^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries and lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km2 ^2Inventaire forestier départemental, IIIe inventaire 1998
The historical region ofSavoy was governed by theHouse of Savoy, the ruling dynasty of Savoy from 1032 to 1860. TheDukes of Savoy were rulers of the Savoy region from 1416 to 1720.
From November 1942 to September 1943, Haute-Savoie was subjected to military occupation byFascist Italy. TheMaquis des Glières (a band ofFree French Resistance fighters who opposed theNazi,Vichy andMilice regimes duringWorld War II) operated from Haute-Savoie. In the winter of 1943–1944, German troops burned down around 500 farms in response to French Resistance activities.
Haute-Savoie has the largest range of elevations of all the departments in France; the lowest point is 250 metres (820 ft) in theRhône Valley, and the highestMont Blanc at 4,810.40 metres (15,782.2 ft).[6]: 9 Some of the world's best-known ski resorts are in Haute-Savoie.
As of 1996, 178,624 hectares (441,390 acres) of Haute-Savoie isforested (38.8 percent of the total land area), compared to 34.4 percent for theRhone-Alpes region and 27.1 percent for France as a whole. Of the forested area 141,063 hectares (348,570 acres) (79 percent) ismanaged fortimber and otherforest products, with the remaining 37,561 hectares (92,820 acres) having no commercial value or used foroutdoor recreation.[6]: 12
Map of Haute-Savoie
National nature reserves are designated by theFrench government as areas where an outstandingnatural heritage is present in both rare and typical areas in terms of species and geology. Management is charged to local organizations, with direction and evaluation focusing on long-term protection for future generations andenvironmental education.[7] Of the 37,561 hectares (92,820 acres) of land not managed for timber, Haute-Savoie has nine national nature reserves totaling 24,542 hectares (60,640 acres).[8]
Haute-Savoie has significant freshwater resources.Lake Annecy is a major attraction, along with the town ofÉvian-les-Bains, perhaps the best-known town on the French shore ofLake Geneva, and known worldwide for itsEvianmineral water. Haute-Savoie is entirely within thewatershed of theRhone.
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In 2006 approximately 142,000 hectares (350,000 acres) of land was suitable foragriculture, of which 33,600 hectares (83,000 acres) (24 percent) wasarable land suitable formarket gardening,cultivation orpasture; 600 hectares (1,500 acres) wasorchards; 300 hectares (740 acres) wasvineyards, and 108,300 hectares (268,000 acres) wasalpine tundra orgrasses.[11]There were 4,450 farmers in 1999, 4,800 farmers and over 1,700 full-time farm employees at the end of 2006. In 1999, crop production was valued at €71.5 million and animal production at €165.4 million.
Reblochon cheese
Dairy production is a large part of the Haute-Savoie economy, earning €117.2 million in 2006 and representing 74 percent of the net animal-product worth.Cattle earned €29.7 million.[11]: 8 Cheese production (by variety) in 1999 (except as noted) was:
In late 2000 crafts occupied 15 percent of the workforce, or 28,443 employees and 1,922 apprentices. The 11,951 companies represented on theRépertoire des Métiers (Trade Index) were divided into:
In late 2006, the département had 600 commercial establishments in over 300 square metres (3,200 sq ft) (for a total area of 705,419 square metres (7,593,070 sq ft)), including:
6 department and variety stores (14,640 square metres (157,600 sq ft))
465 other stores (482,230 square metres (5,190,700 sq ft))
From 1998 to 2005, 65 new supermarkets were built for an area totaling 50,000 square metres (540,000 sq ft).The average expenditure per capita in 2006 was €21,706. With the 2004–2007 rise of the euro, Swiss customer traffic decreased five or six percent (Swiss shoppers make up half the shoppers in the Genève–Savoyard district).At the end of 2006, traditional small businesses (less than 300 square metres (3,200 sq ft)) represented 84 percent of businesses and 40 percent of retail space.
4,301 companies were established in 2004 in Haute-Savoie: nearly 80 percent in the service sector, with a high percentage offering service to individuals (hotels, restaurants, recreational, cultural, sports, personal and household services). This accounted for 21.6 percent of new businesses.The most active sectors were real estate (up 24 percent), construction (up 15.4 percent), business services (up 12.4 percent) and the food industry (up 10 percent).
In 1999, Haute-Savoie had 2,779 industrial companies producing 13.60 percent of all business income.
