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This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Japanese on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Japanese in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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H:IPA-JA

Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Japanese

The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsJapanese language pronunciations inWikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Examples in the charts are Japanese words transliterated according to theHepburn romanization system.

SeeJapanese phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Japanese.

Consonants
IPA	Example		English approximation
IPA	Kana	Romanization	English approximation
b	ばしょ,かびん,ヴァージョン	basho, kabin,vājon	about
bʲ	びょうき	byōki	rebuke
ç	ひと,ひょう	hito,hyō	hue
ɕ	した,いっしょう	shita, isshō	sheep
d	どうも,どうどう	dōmo,dōdō	today
dz^[1]	ざぜん,あんぜん,キッズ	zazen, anzen, kizzu^[2]	cards
dʑ^[1]	じょじょ,かんじゃ,エッジ	jojo, kanja, ejji^[2]	jeep
ɸ	ふじ	fuji	phew!
ɡ^[3]	がっこう,りんご,ぎんこう	gakkō, ringo,ginkō	again
ɡʲ	きぎょう	kigyō	argue
h	ほん,はは	hon,haha	hat
j	やくしゃ,ゆず	yakusha,yuzu	yacht
k	くる,はっき	kuru, hakki	skate
kʲ	きょうかい,けっきょく	kyōkai, kekkyoku	skew
m	みかん,せんぱい,もんもん	mikan, senpai,monmon	much
mʲ	みゃく	myaku	mute
n	なっとう,かんたん	nattō, kantan	not
ɲ	にわ,こんにゃく,きんちょう	niwa, konnyaku, kinchō	canyon
ŋ^[3]	りんご,なんきょく	ringo, nankyoku	pink
ɴ^[4]	にほん	nihon	roughly likelong
p	パン,たんぽぽ	pan, tanpopo	span
pʲ	はっぴょう	happyō	spew
ɾ	ろく,そら	roku, sora	Americanatom
ɾʲ	りょうり	ryōri	Americanparty
s	する,さっそう	suru,sassō	soup
t	たべる,とって	taberu,totte	stop
tɕ	ちかい,けっちゃく	chikai, ketchaku^[2]	itchy
ts	つなみ,いっつい	tsunami, ittsui^[2]	cats
w^[5]	わさび	wasabi	roughly likewas
ɰ̃^[6]	ふんいき,でんわ,あんしん	fun'iki, denwa, anshin	sin
z^[1]	ざぜん,つづく	zazen, tsuzuku	zoo
ʑ^[1]	みじかい,じょじょ	mijikai, jojo	vision
ʔ	あつっ！	atsu'!	uh-oh

Vowels
IPA	Example		English approximation
IPA	Kana	Romanization	English approximation
a	ある	aru	father
e	えき	eki	bet
i	いる	iru	meet
i̥^[7]	した	shita	whisperedmeet
o	おに	oni	story
ɯ^[8]	うなぎ	unagi	shoot
ɯ̥^[7]	すきやき	sukiyaki	whisperedshoot

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Description	Example	English approximation
ː	Long vowel	hyōmei, ojiisan	grandfather,grandpa
ꜜ	Pitch drop^[9]	[kaꜜki] (牡蠣, 'oyster'), [kakiꜜ] (垣, 'fence')	/ˈmæri/ (marry), /məˈriː/ (Marie)
\|	Minor break^[10]	[haꜜ.ɾɯno \| soꜜ.ɾa] (春の空, 'sky in spring'), [ja.maꜜ.ɕi.ta\| haꜜ.na.ko] (山下花子, 'Yamashita Hanako'), [a.ɕi̥.kaꜜ.ɡa \| ta.kaꜜ.ɯ.(d)ʑi] (足利尊氏, 'Ashikaga Takauji'), [ja.ma.da(\|) haꜜ.na.ko]^[11]^[12] (山田花子, 'Yamada Hanako'), [a.ɾi.wa.ɾa no (\|) na.ɾiꜜ.çi.ɾa]^[11] (在原業平, 'Ariwara no Narihira')	brothers \| and sisters cease \| and desist separate \| but equal Ronald \| Reagan Barack \| Obama
.	Syllabification	nin'i[ɲiɰ̃.i]	higher/ˈhaɪ.ər/

