010,[45] with commercial trips starting on Saturday 18 December 2010. Five days later, on 15 December 2010, the inauguration of the Cuenca–Albacete branch took place.[46] Those two lines form the first sections of theMadrid–Levante high-speed rail network. Since then non-stopAVE trains between Madrid and Valencia cover the 391 km (243 mi) in 1 hour 38 minutes.[47]
In June 2011,Renfe announced they would suppress the three daily high-speed trains betweenToledo, Cuenca and Albacete because of lack of passengers despite an investment of 3.5 billion euros (this figure includes the full Madrid–Levante railway network construction costs, with its later extensions toAlicante andMurcia).[48] Some media stated that the average number of daily passengers was 9 between Toledo and Albacete and 6 between Toledo and Cuenca while the daily cost was 18,000 euros, while official figures gave us an average of 403–464 daily passengers.[49] Those trains ran over existing high speed lines (the lines to Toledo, Seville and Valencia) and so services to those cities remain open, but passengers traveling between Toledo and other destinations had to change trains at Madrid. However, in 2022, as the Madrid–Cuenca–Valencia conventional railway was closed, direct high-speed trains between Toledo, Cuenca and Albacete have been reinstated, this time operated asAvant services, catering better to the needs of passengers than the AVE trains that operated since 2011.
The Madrid–Albacete–Alicante line was inaugurated on 18 June 2013.[50] Trains cover the distance between Madrid and Alicante in 2 hour 12 minutes. In the same year the Avant service betweenRequena-Utiel and Valencia was introduced.[51]
On 22 January 2018 the extension section of the line toCastellón was inaugurated introducing a new AVE service Madrid-Castellón which cut the journey time between the two cities by further 30 minutes to total 2 hours and 25 minutes.[52][53]
The first stretch of the AVE service from Madrid to Murcia was inaugurated on 1 February 2021,[54] linkingMonforte del Cid,Elche andOrihuela, while the continuation up to Murcia put in service on 20 December 2022.[55] Work is being prepared to extend the line toCartagena. When fully operational the Madrid–Levante network will total 955 km of high-speed rail connecting Madrid, Cuenca, Albacete, Valencia, Alicante, Elche, Castellón, Murcia and Cartagena.[56][57]
An important milestone for the Spanish high-speed network was reached in December 2013 when it was connected to the rest of Europe via France.[58][59] The connecting link was the construction of the 131-kilometre (81.4 mi)Barcelona–Figueres section of thePerpignan–Barcelona high-speed line, an extension of theMadrid–Barcelona line, completed in January 2013 at a cost of €3.7 billion.[20][60][61] The international 44.5-kilometre (27.7 mi)Perpignan–Figueres section of the line opened in December 2010 and includes the new 8.3-kilometre (5.2 mi)Perthus Tunnel under thePyrenees.[62]
The high-speed Barcelona–Figueres section (from Barcelona to the French border) was officially inaugurated on 7 January 2013. Since thenAVE services connectMadrid directly toGirona and Figueres via Barcelona andAvant services are offered on the Barcelona–Girona–Figueres route.[60][61] The journey from the centre ofBarcelona to the centre ofGirona takes now 37 minutes (compared to the previous 90 minutes), and to Figueres in 53 minutes (instead of two hours). Girona and Figueres are now 14 minutes from each other.
In December 2013 the first international high-speed services between Spanish and French cities were introduced byRenfe andSNCF.[63] One lackinghigh-speed section on the French side, betweenMontpellier andNîmes, opened in July 2018, allowing almost continuous high-speed travel from theFrench high-speed network to the Spanish one.[64] The French government, on the other hand, later announced indefinite delays to theMontpellier-Perpignan high speed section that was originally planned for 2020.
On 24 April 2010, tunnelling started on the 7.3 km route connecting the 2 main stations in Madrid,Madrid Atocha andMadrid Chamartín.[31] Electrification works for the line along with line duplication works in the section between Atocha and Torrejón de Velasco started in 2017 and these works were expected to be completed in early 2018 and the line was hoped to open for commercial service for AVE trains within the same year.[65][66] A later announcement postponed the opening for the second half of 2020. However, delays in the schedule due to theCOVID-19 pandemic postponed it further.[67] In November 2021, the inauguration of the interconnector was projected to the first trimester of 2022.[68] Test runs were being conducted in early February 2022, and the line was expected to be ready for permit application in early March.[69]The tunnel finally opened on July 1, 2022.[70]
Before this all trains going towardsValladolid left from Chamartín and trains going toSeville,Málaga,Valencia,Alicante andBarcelona left from Atocha station. Also, there is a single daily service in each direction running along the Barcelona–Seville, Barcelona–Málaga, and Barcelona-Granada routes, which uses the high-speed bypass aroundMadrid to avoid reversing the direction of train in Atocha station. The tunnel now allows services serving northern cities to travel non-stop or with a stop through Madrid and onward to southern cities (or vice versa), without the driver having to change ends or bypass Madrid, a valuable source of passengers. Previously someone wanting to travel from Valladolid to Alicante, for instance, had to travel fromValladolid Campo Grande station to Madrid Chamartín station before taking aCercanías service to Atocha; then finally taking an onward train to Alicante.
