Haplogroup O. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in Asia
This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see
Haplogroup O (mtDNA) .
Haplogroup O-M175 Possible time of origin 45,300 (95% HPD interval 39,400 <-> 51,900) ybp[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] Coalescence age 37,200 (95% HPD interval 32,300 <-> 42,800) ybp[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] Possible place of origin Southeast Asia orEast Asia Ancestor NO Descendants Primary :O1 (O-F265);O2 (O-M122) Secondary :O1a (O-M119); O1b (O-M268);O2a (O-M324);O2b (O-F742)Defining mutations M175 (+ numerous otherSNPs ).[ 4]
Haplogroup O , also known asO-M175 , is ahuman Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup . It is primarily found among populations inSoutheast Asia andEast Asia . It also is found in various percentages of populations of theRussian Far East ,South Asia ,Central Asia ,Caucasus ,Crimea ,Ukraine ,Iran ,Oceania ,Madagascar and theComoros . Haplogroup O is a primary descendant of haplogroupNO-M214 .
The O-M175 haplogroup is very common amongst males from East andSoutheast Asia . It has two primary branches: O1 (O-F265) andO2 (O-M122). O1 is found at high frequencies amongst males native toSoutheast Asia ,Taiwan , theJapanese Archipelago , theKorean Peninsula ,Madagascar and some populations insouthern China andAustroasiatic speakers ofIndia . O2 is found at high levels amongstHan Chinese ,Tibeto-Burman populations (including many of those inYunnan ,Tibet ,Burma ,Northeast India , andNepal ),Manchu ,Mongols (especiallythose who are citizens of the PRC ),Koreans ,Vietnamese ,Filipinos ,Japanese ,Thais ,Polynesians ,Miao people ,Hmong , theNaiman tribe ofKazakhs inKazakhstan ,[ 5] Altai Republic ,[ 6] Ili area of Xinjiang.[ 7]
Haplogroup O-M175 is a descendant haplogroup ofHaplogroup NO-M214 , and first appeared according to different theories either inSoutheast Asia (seeRootsi 2006 ,TMC 1998 ,Shi 2005 , andBradshaw Foundation ) orEast Asia (seeISOGG 2012 ) approximately 40,000 years ago (or between 31,294 and 51,202 years ago according to Karminet al. 2015).[ 8] [ 9]
Haplogroup O-M175 is one of NO-M214's two branches. The other isHaplogroup N , which is common throughoutNorth Eurasia .
This haplogroup appears in high to moderate frequencies in most populations in bothEast Asia andSoutheast Asia , and it is almost exclusive to that region. It is almost nonexistent in WesternSiberia ,Western Asia ,Europe , most ofAfrica , India and theAmericas , where its presence may be the result of recent migrations. However, certain O subclades do achieve significant frequencies among some populations ofCentral Asia ,South Asia , andOceania . For example, one study found it at a rate of 67% among theNaimans , a tribe in Kazakhstan,[ 5] Kazakhs in general is only about 3.3% to 10.8%(Wells et al. 2001 ).[ 5] [ 10] et al. 2017, of which 10.8% have been found to belong to haplogroup O-M175, have been contributed by the Naimans themselves; only 3.1% of the remainder of the Kazakh sample with the Naimans excluded belong to haplogroup O-M175.) It has been estimated that 25% of the entire male population of the world carries different subclades of O.[ 9] [ 11] et al. (2015) have assigned the Y-DNA of 46.2% (12/26) of a sample ofPapuan fromPantar Island tohaplogroup NO-M214 ;[ 12]
An association with the spread ofAustronesian languages in late antiquity is suggested by significant levels of O-M175 among island populations of theSouth Pacific andIndian Ocean , including theEast African littoral. For example,Haplogroup O-M50 has even been found inBantu-speaking populations of the Comoros along 6% ofO-MSY2.2(xM50) ,[ 13] O-M95(xM88) occur commonly among theMalagasy people ofMadagascar with a combined frequency of 34%.[ 14] [ 15] Solomon Islanders from Melanesia.[ 16] Uyghurs (Wells et al. 2001 ), 6.8% ofKalmyks [ 17] Khoshuud , 6.1% ofDörwöd , 3.3% ofTorguud , 0% ofBuzawa ), 6.2% ofAltaians (Kharkov et al. 2007 ), 4.1% ofUzbeks on average but Uzbeks fromBukhara 12.1%,Karakalpaks (Uzbekistan) 11.4%, Sinte (Uzbekistans) 6.7% (Wells et al. 2001 ) and 4.0% ofBuryats .[ 18]
In the Caucasus region it has been found in theNogais 6%[ 19] Dargins ofDargwa speakers at 2.9%.[ 20] Iranian (Esfahan) at 6.3% (Wells et al. 2001 ), 8.9% of Tajiks in Afghanistan[ 21] Pathans in Pakistan (Firasat 2007 ) but 1% in Afghanistan,[citation needed 3.1% inBurusho (Firasat 2007 ).
Haplogroup O-M175 ranges in various moderate to high frequencies in the ethnic minorities of South Africa. The frequency of this haplogroup is 6.14% in theCape colored population,[ 22] [ 22] Réunion Creole .[ 23]
Haplogroup O-M175 had also been found inLatin America andCaribbean as a result of massive Chinese male migration from the 19th century. It was found in theJamaicans at 3.8%,[ 24] Cubans , 1.5%.[ 25]
Haplogroup O-M175 has been found in 88.7% of Asian American. 1.6% in Hispanic American, White Americans 0.5%, and 0.3% in African American.[ 26] [ 27]
Among the sub-branches of haplogroup O-M175 areO-M119 (O1a),O-M268 (O1b), andO-M122 (O2).