Personal items: S.T. Dupont, Rexam Reboul, Gay, Maped, Pilot
Data: Sopra, Cross Systems
Machine tools and special machines:Stäubli, Prosys, Mach 1, Techmeta (Bodycote), Wirth and Gruffat, Mecasonic, Almo
Mechanics: SNR Bearings, Parker Hannifin, Glacier Vandervell, Invensys, Eurodec, Frank and Pignard, Bouverat, Nicomatic, ZF, Sandvik, Rossignol Technology
Metals and materials: PSB Industries, Pechiney Rhenalu, Fonlem Lachenal
Plastics: Veka, SMPI, Decoplast
Sport and leisure goods: Salomon (skiing), Mavic, Dynastar, Millet, Fusalp, Eider
Other: Velsol France, Mecalac, ABMT (Bodycote)
Screw-cutting is a precision parts-machining industry, and Haute-Savoie generates the bulk of French screws. Firms engaged in screw-cutting are major employers in the department. While the automotive industry is the principal client, firms also service the electronics, household-appliance and medical sectors.[12]
Arve Industries is part of 67 "competitiveness clusters" created in 2005.The cluster is dedicated tomechatronics and includes 60,000 industrial jobs in over 280 companies (primarily small), 1,200 researchers and 250 patents in 2002.Among the projects supported by the cluster isinertial tolerancing, a new approach in evaluating the quality of machined parts. Based on theTaguchi loss function, inertia is defined by its deviation from its target. Inertial tolerancing is a research-and-development program supported by the cluster for its member companies. It is led by a research team from the Symme Laboratory of the University of Savoie and the CTDEC (Centre Technique du Decolletage). The publication of the French standard NFX 04-008 demonstrates the relevance of topics covered by the cluster.
Other programs involve the production of clean parts (4P project), developing new models of customer-supplier relationships to improve the effectiveness of simultaneous engineering tasks, and development of the international visibility of the cluster and its members.The companies concerned are involved with industrial mechanics, precision engineering, precision turning and sub-assemblies and mechanical assemblies, often associated with integrating technologies such as plastics, electronics and hydraulics.Markets served by member companies of the cluster include transport (cars, trucks, rail and air), production and distribution of electricity, hydraulics (gas or liquid, high-pressure vacuum), medical and health-related.
Many people who live in Haute-Savoie (more than 52,200 in November 2006) work inSwitzerland (in the cantons ofGeneva,Vaud andValais).[citation needed] The phenomenon has accelerated since bilateral agreements concluded between Switzerland and theEuropean Union,[when?] of which a significant part concerned free movement of people. In 2007, commuting increased over 12%.
Effective June 1, 2007, residents of Haute-Savoie may freely work in Switzerland. The department and municipalities receive compensation ("frontier funds") allocated to municipalities in proportion to the number of border residents there. Following an agreement signed in Geneva in 1973, the Canton of Geneva transferred to Haute-Savoie 3.5 percent of total worker compensation, equivalent in December 2006 to €77.687 million.
Exports are an important part of the economy; forty percent of Haute-Savoie employees work for exporting firms. Exports are primarily to Germany, the United States, Switzerland, Italy and the United Kingdom. Imports come mainly from Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and the United States.
Haute-Savoie has property and income taxes. In 2006, 312,823 households were subject to property taxes and 27,747 were exempt.The average income tax per household was €25,621 in 2007 (compared with the national average of €21,930).
Haute Savoie is served by the A41 and A43 highways. Annecy is accessible from Lyon, with an estimated travel time between two and three hours in normal traffic. Since it is closer to Geneva, the new highway connects the two cities in about an hour.Meythet Airport in Annecy has Air France Regional round-trip service to Paris Orly.Saint-Gervais is the only railroad station directly serving a ski resort. The main rail line serves Annecy-Annemasse-Geneva. The Annecy railway station has TGV (high speed trains) departures and arrivals to and from Paris via the high-speed line from Lyon Part-Dieu. Intercity Public transport is run by Lihsa.
^"Rhône-Alpes".Les réserves naturelles de France - les réserves - par region. Réserves naturelles de France. Archived fromthe original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved2010-09-03.
^"Haute-Savoie sub-contracting". Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de la Haute-Savoie. 2009. Archived fromthe original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved6 August 2011.Industry at the heart of dynamism in Haute-Savoie. 30% of GDP in Haute-Savoie comes from industry (compared with 20% in France) A concentration of several professions/skills on one region: screw-cutting, pre-cutting, assembly of sub-assemblies, innovative materials, surface treatment, grinding, tool manufacture. Three key activities: - Sub-contracting and manufacture of sub-assemblies - Capital goods (specialist machinery, robotics) - Consumer goods: agri-food, sports and leisure, household equipment Some 2,500 production organisations 52,000 industrial employees (of which 26,000 in metallurgy and metal-working) Industrial fabric made up primarily of SMEs (79.2% of businesses with fewer than 10 employees). The Arve valley: the global benchmark for screw-cutting The capital of screw-cutting, Haute-Savoie represents 65% of screw-cutting in France, and 20% of industrial enterprises within the administrative area + 800 sub-contracting SMEs and almost 500 SMEs specialising in screw-cutting More than 8,000 employees work in screw-cutting in the Arve valley. Main client screw-cutting client sectors in decreasing order of size: automotive (60% of screw-cutting organisations work for this sector), electronics, household appliances, medical.
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