The Spanish high-speed network is used, among others, by the following services:
Currently, there are several series of high-speed trains that run theAVE service:
There are other series of trains that are considered high-speed and run under the brandsAlvia,Euromed andAvant, and arevariable gauge trains. Those can run on high-speed lines at a maximum of 250 km/h (155 mph), and can also change between standard- and Iberian-gauge lines without stopping. The trains that are operated under the Alvia, Euromed and Avant brands are:
The high-speed trains that run theOuigo España service are:
The high-speed trains that run theIryo service are:
Currently there are five corridors with twelve main lines in operation, as well as two spur lines connecting the cities ofToledo with the Madrid–Seville main line andHuesca with the Madrid–Barcelona main line. Two more lines, one along theMediterranean Corridor and one towardsExtremadura are partially in operation forAlvia/Euromed services, since they are still under construction.
TheMadrid–Galicia high-speed rail line connects the city ofMadrid with the region ofGalicia and theAtlantic Axis high-speed rail line in the North West of Spain viaSegovia,Zamora,Puebla de Sanabria,Ourense andSantiago de Compostela. The line includes a new 424 km long high-speed railway section that starts atOlmedo 130 km to the north of Madrid on theMadrid–Leon high-speed rail line and ends at Santiago de Compostela. It was put in AVE service on 21 December 2021.[33]
AVE trains run on the routes Madrid–Ourense, Madrid–A Coruña and Madrid–Vigo with a maximum operating speed of 300 km/h and cover the distances in 2h 15min, 3h 33min and 4h 18min respectively.[30] There is also an AVE schedule betweenAlicante and Ourense viaMadrid Chamartín that covers the distance in 4h 56min,[84] whilstAlvia services on the line on class130 and730 gauge-changing trains with a commercial speed of 250 km/h, connect Madrid toVigo,Lugo andFerrol andBarcelona to A Coruña and Vigo.[85] Since 5 November 2024, two Alvia Madrid-Vigo services bypassing Santiago de Compostela are replaced by AVE services onTalgo AVRIL trains, thus achieving for first time journey times between Madrid and Vigo below 4 hours at 3h 57min.[86]
Part of the line up toMedina del Campo is also used for the Alvia Madrid–Salamanca andBarcelona–Salamanca services.
TheAtlantic Axis high-speed railway line is connecting the two main cities ofVigo andA Coruña (Corunna) viaSantiago de Compostela in the northwestern Spanish region ofGalicia. The railway, 155.6 km in length, is an upgrade of the former non electrified single railway line between the town ofFerrol and the Portuguese border for the part between A Coruña and Vigo, into a double electrified high-speed line. The new rebuilt railway permits mixed use traffic with a maximum design speed of 250 km/h for passenger trains.[87] The line is connected at Santiago de Compostela with theMadrid–Galicia high-speed rail line.
The line is partially served byS-121 (max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)) trainsets for the medium distanceAvant services on the route A Coruña–Ourense via Santiago de Compostela.[88]AVE andAvlo services are also using parts of the line connecting A Coruña and Vigo toMadrid onS-106 trains (max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) whileAlviaS-730 (Patito, max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)) trainsets are also connecting Galicia with other Spanish regions.[30]
TheMadrid–Asturias high-speed rail line connects Madrid with theautonomous community ofAsturias. The line first connects the cities ofSegovia andValladolid until it branches off the Valladolid–Vitoria high-speed section atVenta de Baños: 205 km north of Madrid and then reaches Asturias atPola de Lena viaPalencia andLeón.[89] The line supports the longest railway tunnel in Spain at 28 km in length and is served on the Madrid–León route by up to twoAVE S-102 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains per day with the fastest schedule lasting 2 hours and 6 minutes, oneAVE S-106 (max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) Madrid–Gijón train per day that covers the distance in 3 hours and 36 minutes and one AVE S-106 Castellón/Vinaros–Gijón train per day.[30] There are also a direct León–Valencia and León–Alicante AVE schedules onS-112 trains.[90][84][91]
Other trainsets used on the Madrid–Asturias line includeS-120 (max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)) andS-130 (Patito, max speed 250 km/h (155 mph)) for theAlvia services, that run the Madrid–Avilés and Alicante–Gijón routes, making additional stops inPola de Lena,Mieres andOviedo in Asturias.[78] Medium distanceAvant services connect Madrid to Valladolid viaSegovia station.