Y Haplogroup O3-M122 makes up the majority ofJadoon's males, the same haplogroup carried by the majority (50-60%) of Han Chinese. 82.5% of Jadoon men carrying Q-MEH2 and O3-M122 which are both of East Asian origin. O3-M122 was absent in theSayyid (Syed) population and appeared in low numbers amongTanolis ,Gujars andYousafzais . There appears to be founder affect in the O3-M122 among the Jadoon.[ 28] [ 29] [ 30] [ 31] [ 32]
Russians in China East Asian haplogroup O made up 58% of their Y haplogroup. O3-M122 specifically made up 47% of the Russian sample.[ 33] [ 34]
Haplogroup O was found in 1%-1.2% of Persians in one sample.[ 35] [ 36] [ 37] [better source needed [ 38] [better source needed
O3-M122 is the commonly shared genetic signature of Sino-Tibetan speaking ethnicities.[ 39]
A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) in 31% (14/45) of a sample ofKoreans and in smaller percentages ofCrimean Tatars (1/22 = 4.5%),Tajiks (1/16 = 6.25% Dushanbe, 1/40 = 2.5% Samarkand),Uyghurs (2/41 = 4.9%),Uzbeks (1/68 = 1.5%Surxondaryo , 1/70 = 1.4%Xorazm ), andKazakhs (1/54 = 1.9%) (Wells et al. 2001 ). However, nearly all of the purported Korean O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes may belong toHaplogroup O-M176 ,[ Note 1] Xue 2006 ,Kim 2011 ). The reported examples of O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might therefore belong toHaplogroup O-M268*(xM95,M176) or Haplogroup O-M176 (O1b2).
A study published in 2013 found O-M175(xM119, M95, M176, M122) Y-DNA in 5.5% (1/18) Iranians fromTeheran , 5.4% (2/37) Tajiks fromBadakhshan Province of Afghanistan, and 1/97Mongols from northwest Mongolia, while finding O-M176 only in 1/20 Mongols from northeast Mongolia.[ 40]
O1a-M119 and O1b-M268 share a common ancestor, O1-F265 (a.k.a. O-F75) approximately 33,181 (95% CI 24,461 to 36,879) YBP.[ 2] [ 41] [ 2]
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O-M119 (which was known briefly as O-MSY2.2, until the SNP MSY2.2 was found to be unreliable) is found frequently inAustronesian-speaking people , with a moderate distribution in southern and easternChinese andKra-dai peoples.
O-K18 Naxi [ 42] O-CTS4040 O-MF56251 Observed sporadically in China (Guangxi ,[ 42] [ 43] Guangdong ,[ 43] Sichuan ,[ 43] Zhejiang ,[ 43] Jiangsu ,[ 43] Beijing [ 43] Phuan ,[ 44] Yuan ,[ 44] Central Thai [ 44] Nùng ,[ 44] Tày [ 44] O-Page59/CTS10887 Found among North Han Chinese (5%), East Han Chinese (4%), South Han Chinese (3%)[ 45] O-F4070 O-MF106398 Observed sporadically in China (Guangdong, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Shandong[ 43] O-F779/F993/F3135 China,[ 43] Lahu [ 46] [ 47] O-MF107014 Observed sporadically in China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Heilongjiang[ 43] O-CTS5160/MF61620 China (Han ,[ 42] Guangdong orFujian [ 43] O-F2064/F1759 China (Han fromFujian ,[ 42] Shandong [ 42] [ 42] Sila ,[ 46] Hanhi ,[ 46] Kinh [ 46] [ 42] O-PH2797/CTS1127 China (especially Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Hebei, Anhui, Beijing, Henan, and Shanghai[ 43] O-MF66989 Observed sporadically in China (Zhejiang, Guizhou, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Shanxi[ 43] O-PH2506 China (Beijing[ 42] [ 48] O-Y148532 China (Shandong, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Sichuan,[ 42] [ 43] Hazara [ 42] O-Y239146/MF31164 Singapore,[ 42] [ 42] O-Y47392/MF17288 China (Zhejiang [ 42] O-BY182144/Y157814 China (Shandong ,[ 42] [ 43] [ 43] [ 48] O-MF16472/MF148514 China (Guangdong, Shandong, Henan, Beijing, Hunan, Jiangsu, etc.[ 43] O-MF184575 China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Jilin Korean[ 43] O-ACT3266/Y149401 China (Shandong,[ 42] [ 43] [ 43] O-PH4822 China (Beijing ,[ 42] Jiangsu [ 42] O-F417/M1654/CTS469 Japan (Tokyo[ 42] O-F840/F1247/F1378 O-Y185784 Singapore[ 42] O-CTS250 O-CTS1451 Korea,[ 47] [ 43] O-CTS9996/PF4341 Philippines[ 48] O-PF4341* Hunan (Han)[ 42] O-CTS298 China (esp. Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Shanghai, and Liaoning[ 43] O-F16308 China (esp. Hunan[ 43] O-MF2931 China (esp. Zhejiang[ 43] O-MF14344 China (esp. Shaanxi and Anhui[ 43] O-PK4 O-F838 Found in about 1.4% ofHan Chinese [ 45] [ 43] O-M95 O-CTS350 China (Ningxia, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Hunan, Shaanxi, Anhui, etc.[ 43] O-M1310 O-Y172653/Y172877 Found in China (esp. Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hubei, Chongqing[ 43] [ 43] O-F1803/M1348 China (Zhejiang, Shandong, Beijing, Guangdong, Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Shanghai, etc.[ 43] O-ACT721/ACT1038 Found sporadically in China (Zhejiang,[ 43] [ 43] [ 43] [ 42] [ 43] [ 43] [ 42] [ 43] O-F789/M1283 Found inChina (Blang ,[ 50] Palaung ,[ 50] Wa ,[ 50] Dai ,[ 42] [ 51] Yi ,[ 42] [ 51] Vietnam ,Cambodia ,Singapore (Malay ),Java ,Borneo ,Thailand ,Laos ,Myanmar ,Bhutan ,Bangladesh ,India (Tripura ,Ho ,Konda Dora ,Gond ) O-M1283* Lao Isan [ 52] O-MF600645 Gansu (Hui,[ 42] Dongxiang [ 43] Chengdu [ 43] Yiyang [ 43] O-M1368 Singapore[ 42] O-M1361 O-MF611153 Found sporadically in China (Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Guangxi, Jiangxi[ 43] O-A22938 Vietnam (Kinh fromHo Chi Minh City [ 42] [ 42] Qinzhou ,[ 43] Chongqing ,[ 43] Lijiang [ 43] O-F2194 China (esp. Guangxi, with a few members in Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, etc.[ 43] O-BY189914 China (mostly Guangdong, Guangxi[ 43] O-F16163 China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Hubei, etc.