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<Help:IPA

This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Greek on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Greek in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Greek

The charts below show how theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representsGreek pronunciations in Wikipedia articles, separated intoAncient Greek (AG) andModern Greek (MG). The Ancient Greek pronunciation presented here is areconstruction of theAttic dialect in the 5th century BC. For alternative Ancient Greek dialects, such asDoric,Aeolic, orKoine Greek, please use|generic=yes. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPA andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

SeeAncient Greek phonology andModern Greek phonology for a more thorough look at their sounds.

Consonants^[1]
IPA	AG	MG	Example	English approximation
c		κ	κιόλας^[2]	skew
k	κ		κατά^[3]^[2]	scar
kʰ	χ		χάρτης^[2]	car
x		χ	χάρτης^[2]	Scottish English loch, German Bach
ç		χ	χέρι^[2]	hue
j	ι		εἴη^[4]	toy yacht
ʝ		γ	γη^[2]	similar toyes
ɣ		γ	γάλα^[2]	Spanish amigo
ɡ	γ		γάλα^[2]	again
ɡ		γκ γγ	εγκώμιο^[2]^[5]	again
ɟ		γκ γγ	άγγελος^[2]^[5]	argue
p	π		πέτρα^[3]	spy
pʰ	φ		φως	paint
f		φ	φως	four
v		β, υ^[6]	βέλος	vet
b	β		βέλος	about
b		μπ	μπαμπάς^[5]	about
w	υ		παύω^[4]	well
t	τ		τάφος	stay
tʰ	θ		θεός	take
θ		θ	θεός	thought
ð		δ	δούλη	the
d	δ		δούλη	today
d		ντ	εντάξει^[5]	today
h	῾◌		ἥρως^[7]	hat
l	λ		λόγος	look
ʎ		λ	ελιά	million
m	μ		μοίρα	mole
n	ν		ναι	no
ɲ		ν	νιότη	onion
ŋ	γ		άγχος	sing
r	ρ		ώρα	similar to American English autumn or Scottishrule^[8]
r̥	ῥ		ῥίζα	similar to train
s	σ, ς ξ, ψ		σοφός,ψυχή,ξένος^[3]	betweensip andship (retracted)
z	ζ, σ		κόσμος,ζωή^[3]	betweenzone andgenre (retracted)
Consonant clusters
ks	ξ		ξένος	tax
ps	ψ		ψυχή	lapse
t͡s		τσ	τσάι	between cats and catch (retracted)
d͡z	ζ	τζ	τζάκι	between buds and budge (retracted)

Dialectal segments
IPA	English approximation
ʃ	ship
ɕ	ship
ʒ	genre
ʑ	genre
t͡ʃ	catch
t͡ɕ	catch
d͡ʒ	budge
d͡ʑ	budge
æ	cat
IPA	Explanation
◌ː	marks a consonant produced twice as long^[1]

Vowels
Monophthongs
IPA	AG	MG	Example	English approximation
a	ᾰ	α	άρτος	Australian English father
aː	ᾱ		χώρᾱ	father
ɛː	η		ψυχή^[9]	bed
e	ε^[10]		θεός	bet
eː	ει		εἰμί^[9]^[11]	similar to bay but without the glide
i	ῐ	ι^[9]	ίδιος	like neat
iː	ῑ		πίνω^[9]	like need
ɔː	ω		ἐγώ^[10]	talk (Irish or South African English)
o		ω	ἐγώ^[10]	chore
o	ο^[10]		οδός	chore
uː	ου		μου	pool (long)
u		ου	μου	pool (short)
y	ῠ		φύσις^[9]	similar to few, French tu
yː	ῡ		ψυχή^[9]	similar to fume, French juge
Diphthongs^[4]
IPA	AG	MG	Example	English approximation
ai̯	αι		αἴτιος, πάλαι, ψῡχαί^[10]	tie
ai̯		αϊ^[12]	γαϊδούρι	tie
au̯	αυ		αὐτός^[6]	how
au̯		αου	Νικολάου	how
ei̯	ει		εἴη^[9]	hey
ei̯		έι^[13]		hey
eu̯	ευ		εὖ^[6]	Italian and Spanishneutro
eu̯		εου	Θέουτα	Italian and Spanishneutro
oi̯	οι		οἶδα, λόγοι^[9]	toy
oi̯		όι^[14]	κορόιδο	toy
yi̯	υι		υἱός^[9]	No English equivalent
aːi̯	ᾳ		ᾄδω, χώρᾳ^[15]	No English equivalent
ɛːi̯	ῃ		ᾖς, ψυχῇ^[9]^[15]	No English equivalent
ɔːi̯	ῳ		ᾠδή, λόγῳ^[15]	No English equivalent