TheMadrid–Burgos high-speed rail line connects Madrid withBurgos. The line shares a common section with the Madrid–Asturias high-speed rail line up toVenta de Baños and then includes an 86.5 km long spur line up to the city of Burgos.S-112 trains are used for the AVE Madrid–Burgos service and cover the distance in 1 hour and 33 minutes by making one stop in the city ofValladolid.[32] Since January 2023 the AVE service between Burgos and Valencia connects the two cities in 3 hour and 30 minutes[92] and since April 2024 the AVE service Burgos–Murcia links the two cities.[93]
Madrid–Barcelona high-speed railway line connectsMadrid withBarcelona in the north east of Spain passing through the cities ofGuadalajara,Calatayud,Zaragoza (Saragossa),Lleida (Lérida) andTarragona where the future Tarragona–Valencia high-speed railway line will connect. The line has a length of 621 km and a travel time of two and a half hours for the direct trains using the route avoiding entering Zaragoza (Saragossa) and Lleida (Lérida). The line is served byAVE S-103 (max speed 350 km/h or 217 mph) andAvloS-106 (max speed 380 km/h or 236 mph) trains between the two cities. Twenty sixAVE andAvlo trains run every day per direction between 6:00 and 21:10 hrs,[94] six of them continue toFigueres. In addition there is one international AVE train per day with destination toMarseille. Direct AVE trains Barcelona–Seville and Barcelona–Malaga that do not make a stop in Madrid are also scheduled combining the Madrid–Barcelona line with one of the southern corridor's existing lines.S-112 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains are used for these services and cover these distances in less than 6 hours. The same S-112 trains are used for the low cost Avlo Madrid–Zaragoza–Barcelona–Figueres service on the line.[95]Iryo andOuigo España offer five additional Madrid–Barcelona schedules per day per direction each, with some schedules calling atZaragoza–Delicias andCamp de Tarragona stations.[96][97] Medium distanceAvant Barcelona–Lleida and Calatayud–Zaragoza services are also scheduled on the line.Alvia services are using parts of the Madrid–Barcelona line connecting Madrid withPamplona andLogroño via Calatayud and Barcelona withBilbao,San Sebastian,Salamanca,Vigo andA Coruña via Zaragoza.
The international high-speed section across the border,Perpignan–Figueres (44.4 km), of thePerpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line opened in December 2010. Since then, FrenchTGV trains operate fromParis. The Spanish high-speed section Barcelona–Figueres opened on 7 January 2013.[98][99] Nine Spanish services initially serviced the line, with 8 being a through service to Madrid, which also connected with two French TGV services from Paris. Previously French TGV services connected Paris and Barcelona by means of a shuttle train on the standard Barcelona–Figueres line.[100][101][102] Direct Barcelona–Paris, Madrid–Marseille, Barcelona–Lyon and Barcelona–Toulouse high-speed trains between France and Spain started on 15 December 2013.[103] However, after braking up the Renfe-SNCF cooperation in 2022, SNCF relaunched the Barcelona–Paris TGV service on its own under theTGV inOui brand, and later in summer 2023 Renfe introduced its own new services under theAVE brand on the routes Madrid–Marseille and Barcelona–Lyon.[104] Medium distanceAvant Barcelona–Girona and Barcelona–Figueres services are also scheduled on the line.
The Zaragoza–Huesca section branches off from the Madrid–Barcelona line atZaragoza and connects with the city ofHuesca and serves the connection train station for regional trains in the town ofTardienta. The line first put in operation in 2005 and is served by up to twoAVE S-102 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains per day with the fastest train journey between the two cities lasting 2 hours and 5 minutes. The line is also used by the Huesca–Seville AVE service onS-100 (max speed 300 km/h or 186 mph) trains that cover the distance in 5 hours 38 minutes while calling at Tardienta, Zaragoza,Calatayud,Guadalajara,Madrid-Puerta de Atocha andCórdoba.[105]
The Madrid–Castellón line connects the city ofCastellón with the city of Madrid passing through the cities ofCuenca,Requena-Utiel andValencia. The section It is serviced byAVE S-112 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains, assembled by the Talgo-Bombardier consortium. Direct AVE trains to Valencia cover the 391 km in 98 minutes while thirty trains run every day between 05:00 and 21:00, fifteen in each direction. For the service Madrid–Castellón AVE trains cover the distance in 2 hours and 25 minutes and 4 trains per day are scheduled, two in each direction.[53] The line is part of theMadrid–Levante network.