Notes

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^dVoiced fricatives[z,ʑ] are generally pronounced as affricates[dz,dʑ] in utterance-initial positions and after themoraic nasal/N/ ([n] before[dz] and[ɲ] before[dʑ]) or thesokuon/Q/ (only in loanwords). Actual realizations of these sounds vary (seeYotsugana).
^^a ^b ^c ^dWhen anaffricate consonant isgeminated, only theclosure component of it is repeated:[kiddzɯ,eddʑi,ittsɯi,kettɕakɯ].
^^a ^bA declining number of speakers pronounce word-medial/ɡ/ as[ŋ] (Vance 2008:214), but/ɡ/ is always represented as[ɡ] in this system.
^The utterance-final nasal is traditionally described as uvular[ɴ], but instrumental studies have found that this is inaccurate and the actual realization varies (Maekawa 2023). However, an alternative transcription has yet to be established, so ⟨ɴ⟩ is used.
^[w] is phonetically a bilabial approximant[β̞], but it is traditionally described as a velar[ɰ] or labialized velar[w] approximant and transcribed with ⟨ɰ⟩ or ⟨w⟩ (Maekawa 2020).
^The syllable-finaln (moraic nasal) is pronounced as some kind ofnasalized vowel before a vowel, semivowel ([j,ɰ]) or fricative ([ɸ,s,ɕ,ç,h]).[ɰ̃] is a conventional notation that is undefined for the exact place of articulation (Vance 2008:97).
^^a ^bClose vowels[i,ɯ] becomevoiceless[i̥,ɯ̥] when short and surrounded by voiceless consonants within a word. When the second consonant is[ɸ],[ç], or[h], or when both consonants are fricatives (including the second component of an affricate), devoicing is much less likely to occur (Fujimoto 2015), so vowels in such environments are not transcribed as voiceless (nor are word-final or non-close vowels, whose devoicing is also less consistent). Where close vowels that would be devoiced according to the above rules occur in succession, usually whichever vowel is accented is voiced; if neither is accented, the second is voiced (Fujimoto 2015:189):[kɯꜜɕi̥kɯmo,tsɯ̥kɯɕi]. These rules may be overridden by citing a reliable source that marks devoicing, such asNHK (2016) orKindaichi & Akinaga (2014), if the word being transcribed appears in it.
^[ɯ], romanizedu, exhibits varying degrees ofrounding depending on dialect. InTokyo dialect, it is either unrounded or compressed[ɯᵝ], meaning the sides of the lips are held together without horizontal protrusion, unlike protruded[u].
^A pitch drop may occur only once per word and does not occur in all words. The mora before a pitch drop has a high pitch. When it occurs at the end of a word, the following grammatical particle has a low pitch.
^A non-initial-accented minor phrase almost always starts with a low pitch on the first mora and rises to a higher one on the second mora. This separator marks the start of a new minor phrase with such a rise in pitch, from the first to the second mora, within a major phrase. It also distinguishes major phrases (with one or more possible pitch drops) from minor phrases (with only one possible pitch drop).
^^a ^bIf this mark is parenthesized, the whole major phrase can be pronounced either as only one continuous minor phrase with maximally one pitch rise at the beginning and maximally one pitch drop; OR two or more minor phrases with two or more pitch rises and pitch drops.
^Phonetically, pitch declination (gradual lowering) occurs from the second to the last mora of a minor phrase. Therefore, a pronunciation with a break is phonetically distinct from one without: there is declination from[ma] to[da] before a sharp rise to the pitch peak at[haꜜ] in[ja.ma.da| haꜜ.na.ko], which is pronounced astwo discrete minor phrases; but there isno such declination, and in fact, thereis a slight rise from[ma] to the peak at[haꜜ] in[ja.ma.dahaꜜ.na.ko], which is pronounced asone continuous minor phrase.

References

[edit]

Fujimoto, Masako (2015). "Vowel devoicing". In Kubozono, Haruo (ed.).Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 167–214.doi:10.1515/9781614511984.167.ISBN 978-1-61451-252-3.
Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Akinaga, Kazue, eds. (2014).新明解日本語アクセント辞典 (in Japanese) (2nd ed.). Tokyo: Sanseido.ISBN 978-4-385-13672-1.
Maekawa, Kikuo (2020)."Remarks on Japanese /w/".ICU Working Papers in Linguistics.10:45–52.doi:10.34577/00004625.
Maekawa, Kikuo (2023)."Production of the utterance-final moraic nasal in Japanese: A real-time MRI study".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.53 (1):189–212.doi:10.1017/S0025100321000050.
NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, ed. (2016).NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典 (in Japanese). Tokyo: NHK Publishing.ISBN 978-4-14-011345-5.
Vance, Timothy J. (2008).The Sounds of Japanese. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-5216-1754-3.

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