[ 43] [ 43] O-F20644 China (Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, Gansu, Hunan, Sichuan, etc.[ 43] O-SK1646 China (mostly Sichuan, but also Gansu, Yunnan, Guizhou, etc.[ 43] O-Y9322 China (Dai in Xishuangbanna,[ 42] [ 43] [ 43] [ 43] [ 43] O-Y9325 O-Z39485 China (Dai, Yi)[ 42] O-Z39490 O-Z39490* Indonesia (Yogyakarta,[ 42] [ 8] [ 8] O-B421 Sichuan,[ 42] [ 8] Dieng [ 2] [ 8] [ 42] O-Y9033/B426 Laos (Laotian [ 52] Blang ,[ 52] Khmu ,[ 52] Lawa ,[ 52] Htin ,[ 52] Padaung Karen ,[ 52] Tai Dam ,[ 52] Suay ,[ 52] Khmer ,[ 52] Mon ,[ 52] Lao Isan ,[ 52] Soa ,[ 52] Shan ,[ 52] Phutai ,[ 52] Nyaw ,[ 52] S'gaw Karen ,[ 52] Thai ,[ 52] Khon Mueang [ 52] Mang fromMường Tè District ,[ 46] Ede fromKrông Buk District andTuy An District ,[ 46] Kinh fromHoàng Mai District ,Gia Lâm District , andYên Phong District ,[ 46] Thái fromĐiện Biên Phủ ,[ 46] Giarai fromAyun Pa [ 46] O-F1252 O-SK1630/F5504 China (esp. Sichuan and Guizhou, accounting for about 0.25% of the entire Chinese population[ 43] O-ACT5802 O-MF92614 O-F16061 O-MF286118 Found in two Han Chinese from Guangdong[ 43] O-F19607 O-F2924 O-CTS5854 O-Z23810 O-CTS7399 O-Y85641 Japan (Tokyo[ 42] [ 43] O-FGC19713/Y14026 Laos (Laotian inVientiane andLuang Prabang [ 52] Tai Dam ,[ 52] Tai Lue ,[ 52] Nyah Kur ,[ 52] Thai ,[ 52] Eastern Lawa [ 52] Thái fromBá Thước District andTủa Chùa District ,[ 46] Hà Nhì fromMường Tè District [ 46] O-FGC19707 O-MF14427 China (esp. Jiangsu, Gansu, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Shaanxi[ 43] O-FGC19716 China (Hong Kong ,[ 42] [ 43] [ 43] [ 43] O-Z23849 China (Chongqing Han ,[ 42] Xishuangbanna Dai ,[ 42] Guangxi Zhuang ,[ 42] Guangdong ,[ 42] Shandong ,[ 42] Tianjin [ 42] O-CTS651/CTS10484 Thailand (Tai Khün ,[ 52] Phuan ,[ 52] Tai Lue ,[ 52] Khon Mueang ,[ 52] Eastern Lawa ,[ 52] Lao Isan ,[ 52] Thai [ 52] Laotian inVientiane [ 52] Dao andNùng fromHoàng Su Phì District ,[ 46] Tày fromKrông Pắk District ,Hà Quảng District , andĐình Lập District [ 46] O-Z23781 China (Henan [ 42] O-F4229 Singapore[ 42] O-F809 China (Xishuangbanna Dai ,[ 42] Guangdong ,[ 42] Chongqing [ 42] O-Z23795 China (esp.Zhejiang [ 43] O-MF223122 China (Linyi ,Mianyang [ 43] O-A22937 O-BY50703 O-MF61630 China (Baoji, Hanzhong, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Yantai, Shaoxing[ 43] O-F2517 China (Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, etc.[ 43] O-M111/M88 Found frequently amongVietnamese ,[ 54] [ 55] [ 46] Tai peoples [ 56] [ 57] [ 55] [ 46] Bouyei ,[ 56] Zhuang ,[ 58] [ 59] [ 57] Nùng ,[ 46] Tày ,[ 46] Thái people in Vietnam ,[ 46] Lao ,[ 60] Northeastern Thai ,[ 58] Northern Thai ,[ 61] [ 60] Bangkok [ 55] Lachi ,[ 46] Lô Lô ,[ 46] Hani -Akha ,[ 56] [ 55] [ 46] Bunu ,[ 62] She people ,[ 54] Cambodians ,[ 58] Kuy ,[ 50] [ 62] Bru ,[ 62] Htin ,[ 50] Qiang ,[ 56] Bai ,[ 63] Yi ,[ 57] Bamar ,[ 64] Jingpo ,[ 64] Lahu ,[ 46] Tujia ,[ 58] Han Chinese ,[ 58] [ 56] [ 54] [ 55] Miao ,[ 54] [ 62] Pathen ,[ 46] Yao ,[ 56] [ 54] [ 62] [ 46] Hlai ,[ 58] [ 56] Taiwanese aborigines [ 14] [ 54] [ 55] Bunun [ 61] [ 55] [ 54] [ 55] [ 54] Kota Kinabalu [ 14] Kalimantan (Banjarmasin [ 14] Java ,[ 55] Chamic -speaking peoples (Cham fromBình Thuận ,[ 60] Ede ,[ 46] Jarai [ 46] Kiribati [ 61] O-M111/M88* Northern Thailand (Htin ,Lawa ),Cambodia (Jarai ,Brao ,Kachac ,Khmer ,Lao ,Lun ),Yunnan (De'ang )[ 50] O-F2524 O-F2524* Jiangsu[ 42] O-F2346 O-F2890 Thailand (Khon Mueang ,[ 52] Phuan ,[ 52] Shan ,[ 52] Htin ,[ 52] Tai Dam ,[ 52] Thai ,[ 52] Lawa ,[ 52] Lao Isan ,[ 52] Mon [ 52] Kinh fromGia Lâm District ,[ 46] Tày fromLục Yên District [ 46] O-F2758 Vietnam (Kinh ,[ 46] Lahu ,[ 46] Dao ,Pathen ,[ 46] Tày ,[ 46] Thái ,[ 46] Ede ,[ 46] Giarai [ 46] Cambodia (Kuy ,Tampuan ,Khmer ),Thailand (Phutai ,[ 52] Bru ,[ 52] Tai Khün ,[ 52] Phuan ,[ 52] Tai Dam ,[ 52] Shan ,[ 52] Khon Mueang ,[ 52] Mon ,[ 52] Lao Isan ,[ 52] Tai Lue ,[ 52] Htin ,[ 50] [ 52] Lawa ,[ 50] Khmu ,[ 52] Kaleun ,[ 52] Nyaw ,[ 52] Suay ,[ 52] Thai [ 52] Laos (Laotian inLuang Prabang [ 52] Yunnan (Bulang ,De'ang )[ 50] O-F2758* China (Miao ,[ 42] Hunan [ 42] O-Z24083 O-Z24083* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh ) O-Z24089 O-SK1627/Z24091 Vietnam (Lô Lô fromMèo Vạc District ,[ 46] La Chí andNùng fromHoàng Su Phì District ,[ 46] Hà Nhì fromMường Tè District ,[ 46] Tày fromChợ Đồn District andĐăk Mil District ,[ 46] Ede fromEa Kar District ,[ 46] Kinh fromNghĩa Hưng District [ 46] Soa ,[ 52] Saek ,[ 52] Phutai ,[ 52] Suay ,[ 52] Tai Dam ,[ 52] S'gaw Karen ,[ 52] Nyah Kur ,[ 52] Khmer ,[ 52] Lawa ,[ 52] Lao Isan ,[ 52] Mon ,[ 52] Thai [ 52] Laotian inVientiane [ 52] O-F923 O-F923* Xishuangbanna (Dai ), Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh ) O-Z24154 Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh ) O-CTS2022 O-M176 O-K4 : Found frequently amongKoreans and with a moderate distribution amongJapanese ,Ryukyuans ,Daurs ,Evenks ,Hezhe ,Manchus , andSibe . Also found sporadically (<1%) amongHan Chinese ,Hui ,Micronesians ,Mongols ,Thais ,Uyghurs ,Vietnamese ,etc .O-47z : Found frequently amongJapanese andRyukyuans and with a moderate distribution amongKoreans . Found sporadically (<1%) amongManchus ,Mongols ,Han Chinese ,Hui ,Tujia ,Vietnamese ,etc .Found frequently among populations ofEast Asia ,Southeast Asia , and culturallyAustronesian regions ofOceania , with a moderate distribution inCentral Asia (Shi 2005 ).