Direct AVE trainsValencia–Seville that do not make a stop in Madrid are also scheduled combining the existing lines of Madrid–Castellón and Madrid–Seville.S-102 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains are used for this service and cover the whole distance in 3 hours and 50 minutes. In addition AVE Valencia–Burgos and Valencia–León services viaMadrid Chamartín are offered in the line.[92][90] The line is partially used by theIryo Madrid–Valencia service calling atCuenca–Fernando Zóbel station,[76] by the low costAvlo Madrid–Valencia service,[106] by theOuigo España Madrid–Valencia service and by theAvant Valencia–Requena-Utiel service. The line is also used by theAlviaGijón–Castellón and Gijón–Vinaros services via Madrid Chamartín.
A 350 km/h line branches off from the Madrid–Castellón Line and connects the city ofAlicante with the city of Madrid passing through the cities ofCuenca,Albacete andVillena.[107] It is part of theMadrid–Levante HSR network and is serviced byAVE S-112 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains that cover the distance in up to 2 hours and 12 minutes. It is also used by the low costAvlo, theOuigo España and theIryo Madrid–Alicante services calling atAlbacete-Los Llanos station and the Avlo Valladolid–Alicante service.[108][76] In addition there are direct Alicante–Ourense and Alicante–Leon viaMadrid Chamartín[84] and Alicante–Málaga viaMadrid Atocha[109] AVE services as well as an Alicante–Valladolid Ouigo España service via Madrid Chamartín that are using the line.[110]Avant trains in theToledo–Albacete route via Madrid Atocha are also scheduled in the line. The line is also used by theAlviaGijón–Alicante andSantander–Alicante services via Madrid Chamartín.
Branching out from the Madrid–Alicante Line atMonforte del Cid to extend the network towardsMurcia, this branch linksAlbacete,Elche,Orihuela and Murcia. The firstAVE service to Orihuela was inaugurated on 1 February 2021 while the extension to Murica was inaugurated on 20 December 2022. Work is being prepared to extend the line to Cartagena. The AVE Madrid–Elche–Orihuela–Murcia daily service takes 2 hours and 45 minutes for the fastest journey served byS-112 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains running at maximum speed of 300 km/h. Some trains are arriving toAlicante and then reversing towards Murcia.[54][55] TheOuigo España Madrid–Albacete–Elche–Murcia daily service also takes 2 hours and 45 minutes.[111] There is also a Murcia–Burgos AVE service, a one way Murcia–ValladolidAvlo service viaMadrid Chamartín[93] and a Murcia–Málaga AVE service viaAlicante andMadrid-Puerta de Atocha on the line.[109] Finally medium distanceAvant services connect Murcia to Alicante making intermediate stops in Beniel, Orihuela, Callosa Cox and Elche.[112]
TheMadrid–Seville high-speed railway line connectsMadrid withSeville in the south of Spain, passing through the cities ofCiudad Real,Puertollano andCórdoba, where theMadrid–Málaga high-speed rail line branches off towardsMálaga just outsideLos Mochos nearAlmodóvar del Río. The route travels across the plains ofCastile, travelling through theSierra Morena mountains just before reaching Córdoba, before going onward towards Seville through the largely flat land surrounding theGuadalquivir river. The Madrid–Seville line was the first dedicated passenger high-speed rail line to be built in Spain and was completed in time for Seville'sExpo 92.
With a length of 472 km, the fastest train journey between the two cities takes 2 hours and 20 minutes. The line is served byAVE S-100 (max speed 300 km/h or 186 mph) trains for the Madrid–Seville and the Seville–Huesca services, whilstAVE S-112 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h (205 mph)) trains are used on the routes Seville–Valencia and Seville–Barcelona. The line is also used by theIryo Madrid–Seville service calling atCórdoba station and by the low costAvlo high speed service (2 trains per day) on 438 seat S-112 trains calling at all intermediate stations.[96][113] Medium distanceAvant services connect Madrid to Puertollano viaCiudad Real station and Seville to Málaga and toGranada via Córdoba station. The extension section of the Madrid-Seville high-speed rail line toCádiz is built inIberian gauge and is served byAlvia trains that connect the city of Cádiz to Madrid and reach speeds up to 200 km/h in this section.[12] The Alvia Madrid–Huelva service is also running along the line.