Suprasegmentals
IPA^[16]	AG	MG	Example	Explanation
◌́	´		γάλα[ɡála]	hightone
◌̌	´		ἐγώ[eɡɔ̌ː]	rising tone
◌	`		μὲν[men]	mid tone
◌̂	῀		γῆ[ɡɛ̂ː]	falling tone
ˈ		΄	άλλος[ˈa.los]	stress
.			άλλος[ˈa.los]	syllable break

Notes

^^a ^bAncient Greek had geminate consonants, pronounced longer than single ones, which may be transcribed by a double consonant letter ⟨ss⟩ or the length symbol ⟨sː⟩. Modern Standard Greek does not have geminate consonants, but some nonstandard dialects do.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^hIn Modern Greek,⟨κ; γκ, γγ; γ; χ⟩ are pronounced as palatal[c,ɟ,ʝ,ç] before the front vowels[ei], and velar[k,ɡ,ɣ,x] in other cases.
^^a ^b ^c ^d⟨ζ⟩ represented the cluster[zd] in Classical Attic, but it represents[z] in Modern Greek. In both Ancient and Modern Greek,⟨σ⟩ is pronounced as voiced[z] before a voiced consonant.
^^a ^b ^cIn Ancient Greek, a diphthong before a vowel was realised as a vowel and a double semivowel sequence:[jj,ww].
^^a ^b ^c ^dIn Modern Greek,⟨μπ, ντ, γκ, γγ⟩ are pronounced as prenasalised voiced stops[mb,nd,ɲɟ,ŋɡ] or voiced stops without nasalisation[b,d,ɟ,ɡ].
^^a ^b ^cIn Modern Greek,⟨υ⟩, in⟨αυ ευ ηυ⟩, is pronounced as[f] before a voiceless consonant or at the end of the word and[v] otherwise. In Ancient Greek,⟨αυ ευ ηυ⟩ were diphthongs[au̯eu̯ɛːu̯].
^The rough breathing⟨῾⟩ represented[h] before a vowel, and the smooth breathing⟨᾿⟩ represented the absence of[h].
^In Modern Greek, it is typically a tap[ɾ̠], but may be analveolar approximant[ɹ] between vowels, like Englishr, and is usually atrill[r] in clusters, trilledr like inSpanish, with two or three short cycles (Arvaniti 2007:15).
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^jIn Modern Greek,⟨η, ῃ, ει, ι, οι, υ, υι⟩ all represent[i], but they were pronounced[ɛː,ɛːi̯,eː,ei̯,i(ː)oi̯,y(ː),yi̯] in Ancient Greek. The large number of vowel mergers into[i] is callediotacism.
^^a ^b ^c ^dIn Modern Greek,⟨ε, αι⟩ represent[e], and⟨ο, ω⟩ represent[o]. In Ancient Greek,⟨ε, ο⟩ represented[e,o],⟨ω⟩ represented[ɔː] and⟨αι⟩ represented thediphthong[ai̯].
^In archaic and some dialectal Greek ⟨ει⟩ represented the true diphthong [ei̯] but in inter alia Attic Greek, [ei̯] and [eː] later merged into the latter hence ⟨ει⟩ is aspurious diphthong, i.e. it actually represents the monophthong [eː].
^Also ⟨άι⟩ and sometimes ⟨άϊ⟩.
^Also ⟨εϊ⟩ and sometimes ⟨έϊ⟩.
^Also ⟨οϊ⟩ and sometimes ⟨όϊ⟩.
^^a ^b ^cIn early Ancient Greek,⟨ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ⟩ were diphthongs, but the second element[i̯] was lost soon after the Classical period, and they merged with⟨ᾱ, η, ω⟩.
^The symbols used here for Ancient Greek pitch accent must be added ascombining characters in some cases. Place thenumeric character reference after the letter that on which the accent is to be put, press "Show preview" and copy the resulting accented character. ́ is the numeric character reference for combining acute tone mark (high tone), ̌ for combining caron (rising tone), ̂ for combining circumflex (falling tone).

References

Arvaniti, Amalia (2007)."Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art".Journal of Greek Linguistics.8 (1):97–208.doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv.

External links

Greek dictionary with pronunciation key(in Greek)

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