O-M122 O-CTS1754 East & Southeast Asia O-F953/F1886 Philippines[ 48] O-F953* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh ) [ 42] O-F1024 O-M324 O-L465 O-CTS727 O-F915 O-F915* Shanxi[ 42] O-Y14462 O-Y14462* Guangdong[ 42] O-CTS1936 Beijing,[ 42] [ 42] O-A18267 O-CTS3709 O-CTS11209 O-F2640 O-F2640* Beijing[ 42] O-CTS11210 O-CTS11210* Han from Hunan[ 42] O-CTS2432 Han from Hunan[ 42] O-JST002611/CTS2483 O-CTS2483* China,[ 48] [ 48] [ 48] O-CTS10573 Beijing,[ 65] [ 65] [ 65] [ 65] O-CTS10573* Beijing,[ 42] [ 42] O-MF7367 O-F18 O-CTS498 China,[ 42] [ 42] O-F449 Azerbaijan[ 48] O-F1266, F2016, F4267 Beijing,[ 65] [ 65] [ 65] [ 65] [ 65] [ 65] O-F238 O-FGC62457 O-F134 O-F134* O-F1894 Beijing, Shanghai, Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong[ 65] O-MF8794 O-F117 O-F117* Fujian[ 42] O-F11 O-F11* Gansu,[ 42] [ 42] O-F930 Beijing,[ 42] [ 42] [ 65] [ 65] [ 65] [ 65] [ 65] [ 65] O-F2685 Beijing, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangdong[ 65] O-BY169374 O-BY169374* Zhejiang[ 42] O-SK1692 O-F539 Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan[ 65] O-F539* O-F319 Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City),[ 42] [ 42] O-CTS12877 O-F16635 O-CTS257 Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong, Beijing, Fujian, Heilongjiang, Hunan[ 65] O-CTS257* South Korea,[ 42] [ 42] O-F16834 O-Y29837 O-BY36917 Japan[ 48] O-F270 Beijing, Hebei, Shandong[ 65] O-F4062 Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang[ 65] O-Y15976 China, Japan,[ 48] O-Y15976* Zhejiang,[ 42] [ 42] O-Y26383 O-Y26383* Hubei[ 42] O-SK1686 O-FGC54474 O-F971 Beijing, Shanghai, Hubei, Guangdong[ 65] O-F971* Sichuan,[ 42] [ 42] [ 42] [ 48] O-Y23813 O-Y23813* Guangdong[ 42] O-Y23809 O-Y23809* Guangdong[ 42] O-BY170727 O-Y23907 Guangdong[ 42] O-F632 O-F632* Beijing[ 42] O-F16340 Zhejiang[ 42] O-F133 China, Bulgaria[ 48] O-F133* Beijing[ 42] O-Y20951 O-F17 O-F377 China, France[ 48] O-CTS7789 Han Chinese (Beijing, Shanghai,[ 65] [ 65] [ 65] O-CTS7789* Beijing,[ 42] [ 65] O-F1095 O-CTS7501 O-F793 Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Hubei, Sichuan, Guangdong[ 65] O-F793* Sichuan,[ 42] [ 42] [ 42] [ 42] [ 42] [ 42] She ,[ 42] Han )[ 42] O-Y150436 O-Y141213 Jilin,[ 42] [ 42] [ 42] [ 42] [ 42] O-P201 O-M188 O-M188* Korea[ 48] O-CTS800 O-CTS445 O-CTS201 Korea[ 48] O-M159 China (about 0.79% of the national male population[ 66] [ 48] O-FTA21663/O-MF22947 China (Heilongjiang,[ 42] [ 43] [ 42] [ 43] [ 43] [ 43] [ 43] [ 43] [ 67] al-Qaṣīm [ 42] O-CTS3994 O-MF125236 China[ 43] O-Z25482 O-Z25518 China (mainly distributed in Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi at present, accounting for about 0.63% of the national male population[ 68] O-Z35182 O-CTS5032 O-CTS5032* Hunan (Han)[ 42] O-CTS10690 Hunan (Han)[ 42] O-MF18110/FGC50590 China (esp. Guangdong, Zhejiang, Hunan, Shandong, and Guangxi[ 43] O-MF109844 O-MF106775 China (esp. Shandong, Jiangsu, and Henan[ 43] O-MF106730 China (esp. Guangdong and Guangxi[ 43] O-FGC50661 China (esp. Jiangsu and Hunan[ 43] O-MF56709 O-FGC50643/MF15475 China (Shandong,[ 43] [ 43] [ 43] [ 42] [ 43] [ 43] [ 43] O-MF56474 China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Jilin, Shandong, etc.[ 43] O-FGC50649 O-Y169670/O-MF14256 China (esp. Jiangsu,[ 42] [ 43] [ 43] [ 43] [ 43] O-MF50824 O-MF106512 China (observed in a few individuals fromChangzhou ,Taizhou , andTogtoh County [ 43] O-MF88959/O-Y150315 South Korea,[ 44] Zhejiang ,Shanghai ,Jiangsu ,Shandong ,Henan ,Shanxi ,Shaanxi ,Guangdong [ 43] O-MF14135/O-Z12303 China (currently accounts for about 0.44% of the total male population[ 69] O-MF238642 O-MF37094 China (Zhejiang,[ 43] [ 43] O-Y169696/O-MF15693 China (Jiangsu,[ 42] [ 43] Fufeng County ,[ 43] Beijing ,[ 43] Tangshan ,[ 43] Feidong County ,[ 43] Chifeng ,[ 43] Xi County ,[ 43] Min County ,[ 43] Laizhou ,[ 43] Rushan ,[ 43] [ 43] Yanji ,[ 43] Dancheng County [ 43] O-MF18577/O-MF18626 China (currently accounts for about 0.23% of all males in China, especially in Jiangsu [1.08%], Shanghai [0.69%], Ningxia [0.39%], Shandong [0.38%], Anhui [0.33%], Heilongjiang [0.32%], Zhejiang [0.31%], and Jilin [0.26%][ 70] [ 71] [ 71] O-FGC50558 Japan,[ 48] [ 48] O-M7 Found frequently among human remains associated with the NeolithicDaxi culture [ 72] Hmong–Mien ,Katuic , andBahnaric peoples,[ 62] Han Chinese (Xue 2006 ),Buyei (Xue 2006 ),Bai (Wen 2004 ),Mosuo (Wen 2004 ),Tibetans (Wen 2004 ),Qiang (Xue 2006 ),Oroqen (Xue 2006 ),Tujia (Su 2000 ),Thai (Su 2000 ),Orang Asli (Su 2000 ), westernIndonesians (Su 2000 andKayser 2008 ),Malaysians (Kayser 2008 ),Vietnamese (Kayser 2008 ), andAtayal (Su 2000 ).O-MF106687 China (Jinghu District ,[ 43] O-Z25245 O-MF9858/O-Z6157 China (approximately 0.08% of all males in present-day China[ 73] Central Thai in Central Thailand[ 52] [ 44] O-MF9896 China (Tongxiang ,Ningbo ,Zhengzhou ,Zigong ,Suining ,Jingdezhen , etc.[ 43] O-PH204 China (Wuhan ,Xianning ,Huanggang ,Wuxi ,Wuhu ,Tongling ,Ganzhou ,Fuzhou ,Meizhou ,Huizhou ,Heyuan ,Baotou , etc.[ 43] O-Y26422 O-Y26395/O-SK1713 Taiwan (Amis [ 42] O-F21738 Philippines,[ 71] Sabah [ 71] Sulawesi [ 71] Yilan County , Late Iron Age, 300 - 450 CE[ 71] O-F1276 O-F1863 O-MF107102 China (Tongchuan District [ 43] O-MF56735 China (Haiyan County ,Suzhou ,Wuxi ,Shanghai , etc.[ 43] O-MF36531 China (Han inYanping District [ 43] O-F1134 O-MF35799/O-Y94171 Thailand (Mon in Central Thailand[ 52] [ 44] Pingyang County ,Yunan County ,Siming District ,Longyao County ,Shanwei , etc.[ 43] O-F1262/O-Y173492 China[ 42] [ 71] [ 74] Zhenjiang ,[ 44] Hejian ,[ 44] Langfang [ 44] O-FT303223/O-MF106843/O-F15314/O-F20756 China[ 71] Changsha ,[ 43] Chancheng District ,[ 43] Wanzhou District ,[ 43] Chaoyang District ,[ 43] Dongying ,[ 43] Chifeng ,[ 43] Liaoyuan ,[ 43] Harbin ,[ 43] Han inZhengzhou ,[ 44] Dai inXishuangbanna [ 42] [ 71] Khon Mueang in Northern Thailand,[ 52] [ 44] Black Tai inLoei Province [ 52] [ 44] O-Z25288/O-Z25293 Vietnam[ 71] Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City,[ 42] [ 44] [ 44] Nam Dinh ,[ 44] Lao Cai ,[ 44] Giarai inGia Lai ,[ 44] Tày inThai Nguyen [ 44] O-CTS6489 O-MF106428/O-Y94472/O-FTB23660 Thailand[ 71] Phayao ,[ 42] [ 44] [ 71] Tày inLào Cai [ 44] Dai in Xishuangbanna,[ 42] Achang in Yunnan;[ 44] [ 75] O-F1275 Guangxi (Dushan 4-1 ca. 7024 - 6643 BCE[ 71] O-MF15199/O-FTA25885 O-F20472 O-FTB23785 Thailand,[ 71] [ 71] O-F17410/O-F18833/O-MF122643/O-BY177553 Thailand (Lao Isan in Northeast Thailand[ 52] [ 44] O-MF106415/O-MF111486/O-BY122399 Thailand[ 71] Shan inMae Hong Son Province [ 76] [ 44] [ 43] O-Y127482/O-F15988 Thailand (Nyahkur andLao Isan in Northeast Thailand[ 52] [ 44] O-MF6534/O-MF58872/O-BY27925/O-Y23477 Thailand[ 71] Central Thai in Central Thailand,Phuan in Central Thailand,Khon Mueang in North Thailand,[ 52] [ 44] Chiang Rai Province [ 76] [ 44] [ 42] [ 44] [ 44] [ 43] O-CTS6579 O-CTS123/O-F22573/O-MF48275 China (Hunan Han;[ 42] [ 77] O-F14832/O-F15788/O-Y208219 China[ 71] [ 78] [ 71] Mon in Western Thailand,[ 52] [ 44] Tai Lue in Northern Thailand[ 52] [ 44] O-Z25411 O-ACT1126/O-Y140772/O-F1289 China (relatively concentrated in northern China at present, accounting for about 0.24% of the national male population;[ 79] [ 42] [ 71] Lisu [ 44] O-Z25398 O-F22005/O-Z25400 Thailand[ 71] [ 42] [ 76] [ 71] Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City[ 42] [ 80] O-F1100/O-Y37861 Hunan[ 42] O-MF17697 Laos,[ 71] [ 71] [ 43] O-F1234/O-Y37855 O-Y185160/O-MF36985 Hebei ,[ 42] Beijing ,[ 42] [ 81] O-FGC71370 O-MF193618 Sichuan, Zhejiang, Shandong, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Fujian (currently accounts for about 0.08% of the male population in China, mainly distributed in Guangdong, Hunan, Anhui and other provinces and cities[ 82] [ 71] O-F14904/N5 Ningxia ,[ 42] Hmong (Northern Thailand [ 76] She ,[ 42] Iu Mien (Phayao Province [ 76] [ 42] Pa-hng , and Thailand Hmong), with a frequency of 47.1% among the Guangxi Miao.