TheMadrid–Málaga high-speed rail line connects the city ofMálaga with the city of Madrid. The line shares a common section with the Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line up to the city ofCórdoba and then includes a 155 km long spur line up to the city of Málaga. It is served byAVE S-103 trains[114] and the fastest train journey between the two cities takes 2 hours and 20 minutes. There is also a direct Málaga–Barcelona AVE service on S-103 trains[115] and a direct Málaga–Murcia viaMadrid-Puerta de Atocha andAlicante AVE service onAVE S-112 trains,[109] while the line is also used by theIryo Madrid–Málaga service calling atCórdoba station and by the low costAvlo high speed service (2 trains per day) on 438 seatS-112 trains calling at all intermediate stations.[96][113] Medium distanceAvant services connect Málaga toSeville via Córdoba,Puente Genil-Herrera andAntequera-Santa Ana stations and toGranada via Antequera-Santa Ana. Apart from the traffic to and from the city of Málaga, the line also handles the traffic to the cities ofGranada andAlgeciras. In the future, the line will also support the traffic between Madrid and theCosta del Sol high-speed rail line.
TheMadrid–Toledo high-speed rail line branches off from the Seville and Málaga routes around the depot at La Sagra. TheAvant service between the two cities offers journey times of half an hour on trains with a maximum speed of 250 km/h.
The 122.8 kmAntequera–Granada high-speed rail line[116] is a part of the under constructionAndalusian Transverse Axis high-speed rail line. The three times per day AVE service betweenMadrid Atocha andGranada covers the distance of 568 km in 3 h 5 min. The daily AVE train between Granada andBarcelona Sants connects the two cities in 6 h 25 min.S-102 andS-112 (Pato, max speed 330 km/h or 205 mph) trains are used for these services and all trains call atCórdoba, offering a journey time of 90 min from Granada.[117] Medium distanceAvant services connect Granada toMálaga and toSeville calling atLoja andAntequera-Santa Ana. The line is also used by the dailyAlvia service Madrid-Almeria onS-730 trains[81]
Only some sections along the SpanishMediterranean Sea coast have high-speed railway standards. Such sections include the recently new built 46,5 kmCamp de Tarragona-Vandellòs section and the 72 kmValencia-Castellón and the most recentMonforte del Cid-Murcia sections as parts of theMadrid–Levante network. The section betweenCamp de Tarragona andFigueres is a part of theMadrid–Barcelona-Figueres high-speed line while the section between Vandellòs and Castellón is an upgraded line of the oldIberian-gaugeValencia−Sant Vicenç de Calders railway. Sections linking Valencia withAlicante are currently under construction to be converted tostandard gauge high-speed standards. Renfe'sEuromed service operate along the Mediterranean coast betweenFigueres andAlicante at speeds up to 250 km/h for the high-speed parts by usingdual-gaugeRENFE Class 130 trainsets. Euromed offers Barcelona-Valencia connection in 2 hours and 35 minutes and Barcelona-Alicante in 4 hours and 20 minutes while some services are extended toGirona and Figueres.[118][119] In addition the medium distanceAvant Barcelona−Figueres, Barcelona–Tortosa and Murcia–Alicante services also operate along the Mediterranean corridor.
A new interconnecting tunnel betweenMadrid Atocha andMadrid Chamartín stations opened to service in July 2022. The following services are using the tunnel:AVE Madrid–Alicante service having Madrid Chamartín station as a terminal station, the AVE Burgos–Valencia, Burgos–Murcia, Alicante–Ourense and Alicante–Leon services, theAvlo Murcia–Valladolid and Valladolid–Alicante services, and the Alicante–ValladolidOuigo España service.[92][93][110] Also passing through this tunnel are theAlvia trains for services connectingGijón toAlicante,Santander to Alicante and Gijón toOropesa Del Mar viaValencia.[70] The Madrid–Badajoz Alvia service uses this tunnel too, starting at Madrid Chamartín and making a stop at the Cercanías part of Madrid Atocha.
Currently there are six corridors with eleven lines under construction.
The northmost section of the Madrid–Asturias high-speed railway within the region of Asturias betweenPola de Lena andGijón is planned to be renovated by 2024. It has total length 62 km.[28][120]
The extension of the Madrid–Valladolid section towards the Basque Country began construction in 2009. This 223.4 kilometres (138.8 mi) railway line will run parallel to the 244.8 kilometres (152.1 mi) long existing railway line. Originally it was to be used as a mixed-use high-speed railway line, but it has since been changed to a passenger-dedicated railway line, leaving the existing railway line for freight trains. The line was forecast to open theValladolid–Burgos part around 2013 and the Burgos–Vitoria-Gasteiz part in 2014 or 2015. However, due to delays the line is not expected to open before 2028,[122] although the Valladolid–Burgos section entered full revenue service in July 2022.[32] AtVitoria it will be connected to the Basque high-speed railway line (Basque Y), thus reaching the French border. Once opened, the travel time betweenValladolid andVitoria will be around an hour.
TheBasque high-speed railway line (Basque Y) will connect the three Basque capitals,Vitoria-Gasteiz,Bilbao andSan Sebastián. Construction began in October 2006 and the line was originally forecast to open in 2016. However, due to delays in construction, later estimations forecast its completion in 2023[124] butAdif's draft budget in end 2022 put again the completion of the Basque Y further to the year 2027.[125] The three Basque capitals will be further connected with Madrid via Valladolid, and with the French border viaIrun andBayonne while a connection withPamplona via two different alternative routes is currently in debate .[125]
A new high-speed line is planned to branch off from the currentMadrid–Leon high-speed rail line atPalencia and as a part of the north corridor will connect the region ofCantabria to the high-speed rail network with direct connection to Madrid. According to the plans the city ofSantander will be connected viaVillaprovedo andReinosa. An agreement for completing the line by the end of 2015 was signed on 11 August 2010 including the agreement to call tenders for the section between Palencia and Villaprovedo before the end of March 2011 and for the Villaprovedo – Reinosa section before the end of 2012.[126] However, construction works in the line started in November 2021 for the 20,8 km section between Palencia Norte andOsorno, while the section between Osorno and Reinosa was planned to be projected in 2022 and to start construction in 2023.[127][128] In October 2022, construction approval was given by the Spanish government for the 20,7 km section between Osorno andCalahorra de Boedo,[129] while tendering for the 13,7 km section between Calahorra de Boedo andAlar del Rey started in December 2022. As of 2023[update] a total 78,4 km of the line in the part between Palencia and Alar del Rey are projected.[130]
This is an under construction section, part of theMadrid–Levante network of high-speed railways connecting the capital with the Mediterranean coast. Consisting of 955 kilometres (593 mi) of railways with an estimated cost of 12.5 billion euros, it is the most expensive high-speed railway project in Spain. The network will consist of both dedicated passenger high-speed railways designed for trains running above 300 kilometres per hour (190 mph) and high-speed railways shared with freight trains.[56] The network is to be opened in stages, starting with theMadrid–Valencia/Albacete section, which was opened in December 2010,[45][131] followed by Albacete–Alicante in June 2013,[132] Valencia–Castellón in January 2018,[52]Monforte del Cid–Orihuela in February 2021[54] and reached the city ofMurcia in December 2022,[55] while a branch line toCartagena is expected to follow by 2024. The section linking Valencia with Alicante in theMediterranean Corridor was originally expected to open in 2022 but as of 2023 this is still pending.[133]
The southernAndalusian transverse high-speed railway line is a 503.7-kilometre railway running between the cities ofHuelva andAlmería, passing the cities ofSeville andGranada. The line is designed for speeds up to 250 kilometres per hour, except for the 130-kilometre Antequera–Granada and the 103-kilometre Seville–Huelva parts of the line, which are designed for speeds in excess of 300 kilometres per hour. A connection between Huelva and the Portuguese border is being studied.[citation needed] When finished the journey between Huelva and Almería in the new line is estimated to last 3 hours and 35 minutes.[135]
The first sectionAntequera–Granada was put in service on 26 June 2019 connecting the city of Granada to the rest of the high speed network via a branch from theMadrid–Málaga high-speed rail line.[117] In March 2024 the contract to build the last remaining high-speed section of this line, bypassingLoja, was awarded.[136]
Construction in the 128 km section between Seville andAntequera started in 2005 under the responsibility of theRegional Government of Andalusia on a route that includesSevilla-Santa Justa,Seville Airport, Los Alcores Tunnel,Marchena,Osuna,Pedrera andAntequera-Santa Ana. However, since 2013 construction works are halted due to lack of funding with platform works in the 75 km section between Marchena and Antequera to be completed at a cost of 288 million euros, but with the remaining part between Sevilla-Santa Justa and Marchena to remain incomplete. As of 2023[update] the Government of Andalusia is planning to start studies in order to find new financing possibilities and continue the project.[137][138] Works in the section between Granada and Almería have not started yet and completion is forecast no earlier than 2030.[139]
This high-speed railway line will be part passenger-dedicated high-speed railway (Madrid–Alcázar de San Juan) and part shared with freight trains (Alcázar de San Juan–Jaén). The first 99 km of the line will use the already existing Madrid-Seville high-speed railway line. From there, a 67.5 km branch line will be constructed towardsAlcázar de San Juan.
From Alcázar de San Juan the existing railway line will be upgraded to allow passenger trains to run up to 250 km/h; a new double-tracked route through theDespeñaperros mountain range will be built to replace the existing single-tracked route. This part of the high-speed railway also forms part of the Madrid–Algeciras freight corridor.
Construction for this line was approved by the Spanish government on 15 July 2005 and works were planned to begin in 2008. However, works were paralyzed for years before they resumed in November 2017. The first section between Grañena and Jaén with a total length of 16,7 km was completed in March 2020.[140][141]
An extension of the line to Granada is being investigated; however, the complicated terrain betweenJaén and Granada might make it uneconomical.