[ 83] O-P164 O-F996/F3237 O-A16433 Heilongjiang[ 42] O-MF56976 Anhui[ 42] O-Y125645 O-Y149134 Anhui,[ 42] [ 42] O-PF5573 O-PF5573* Guangdong[ 42] O-Y101407 Korea[ 42] O-MF14338 O-F871 O-M134 : Found frequently among speakers ofSino-Tibetan languages , among members of the KazakhNaiman tribe with a moderate distribution throughoutEast Asia andSoutheast Asia .[citation needed O-Y20/PAGES00125 Poland[ 48] O-F1725 O-F1725* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)[ 42] O-Y31255 O-FGC61200 O-FGC61200* Henan (Han)[ 42] O-FGC61168 Sichuan[ 42] O-A16615/CTS11009 O-Y85894 O-CTS682/CTS2272 O-BY146675 Korean[ 42] O-BY161237 Japan (Tokyo,[ 42] [ 42] O-Y12/F314 O-Y12* Beijing (Han)[ 42] O-CTS2643/CTS11192 O-CTS53 O-CTS53* China[ 42] O-CTS6373 Hunan (Han),[ 42] [ 42] O-F876 O-F275 O-F275* Henan,[ 42] [ 42] O-F14411/CTS1011 Japan[ 48] O-Z2037 Beijing (Han)[ 42] O-CTS2815 O-CTS2815* South Korea[ 42] O-F700 O-F700* Hunan,[ 42] [ 42] [ 42] O-F14475 Hunan (Han)[ 42] O-F2505 O-F2505* Hebei[ 42] O-MF194 Korean,[ 42] [ 42] O-F634 O-F634* Shandong[ 42] O-F209 Beijing (Han)[ 42] O-F1391 O-A5034 O-MF357 O-ACT1039 O-MF308 Korean[ 42] O-CTS4266 O-F14839 Henan (Han)[ 42] O-Z26108 O-Y30135 O-Y30135* Beijing (Han)[ 42] O-F2173 O-Z26156 O-Z26156* Ho Chi Minh City (Kinh)[ 42] O-BY102696 O-BY102696* Korean[ 42] O-BY61500 Guangdong[ 42] O-CTS3776/F2887 O-CTS3776* Beijing (Han),[ 42] [ 42] [ 48] O-CTS3763 O-CTS4601 Fujian[ 42] O-Y7110 O-Y13527 O-Y13527* Beijing (Han)[ 42] O-FGC16888/Z38720 Taiwan[ 48] O-MF805 Guizhou,[ 42] [ 42] O-Y22112 O-FGC16885/FGC16887 Kazakhstan[ 48] O-Y7111 O-MF13415 China[ 42] O-F4249/SK1769 China, South Korea[ 48] O-F4249* Jiangsu[ 42] O-FGC23868 O-CTS335 Zhejiang,[ 42] [ 42] [ 42] O-CTS335* Japan (Tokyo),[ 42] Xibo [ 42] O-Y142071 O-Y142071* Anhui[ 42] O-CTS3856 O-CTS3856* Beijing (Han)[ 42] O-CTS5741 O-M117/PAGE23 O-MF1380/CTS4960 China, Korea, Japan,[ 48] [ 48] O-MF1388 O-MF2636 O-MF2636* Chongqing[ 42] O-CTS374 Jiangsu,[ 42] [ 42] O-M133/M1706 Shandong[ 42] O-M1706* Japan (Tokyo)[ 42] O-YP4864 O-YP4864* Korean[ 42] O-Z44076 Shandong,[ 42] [ 42] O-CTS7634 O-CTS7634* Fujian (Han),[ 42] [ 42] [ 42] [ 42] O-F2188 O-MF23641 O-Y29861 Henan,[ 42] [ 42] [ 42] O-F3039 Shandong,[ 42] [ 42] [ 42] O-M1726 O-A9457 O-A9457* O-MF15246 Zhejiang,[ 42] [ 42] O-F17158 O-CTS9678 O-A9459 O-F6800 O-F6800* Shanxi[ 42] O-Y8389 O-Y8389* Japan (Tokyo)[ 42] O-Y9144 O-Y9144* Guangdong[ 42] O-Y8387 O-F14249 O-F14249* Liaoning[ 42] O-ACT4506 Mongol (Hulunbuir),[ 42] [ 42] O-Y81597 South Korea,[ 42] [ 42] O-F14347 O-F14347* Beijing (Han)[ 42] O-CTS5063 O-CTS5063* Sichuan,[ 42] [ 42] [ 42] O-Z44927 O-Z44927* Anhui[ 42] O-MF21798 Zhejiang,[ 42] [ 42] O-CTS1154 O-CTS1154* Fujian,[ 42] [ 42] O-Z25902 O-F438 Japan (Tokyo)[ 42] O-F438* Hunan (Han)[ 42] O-Y17728 O-Y17728* Beijing (Han),[ 42] [ 42] O-Y170157 Shandong,[ 42] [ 42] O-F1754 O-F1754* Beijing (Han)[ 42] O-F2137 O-F316 O-F316* Anhui[ 42] O-CTS1304 O-CTS1304* Jiangsu,[ 42] [ 42] O-F813 O-CTS1642 O-CTS1642* Bangladesh[ 42] O-CTS5308 O-CTS5308* Beijing (Han)[ 42] O-F20067 O-Y34065 O-MF1012 O-MF1012* Nyingchi (Tibetan)[ 42] O-Y67478 O-Y67478* O-CTS5672 Japanese[ 42] O-F14408 O-Y101264 Shigatse (Tibetan),[ 42] Riang )[ 42] [ 86] O-F14422 O-F14422* Northeast India (Riang),[ 42] [ 86] [ 42] O-A9463 O-A9463* Bangladesh[ 42] O-Y34067 Northeast India (Riang)[ 42] [ 86] O-F14665 Xishuangbanna (Dai),[ 42] [ 42] O-Y7080 O-Y7080* Xishuangbanna (Dai),[ 42] [ 42] O-ACT1169 Guangdong,[ 42] [ 42] O-Z26030 O-Z26030* Guangxi[ 42] O-F14479 Guangdong,[ 42] [ 42] [ 42] This section
needs expansion . You can help by
adding to it .