The railway linkingTarragona toAlmería viaValencia andMurcia is expected to be completed by 2026 when the currently under construction 184 kmMurcia–Almería high-speed rail line will be finished.[142]
Its first 46,5 km new built cut-off part inIberian-gauge track betweenCamp de Tarragona andVandellòs started commercial services on 13 January 2020 and it is designed for speeds up to 200 km/h.[143] A new dual-gauge high speed rail track on the 72 km part between Valencia andCastellón was inaugurated in January 2018.[144] The section between Vandellòs and Castellón is an upgraded line of the old Iberian-gaugeValencia−Sant Vicenç de Calders railway currently used by theEuromed service in speeds up to 220 km/h that covers distance of 400 km between the cities of Barcelona and Valencia in 2 hours and 35 minutes.[119] With a new line, it will take about 1 hour and 45 minutes on high speed trains to cover the same distance.[145] However, this part is not under construction yet for a newstandard-gauge high speed line.
The section linking Valencia withAlicante is expected to be completed by year 2025 at latest. The 52 km part between Torrent outside Valencia andXàtiva, which is still under construction since October 2002, was initially expected to be completed by end 2020 and it is designed for speeds up to 350 km/h. Electrification works in the line were completed in December 2016.[146] Modernization works for the 40 km single track in the remaining part between Xàtiva and La Encina Hub including conversion to standard-gauge high speed line for maximum speed of 260 km/h were expected to be completed by end 2022, but as of early 2023 they were still in testing phase.[133][147][148] Since 9 September 2023 this section is closed to traffic in order additional works to take place for adding a double track.[149] Works are now expected to be finished by late 2025.[133]
The final section between Almería andAlgeciras, passing throughMálaga, will be built at a later point in time and an alternative and longer route looks likely.[145]
This line was initially planned asLisbon–Madrid high-speed rail line in order to connect the two peninsular capitals, Madrid andLisbon in 2 hours and 45 minutes.[150][151] This line had been a key issue in bilateral summits in recent years and was about to link Spain's high-speed rail network with the plannedHigh-speed rail in Portugal, a project announced by the Portuguese government in February 2009. Construction on the Spanish side began in late 2008 on a segment between the cities ofBadajoz andMérida. Both Spanish and Portuguese track were to be completed around 2013, later the Portuguese government brought forward its plans from 2015 but the Portuguese froze works in June 2011 and eventually cancelled the project in March 2012.[152][153][154] In 2016 theEuropean Union'sEuropean Regional Development Fund, gave Spain €205.1m towards the €312.1m needed for the track betweenNavalmoral de la Mata andMérida, Spain.[155] The section on the Spanish side between Madrid and Badajoz was originally expected to be completed by 2023.[156] However, according to new estimations the line is not expected to be completed before 2030.[157]
With a length of 439 km on the Spanish side, of which 48 km are part of the already builtMadrid–Seville high-speed rail line, the original plan was to connect cities likeTalavera de la Reina,Navalmoral de la Mata,Plasencia,Cáceres,Mérida andBadajoz to Madrid.[150] The Almonte River Viaduct was completed in May 2016 to carry this line. It is a concretearch bridge with a span of 384 meters (1,260 feet), ranking among the longest in the world of this type of bridge.[158][159] For the section between Madrid andOropesa a new Informative Study was awarded by the Ministry of Public Works in February 2018 in order to propose alternative routes with lower environmental impact than those in the initial study from 2008.[160] In November 2020 the new study was approved by the Ministry of Transport and in the revised proposal the city ofToledo was added in the route by the use of the existinghigh speed section between Madrid and Toledo. The new introduced 127 km section with budget of €1.3 billion starts from Toledo and passes through the cities of Talavera de la Reina and Oropesa until it reaches the border of theProvince of Toledo with new stations planned in all those three cities.[161]
The section between Plasencia and Mérida was originally planned to put in service by end 2021.[162] However, the first part given to service was the entire 150 km section between Plasencia and Badajoz that was inaugurated on 18 July 2022 at an investment cost of €1.7 billion. It is a double Iberian gauge line that is due to be changed to standard gauge in the future. The total budget for the Madrid–Extremadura line is €3.7 billion[82] and when the line is finished it is expected to provide high-speed rail services linking Badajoz to Madrid in 2 hours 31 minutes.[157]
A high-speed track between Zaragoza (Aragon) and Pamplona (Navarre) is currently under development as a part of the Two Seas (Cantabrian-Mediterranean) corridor. The section between Castejon and Pamplona (both in Navarre) with a total length of 75.5 kilometers is under construction with some sub-sections already completed.[163] The line initially expected to be completed by 2023[164] but new estimations give now 2027 as completion year. The 82.3 km section between Zaragoza and Castejón is in design phase with the second informative study publiced in 2023, while its completion is expected to take at least one more decade. The total budget for the Zaragoza–Pamplona line ranges from 1,252 to 1,446 million euros depending on the layout around Zaragoza and the planned station inTudela, while travel time is expected to cut in half from two hours now to one hour in the new high-speed line.[165]
In the short term, other connections to the LGV are planned. After the connection to France atLa Jonquera inCatalonia, another connection is proposed atIrun in theBasque Country. Other new lines are under consideration, including a line connectingSoria to the Madrid–Barcelona line atCalatayud. Finally, the Madrid–Barcelona line currently terminates in Barcelona's Estació de Sants, but a new station is under construction atLa Sagrera on the northern edge of the city.
In the long term, the Spanish government has an ambitious plan to make 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) of high-speed railway operational, with all provincial capitals at most only 4 hours from Madrid, and6+1⁄2 hours from Barcelona. According to the Strategic Plan for railway infrastructures developed by the SpanishMinisterio de Fomento (Ministry of Public Works), called PEIT, and published in 2005, a second expansion program is planned to start when the last lines of the first program begin operation. This plan initially had a ten-year scope, ending in 2020, and its ambition was to make the 300 km/h (186 mph) network reach 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) by the end of that year.[166] However, this program has been now postponed to indefinite time frame since the first expansion program is still on going. When both programs will be completed, the Spanish high-speed network will be the most extensive network in Europe, with several operational links with France and Portugal, and this is the most ambitious high-speed rail plan in theEuropean Union.
In May 2021 the Spanish Ministry of Transport, Mobility and Urban Agenda announced its plans to connect Madrid'sAdolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport with the high-speed network. According to the plans this is going to be realized in two phases. In the first short-term phase, AVE trains will reach the airport by sharing a line with theCercanías trains untilChamartín station. Tendering for these works is planned to start within 2022. In long-term during the second phase, a dedicated high-speed line will be constructed to connect the airport.[167]
The 430 km high-speed line will connectFerrol inGalicia withBilbao in theBasque Country passing through the regions ofAsturias andCantabria along theCantabrian Sea coast in the north Spain. The line will be further connected to theAtlantic Axis high-speed rail line on the west, theBasque Y high-speed railway line on the east and the north corridor (Madrid–Asturias high-speed rail line) in Asturias region. The travel time between El Ferrol and Bilbao in the new line is estimated to last 1 hour and 48 minutes at average speeds of 250 km/h (155 mph).[168] The line is not yet projected, although the initial plan was for completion before 2024.[169]
The line will connect theValencian Community with theBasque Country region and the French border passing through the regions ofAragon,Navarre andLa Rioja, with further connection to theTGV network viaIrun towardsBordeaux andParis. The line will include two connections between the region of Aragon and the Basque Country, one viaPamplona in Navarre towards the French border and one viaLogroño in La Rioja towardsBilbao. Connected cities will includeValencia,Teruel,Zaragoza, Pamplona, Logroño,Vitoria-Gasteiz,San Sebastián and Bilbao with possible further connection toSantander. The travel time between Valencia and Bilbao in the new high-speed line will be decreased from 9 hours down to roughly 4 hours.[170] Some sections between the regions of Aragon, Navarre and La Rioja are projected, while the section betweenCastejon and Pamplona is currently under construction.[164] The Ministry of Development has not set a target date to complete the Cantabrian-Mediterranean corridor yet.[163]
A new high-capacity rail connecting Spain with France on international standard gauge track is considered via a 40 km tunnel through the central Pyrenees mountains. The line, also called Trans-Pyrenean Central Corridor (Travesía Central de los Pirineos) or TCP project, will serve both passenger high-speed trains as well as large freight trains and will connect directlyZaragoza toToulouse viaHuesca a distance of 355 km in length.[171][172] Ten possible alternatives are being considered for crossing the mountains, all of them including tunnels at low altitude and other possible stops includeTarbes orPau. There is currently no clear provision on its construction.[173]
The still-growing network transported a record 39.0 million passengers in 2024.[174] Though the network length is extensive, it lags in ridership behind comparable high-speed rail systems in Japan, France, Germany, China, Taiwan, and Korea.
2000s | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 4.878 | 5.559 | 11.461 | 11.250 | ||||||
2010s | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| 10.851 | 12.563 | 12.101 | 14.697 | 17.967 | 19.428 | 20.353 | 20.558 | 21.334[177] | 22.370 | |
2020s | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 |
| 7.603 | 12.283 | 23.562 | 31.784 | 39.019 |
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