(December 2017 )
This section
needs expansion . You can help by
adding to it .
(December 2017 )
Language families and genes [ edit ] Haplogroup O is associated with populations which speakAustric languages .The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their correspondingSNP markers, orhaplogroups , sourced mainly fromEdmondson 2007 andShi 2005 . This has been called the "Father Tongue Hypothesis " byGeorge van Driem (van Driem 2011 ). It does not appear to account forO-M176 , which is found among Japanese, Korean, and Manchurian males.
Phylogenetic history [ edit ] Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012 O-M175 26 VII 1U 28 Eu16 H9 I O* O O O O O O O O O O O-M119 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H9 H O1* O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O-M101 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H9 H O1a O1a1 O1a1a O1a1a O1a1 O1a1 O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a O-M50 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H10 H O1b O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O-P31 26 VII 1U 33 Eu16 H5 I O2* O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O-M95 26 VII 1U 34 Eu16 H11 G O2a* O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a1 O2a1 O-M88 26 VII 1U 34 Eu16 H12 G O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1a O2a1a O-SRY465 20 VII 1U 35 Eu16 H5 I O2b* O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O-47z 5 VII 1U 26 Eu16 H5 I O2b1 O2b1a O2b1 O2b1 O2b1a O2b1a O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 O-M122 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3* O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O-M121 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3a O3a O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1a O3a1a O-M164 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3b O3b O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a1b O3a1b O-M159 13 VII 1U 31 Eu16 H6 L O3c O3c O3a3a O3a3a O3a3 O3a3 O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a O-M7 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H7 L O3d* O3c O3a3b O3a3b O3a4 O3a4 O3a3b O3a3b O3a3b O3a2b O3a2b O-M113 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H7 L O3d1 O3c1 O3a3b1 O3a3b1 - O3a4a O3a3b1 O3a3b1 O3a3b1 O3a2b1 O3a2b1 O-M134 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e* O3d O3a3c O3a3c O3a5 O3a5 O3a3c O3a3c O3a3c O3a2c1 O3a2c1 O-M117 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e1* O3d1 O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a5a O3a5a O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a2c1a O3a2c1a O-M162 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e1a O3d1a O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a5a1 O3a5a1 O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a2c1a1 O3a2c1a1
Original Research Publications [ edit ] The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
ISOGG 2017 tree (ver. 12.244).[ 87]
O (M175)O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422)O1a O1a1 (B384/Z23193)O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)O1a1a1 (F446)O1a1a1a (F140)O1a1a1a1 (F78)O1a1a1a1a (F81)O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440) O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788) O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65) O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068) O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482) O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168)O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553) O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266) O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441) O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071) O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585) O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075) O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387) O1a1a1a2b (SK1555) O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420)O1a1a1b1 (M101) O1a1a1b2 (Z23392) O1a1a2 (CTS52) O1a1b (CTS5726) O1a2 (M110) O1a3 (Page109) O1b O1b1 (F2320)O1b1a (M1470)O1b1a1 (PK4)O1b1a1a O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)O1b1a1a1a (F1252)O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (F2415) O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24131) O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (Z24100) O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b (SK1627/Z24091)O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (Z39410) O1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24088) O1b1a1a1a1a2 (F2890)O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048) O1b1a1a1a1a2b (Z24014) O1b1a1a1a1b (CTS5854)O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a1 (FGC61038) O1b1a1a1a1b1b (CTS651) O1b1a1a1a1b2 (F4229) O1b1a1a1a2 (SK1630) O1b1a1a1b (F789/M1283)O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)O1b1a1a1b1a1 (FGC29907/YP3930) O1b1a1a1b1a2 (B427/Z23680) O1b1a1a1b1b (Z39485) O1b1a1a1b1c (B418) O1b1a1a1b2 (SK1646) O1b1a1a2 (CTS350) O1b1a1a3 (Page103) O1b1a1b (F838) O1b1a2 (Page59)O1b1a2a (F993) O1b1a2b (F417/M1654)O1b1a2b1 (F840) O1b1a2b2 (CTS1451) O1b1a2c (CTS9996) O1b2 O1b2a (F1942/Page92)O1b2a1 (CTS9259)O1b2a1a (F1204)O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)O1b2a1a1b (Z24598)O1b2a1a1c (CTS203)O1b2a1a2 (F2868)O1b2a1a2a (L682)O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)O1b2a1a2a1a (CTS7620)O1b2a1a2a1b (A12446) O1b2a1a2b (F940) O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687) O1b2a1b (CTS562) O1b2a2 (Page90) O2 O2a (M324)O2a1 (L127.1)O2a1a (F1876/Page127)O2a1a1 (F2159)O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)O2a1a1a1 (F852)O2a1a1a1a (F2266) O2a1a1a1b (F854) O2a1a1a1c (Page130) O2a1a1b (F915)O2a1a1b1 (F1478)O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)O2a1a1b1a1 (CTS1936) O2a1a1b1a1a (Z43975) O2a1a1b1a2 (FGC33994) O2a1b (M164) O2a1c (IMS-JST002611)O2a1c1 (F18)O2a1c1a (F117)O2a1c1a1 (F13)O2a1c1a1a (F11)O2a1c1a1a1 (F632)O2a1c1a1a1a (F110/M11115)O2a1c1a1a1a1 (F17)O2a1c1a1a1a1a (F377)O2a1c1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a (F856)O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a1 (F1418) O2a1c1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z25097) O2a1c1a1a1a1a2 (CTS7501) O2a1c1a1a1a1b (F793) O2a1c1a1a1a2 (Y20951) O2a1c1a1a2 (F38) O2a1c1a1a3 (F12) O2a1c1a1a4 (F930) O2a1c1a1a5 (F1365/M5420/PF1558)O2a1c1a1a5a (Y15976) O2a1c1a1a5b (FGC54486) O2a1c1a1a6 (CTS12877)O2a1c1a1a6a (F2527)O2a1c1a1a6a1 (CTS5409) O2a1c1a1a6a2 (F2941) O2a1c1a1a7 (F723) O2a1c1a1a8 (CTS2107) O2a1c1a1a9 (SK1691) O2a1c1a1b (PH203) O2a1c1b (F449)O2a1c1b1 (F238)O2a1c1b1a (F134)O2a1c1b1a1 (F1273) O2a1c1b1a2 (F724) O2a1c1b2 (F1266) O2a1c1c (CTS498) O2a1c2 (FGC3750/SK1673) O2a2 (IMS-JST021354/P201)O2a2a (M188)O2a2a1 (F2588)O2a2a1a (CTS445)O2a2a1a1 (CTS201) O2a2a1a2 (M7)O2a2a1a2a (F1276)O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)O2a2a1a2a1a1 (M113) O2a2a1a2a1a2 (N5) O2a2a1a2a1a3 (Z25400) O2a2a1a2a2 (F1863) O2a2a1a2b (Y26403) O2a2a1b (F1837) O2a2a2 (F879) O2a2b (P164)O2a2b1 (M134)O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)O2a2b1a1a (M133)O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539) O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442) O2a2b1a1a1a2a2 (A16636) O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907) O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469/Z25852) O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039) O2a2b1a1a3a2 (Y29861) O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488) O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987) O2a2b1a1a4a2 ( F20963) O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663) O2a2b1a1a5a2 (M1513) O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457) O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308) O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030) O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010) O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462) O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456) O2a2b1a1a7 (YP4864)O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)O2a2b1a1a7a1 (F5525/SK1748) O2a2b1a1a7b (Z44071) O2a2b1a1a8 (Z44091) O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960) O2a2b1a2 (F114)O2a2b1a2a (F79)O2a2b1a2a1 (F46/Y15)O2a2b1a2a1a (FGC16847/Z26091)O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152) O2a2b1a2a1a1b (CTS3149) O2a2b1a2a1a2 (F242) O2a2b1a2a1a3 (F2887)O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607) O2a2b1a2a1a3b (CTS3763)O2a2b1a2a1a3b1 (A9472) O2a2b1a2a1a3b2 (FGC16863/Y7110)O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1 (FGC16889) O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b (SK1768/Y7112/Z26257)O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1a (FGC23868) O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b2 (CTS335) O2a2b1a2a1b (CTS53) O2a2b1a2a1c (F3386) O2a2b1a2a1d (Y29828)O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)O2a2b1a2a1d1a (FGC34973) O2a2b1a2a1d1b (F1739) O2a2b1a2b (F743)O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)O2a2b1a2b1a1 (A16629) O2a2b1a2b1a2 (CTS682) O2a2b1a2b2 (F748) O2a2b1a2c (Page101) O2a2b2 (AM01822/F3223)O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)O2a2b2a1 (N7)O2a2b2a1a (F4110)O2a2b2a1a1 (F4068) O2a2b2a1a2 (SK1780) O2a2b2a1b (F4124)O2a2b2a1b1 (IMS-JST008425p6) O2a2b2a1b2 (BY15188) O2a2b2a2 (AM01845/F706)O2a2b2a2a (F717)O2a2b2a2a1 (F3612) O2a2b2a2a2 (SK1783) O2a2b2a2b (AM01847/B451)O2a2b2a2b1 (A17418) O2a2b2a2b2 (AM01756)O2a2b2a2b2a (B450) O2a2b2a2b2b (AM00472/B452) O2a2b2a2b2c (A16427) O2a2b2b (A16433)O2a2b2b1 (A16438)O2a2b2b1a (SK1775) O2a2b2b1b (A16440) O2a3 (M300) O2a4 (M333) O2b (F742) Y-DNA backbone tree [ edit ]
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Footnotes
^ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome".Human Mutation .35 (2):187– 91.doi :10.1002/humu.22468 .PMID 24166809 .S2CID 23291764 . ^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015),Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015 . (Access date: 1 February 2015.)^ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). ^ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. ^ F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89. ^ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. ^ Between 2002 and 2008,Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned toK-M526 , the sibling of Haplogroup LT. ^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. ^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. ^ Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. ^ K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznikop. cit. ;YFull YTree v5.08 , 2017, "K-M2335"PhyloTree , 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" ^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.) ^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
^ O-M175(xM119,M95,M122) is sometimes incorrectly called "O*". ^ The outlier Kadai branch is called "Kra" by Thai linguist Weera Ostapirat and "Geyang" by Chinese linguists. ^a b Pille Hallast, Peter Ebert, Mark Loftus, et al. (2023), "Assembly of 43 human Y chromosomes reveals extensive complexity and variation."Nature 621, 355–364.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06425-6 . See Figure S1: Phylogenetic relationships of the analysed Y chromosomes. ^a b c d e Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, Georgi Hudjashov, Nicolas Brucato, Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam, Maximilian Larena, Phillip L Endicott, Mattias Jakobsson, J Stephen Lansing, Herawati Sudoyo, Matthew Leavesley, Mait Metspalu, François-Xavier Ricaut, and Murray P Cox, "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages,"Molecular Biology and Evolution , Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2022,https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac045 ^a b Poznik, G David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L; Willems, Thomas F; Massaia, Andrea; Wilson Sayres, Melissa A; Ayub, Qasim; McCarthy, Shane A; Narechania, Apurva; Kashin, Seva; Chen, Yuan; Banerjee, Ruby; Rodriguez-Flores, Juan L; Cerezo, Maria; Shao, Haojing; Gymrek, Melissa; Malhotra, Ankit; Louzada, Sandra; Desalle, Rob; Ritchie, Graham R S; Cerveira, Eliza; Fitzgerald, Tomas W; Garrison, Erik; Marcketta, Anthony; Mittelman, David; Romanovitch, Mallory; Zhang, Chengsheng; Zheng-Bradley, Xiangqun; Abecasis, Gonçalo R; McCarroll, Steven A; Flicek, Paul; Underhill, Peter A; Coin, Lachlan; Zerbino, Daniel R; Yang, Fengtang; Lee, Charles; Clarke, Laura; Auton, Adam; Erlich, Yaniv; Handsaker, Robert E; Bustamante, Carlos D; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Tyler-Smith, C (June 2016)."Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences" .Nature Genetics .48 (6):593– 599.doi :10.1038/ng.3559 .PMC 4884158 PMID 27111036 . ^ ISOGG 2017 ^a b c Ashirbekov, E. 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